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Shattering the Monolith Volume 24, Number 1 ■ January, 2009 Center for the Study of the First Americans Department of Anthropology Texas A&M University 4352 TAMU College Station, TX 77843-4352 www.centerfirstamericans.com Shattering the Monolith Our vision of Folsom and later Paleoamericans—they occupied the Allen site in southwestern Nebraska shown here in this 1946 photo—has been distorted because of studies that have been too rigidly focused, says anthropolo- gist Doug Bamforth of the University of Colorado. Rather than single-dimensional bison hunters who roamed the Plains with stone-tipped spears, these people were intelli- gent hunter-gatherers adept at surviving in a changing landscape. After exhaustively collating data from the Allen site (now destroyed by dammed waters), Dr. Bamforth discovered they resisted the urge to roam, instead periodi- EDITED BY DOUGLAS B. BAMFORTH. COPYRIGHT ©2007 cally revisited their base camp strategically located a day’s THE ALLEN SITE: A PALEOINDIAN CAMP IN SOUTHWESTERN FROM NEBRASKA, walk from hunting areas and toolstone quarries. Tool- UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO PRESS makers busied themselves principally making stone and bone implements to ease day-to-day living, not just projectile points. And they weren’t finicky eaters—their menu included such lowly fare as prairie dog and mussels. In our story that begins on page 4, we’ll introduce you to a landmark book edited by Bamforth. It may become the template for studies by the next generation of scientists. he Center for the Study of the First Americans fosters research and public T interest in the Peopling of the Americas. The Center, an integral part of the Department of Anthropology at Texas A&M University, promotes interdisciplinary scholarly dialogue among physical, geological, biological and social scientists. The Mammoth Trumpet, news magazine of the Center, seeks to involve you in the peopling of the Americas by reporting on developments in all pertinent areas of knowledge. Volume 24, Number 1 Center for the Study of the First Americans Department of Anthropology January, 2009 Texas A&M University, 4352 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4352 ISSN 8755-6898 World Wide Web site http://centerfirstamericans.org and http://anthropology.tamu.edu Paleoamericans inin thethe OzarksOzarks BBIGIG EEDDYDDY 4 The Allen site gives us a new take on Folsom The versatile and adaptable RREVISITEDEVISITED hunter-gatherer that emerges from Doug Bamforth’s study of this Nebraska site is vastly different from the stereotypical bison hunter found in textbooks. 10 Prying secrets from caves in the lava fields of Patagonia Treat yourself to part II of our series on Junius Bird. It’s a photo extravaganza! 17 Reading the fat in hearths at Swan Point in Alaska Having confirmed that at least some colonizers crossed the ALL PHOTOS: NEAL LOPINOT AND JACK RAY Bering Land Bridge from Asia, T BIG EDDY, work has stopped. Block I during the last week of the 2005 Charles Holmes and his team are The archaeologists who once excavations, viewed from the northeast. now exploring methods to worked the site have moved on, analyze residues of animal fat A Two crew members are shown working in and thereby determine which and their efforts to preserve it from the the 4-by-4-m area where a long bone was faunal species were exploited by relentless advance of the Sac River are, for recovered in 2002. In 2005 a spall flake, the occupants of this site, one of the moment at least, on hold. Neal Lopinot siltstone boulder, and two sandstone the oldest in North America. and Jack Ray, the Missouri State Univer- cobbles were found in the same area. sity (MSU) archaeologists who first intro- duced the Big Eddy site to the world, are satisfaction of the archaeological commu- way back through the Woodland, Ar- no longer exploring new areas of this rich, nity that theirs was a premier Paleo- chaic, and Paleoindian periods, with well-stratified site, which may be one of american site in North America. The tantalizing evidence of a pre-Clovis the most important in the Midwest. They stratigraphy at Big Eddy proved to be component. Apparently for the first just can’t afford to. amazingly clear and undisturbed—a rarity time there was well-dated evidence of Back at the turn of the century, Dr. anywhere, a prize in the Missouri Ozarks. the interaction between the Dalton Lopinot and Ray were flush with the suc- Just as important, the site yielded cultural and San Patrice cultures of the late- cess of several years of fieldwork at Big remains spanning the entire prehistoric Paleoindian period. Data clarifying Eddy. Since 1997, they’d proven to the continuum, from the Mississippian all the the technological transition from 2 Volume 24 ■ Number 1 Clovis to Gainey to Dalton were also down considerably in the last few years.” pre-Clovis levels and discovered a par- coming to light. Big Eddy’s potential to Lopinot adds, “The older deposits have tially mineralized long-bone fragment at fill in the archaeological gaps for the re- been covered by slumpage. There’s a approximately the same depth as (and gion was (and remains) tremendous, matting of brush and muck over the about 28 m to the north of) the broken which is one of the reasons we docu- older stuff, too, so it’s not eroding as fast possible anvilstone they discovered in mented their finds in a 2-part article back as it was in the first few years we were 1999 (see MT 16-4). At 15.4 cm long, 2.6 in 2001 (MT 16-3, -4 “Fragile History: there.” What this means is that for the cm wide, and 5–7 mm thick, it remains by The Big Eddy Site”). moment, the most significant deposits at far the longest piece of bone ever found at Big Eddy are still safe, waiting to be ex- the site. Given its type and condition, it’s Archaeology in the modern world cavated and interpreted. hard to say much about it except that it’s But then 9/11 happened, and America’s At the end of the 2002 season, the team from a large mammal. Might it have come cultural priorities shifted elsewhere. penetrated those deposits down to the from a bison that was processed, using Government funds for archaeology be- came difficult to acquire, and even pri- vate support dried up as the economy destabilized. There was a slack period after the 2002 field season; then a suc- cessful season in 2005, supported princi- The Mammoth Trumpet (ISSN 8755-6898) is published quarterly by the Center for the Study of the First Americans, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4352. Phone (979) 845-4046; fax (979) 845-4070; e-mail [email protected]. Periodical postage paid at College Station, TX 77843-4352 and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: Mammoth Trumpet Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University 4352 TAMU pally by the U.S. Army Corps College Station, TX 77843-4352 of Engineers, with supplemental funding from Rolfe Mandel, geoarchaeologist Copyright © 2009 Center for the Study of the First Americans. Permission is hereby given to any non-profit or educational organization or institution to reproduce without with the Kansas Geological Survey and cost any materials from the Mammoth Trumpet so long as they are then distributed at Executive Director of the Odyssey Ar- no more than actual cost. The Center further requests that notification of reproduction chaeological Research Fund. Limited of materials under these conditions be sent to the Center. Address correspondence to the fieldwork was conducted in 2007, thanks editor of Mammoth Trumpet, 2122 Scout Road, Lenoir, NC 28645. entirely to the generosity of Mandel, but Michael R. Waters Director and General Editor Big Eddy is currently lying fallow. This e-mail: [email protected] does not, however, mean that the work is Ted Goebel Associate Director and Editor, Current Research in over—not by a long shot. Ray and the Pleistocene Lopinot are actively pursuing further av- e-mail: [email protected] enues of funding, and of course the labo- James M. Chandler Editor, Mammoth Trumpet ratory analyses of the site’s treasures are e-mail: [email protected] still underway. Slowly but surely, what Laurie Lind Office Manager the MSU team has learned is being dis- C & C Wordsmiths Layout and Design seminated to an interested audience, one World Wide Web site http://centerfirstamericans.com cultural sequence at a time. The Center for the Study of the First Americans is a non-profit organization. Sub- Since we last reported on Big Eddy, scription to the Mammoth Trumpet is by membership in the Center. the MSU team has learned quite a bit about the site—not least the fact that the Mammoth Trumpet, Statement of Our Policy threat of erosion isn’t as bad as initially Many years may pass between the time an important discovery is made and the acceptance of research thought. “We originally estimated an an- results by the scientific community. To facilitate communication among all parties interested in staying nual erosion rate of 1 to 1½ meters per abreast of breaking news in First Americans studies, the Mammoth Trumpet, a science news magazine, provides a forum for reporting and discussing new and potentially controversial information important year,” says Ray. “The good news is that to understanding the peopling of the Americas. We encourage submission of articles to the Managing while the discharges from the Stockton Editor and letters to the Editor. Views published in the Mammoth Trumpet are the views of Reservoir upstream are still eating away contributors, and do not reflect the views of the editor or Center personnel.
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