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Lesson 8 Not Much of a War

world at the time with a population of nine million and among the largest of armies and navies. The Assignment Second realized the serious- ness of these issues when it sent the Olive Branch This lesson is based on information in the follow- Petition to the King and Parliament as late as July ing text selections and video. Read the text care- 6, 1775. fully, watch the video, and study all the material. In January 1776, Thomas Paine published his pamphlet, “,” calling for indepen- Text: The chapter number and section title of dence. Its impact was immediate and consequen- reading assignments are the same in both books: tial, serving as a rallying point for the nation. By A. Brinkley, American History: A Survey, Vol- July 2, 1776, Richard Lee’s resolution for indepen- ume 1, 12th edition, and dence was adopted. Two days later, the Declaration of Independence, written by A. Brinkley, The Unfinished Nation, Volume 1, with help from and 5th edition and based on well-known arguments of the time, The following sections from Chapter 5 of the text was adopted. America was on its own in the war for are covered in this lesson: “The States United,” independence from England. “The War for Independence,” and “War and Soci- Even as independence was being declared, new ety” state governments formed and a new central gov- ernment was created. As preparations for war were Video: Episode 8, “Not Much of a War” begun, America remained a divided country with the Loyalists (Tories) opposing the move toward independence. Still, committed to the cause, the new states adopted the Articles of Confederation and the war effort continued unabated. Overview The most serious problems facing the new country were finances and the lack of a centralized Although America had acknowledged problems militia. Addressing the problem of finances, Con- with England in 1775, the country was not pre- gress borrowed heavily from foreign countries and pared for the outbreak of war with a population of issued large amounts of paper currency; hence the a mere 2.5 million people, no army or navy, and a expression, “Not worth a Continental.” Congress weak central government. In spite of these handi- acted on the problem of the military by creating a caps, the faced off with Great Brit- and appointing George Wash- ain, which was the most powerful nation in the ington, the most knowledgeable and experienced

35 36 THE UNFINISHED NATION (TO 1877)

military leader in America at the time, its single commander in chief. But even Washington realized that foreign aid was the ultimate key to victory. Focus Points The war was not as foregone a conclusion as some might have thought. England was fighting a Learning Objectives war far from home, having to transport and supply Once you have read the assigned pages in the text an army in very hostile territory while the United and watched the video, you should be able to: States fought on its own ground and according to its own rules of warfare. Additionally, American ✓ Explain the role Thomas Paine’s pamphlet, patriots were deeply committed to American inde- “Common Sense,” played in America’s break pendence whereas England’s population was from English rule. divided over the war. These American advantages ✓ Analyze the content and structure of the Decla- helped, but it was England’s blunders and miscal- ration of Independence, how it came to be writ- culations that ultimately led to her defeat. ten, the sources from which its ideas were drawn, The Revolution went through three military and identify its authors. stages – New England, the Mid-Atlantic region, and the South. While England fought well in phase ✓ Identify the financial and military problems faced one, especially in New York and New Jersey, the by America during the Revolutionary War. British made grievous mistakes in the second and ✓ Discuss the Revolution from a military point of third phases. For example, General Howe changed view, including the mistakes England made and military strategy in the middle of a campaign. Brit- the significance of . ish generals not only miscalculated the distances between battle sites, they also underestimated ✓ Understand the effects of the American Revolu- George Washington’s tenacity and ability. tion on Loyalists, slaves, Native Americans, This is not to say that the United States had an women, and the new American economy. easy time during the Revolution. The war wreaked a terrible toll on the Continental Army, which was Key Terms and Concepts usually underpaid and under supplied, while it caused serious deprivations in food, clothing, and After reading the assigned pages in your text and other necessities for the American people. Even watching the video, you should be able to identify Washington’s victories at Princeton and Trenton and explain the significance of the following. were short-lived. The turning point in the war Abigail Adams occurred in 1777 when the United States defeated John Adams England at the Battle of Saratoga. Once that hap- pened, France, America’s covert supplier of guns anglicanism and provisions, entered the war along with Spain and Holland. On October 17, 1781, facing Amer- Articles of Confederation ica’s army, France’s navy, and other countries’ Sally Bache military might, General Cornwallis surrendered at Carl Becker Yorktown. Breed’s Hill Peace followed in September of 1783 when Bunker Hill England recognized the United States as an inde- Father John Carroll pendent country. The not only created a rival to England, it also raised General Cornwallis numerous issues. The United States had to decide Declaration of Independence who would rule at home. A number of groups were directly affected by the war, including the Loyalists, Dragging Canoe Catholics, Anglicans, slaves, Native Americans, and General women. And the impacted American economy had General to adjust to life outside the British Empire. Hessian General William Howe Iroquois Confederacy LESSON 8: NOT MUCH OF A WAR 37

John Jay ✓ Saratoga was the turning point of the war Thomas Jefferson because it led to France entering the war. With Marquis de Lafayette this alliance, America won the war. September 3, Loyalists 1783 () was the official date for Judith Sargent Murray American independence. Thomas Paine ✓ The war affected Loyalists, slaves, Native Ameri- Patriots cans, women, and the new American economy. Redcoats Gen. Jean Baptiste de Rochambeau Saratoga Video Focus Points Second Continental Congress These video focus points are designed to help you Baron von Steuben understand and get the most out of the video for Treaty of Paris, 1783 these sections of the texts. Read these points care- fully before watching the video. You may want to Count de Vergennes take notes for future reference and study. George Washington Yorktown ✓ Despite America’s problems with England, the United States was not prepared for the outbreak Text Focus Points of war. Nearly 60,000 people living in America were Loyalists. Thomas Paine’s “Common These text focus points are the main ideas pre- Sense” crystallized the nation for war and inde- sented in this section of the textbooks. Read these pendence. points carefully before reading the text. You may ✓ The Second Continental Congress moved want to take notes for future reference and study. toward independence with Lee’s resolution of ✓ Although most Americans knew trouble with July 2, 1776. Two days later, it approved Jeffer- England was serious, few realized how imminent son’s Declaration of Independence, which actu- war was, as witnessed by the Continental Con- ally summarized many well-known arguments gress’ to the King and Par- current at that time. liament on July 6, 1775. One year later, on July ✓ Carl Becker’s characterization of the Revolution 2, 1776, Congress adopted Lee’s resolution of as gaining home rule and deciding who would independence and, two days later, Jefferson’s rule at home was clearly seen during and after Declaration of Independence. the Revolution. ✓ Independence was crystallized by Thomas ✓ Patriots worked hard to organize the Continen- Paine’s “Common Sense,” but America tal Army, relying on the least advantaged popu- remained divided with the Loyalists. As war lation to fight. Some fought not so much for began, state governments and a new central gov- American independence as for their own goals, ernment were created when Congress adopted like Ethan Allen and the . the Articles of Confederation in November 1777. ✓ The Revolutionary War itself was not so much a victory for the American army as it was a defeat ✓ Major problems the United States faced in pur- for England. English generals made serious mis- suing its independence included finances and the takes and miscalculations throughout the con- Continental Army. Loans and paper currency flict. Also, George Washington must be given solved the first issue while George Washington credit for his accomplishments. was Congress’ answer to the second problem. ✓ The Revolutionary War was difficult for both the ✓ The Revolutionary War went through three Continental Army and the American population. phases – New England, the Mid-Atlantic region, Where the army was underpaid and under sup- and the South. England’s generals made serious plied, the people faced severe shortages of basic mistakes and miscalculations throughout the necessities. Saratoga was the turning point in the conflict. war as France and other powers transformed the American Revolution into a European conflict. 38 THE UNFINISHED NATION (TO 1877)

✓ While the Peace of Paris assured America of _____ 1. Thomas Paine independence, it did not show her how to create _____ 2. Loyalists her own destiny in the new world she entered. _____ 3. Thomas Jefferson Critical Analysis _____ 4. Carl Becker These activities are designed to help you examine _____ 5. Ethan Allen the material in this lesson in greater depth. It may a. Tories be necessary for you to conduct some additional b. Declaration of Independence research (the Internet is an excellent resource). c. Home rule versus Who rules at home Armed with what you have learned in this lesson d. “Common Sense” and your own research, carefully respond to each e. Green Mountain Boys of the following activities. 1. Explain the American Revolution from the True/False – Determine whether each of the fol- perspective of a Loyalist in 1775–1783. How lowing statements is true or false. did other Americans treat Loyalists and what happened to them at the end of the war? _____ 6. An important battle in the American 2. Do a little research on George Washington – Revolution in which the British lost over his background, training, military experience, 1,000 men in one day was Breed’s Hill. and political career – and write your own eval- uation of his importance and contributions to _____ 7. General Howe defeated George colonial America as a military and political Washington at Long Island and leader. Brooklyn Heights. 3. Consider the following statement concerning _____ 8. George Washington was very conscious the Revolutionary War, then prepare an essay of his self-presentation explaining and supporting or disclaiming it: _____ 9. Battle deaths were greater in the “...the American Revolution was a war of American Revolution than deaths from ideas.... To launch a revolution, and fight a disease and corollary damage. war for political principles was a new develop- ment in the world.” (from “The Wars of the Fill in the Blank American Revolution” by E. Wayne Carp, – Complete the following sen- Pacific Lutheran University) tences with the missing word, concept, or person.

10. ______wrote to Benjamin Franklin com- plaining about shortages in Philadelphia. 11. ______was a key turning point in the Revo- Practice Quiz lutionary War because it led to the French alli- ance. This quiz is designed to give you an idea of how well you learned the material. Choose the correct 12. ______recognized America as a sovereign answers for each question and review any question nation on February 6, 1778. that you missed. 13. ______betrayed the United States at the bat- tle of West Point. Matching – Match options a through e with items 14. ______commanded the French expedition- 1 through 5 below. ary force in America at the battle of Yorktown. LESSON 8: NOT MUCH OF A WAR 39

Multiple Choice – Select the correct answer. 17. Discuss the events immediately preceding the outbreak of the American Revolution, focus- 15. Which religious denomination was most detri- ing on Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense,” the mentally impacted by the American Revolu- role of the Loyalists, and America’s creation of tion? new state governments and a new central gov- a. Catholicism ernment in the Articles of Confederation. b. Presbyterianism 18. Trace the major battles of the American Revo- c. Anglicanism lution. Explain what actually happened at each d. Quakers battle and assess its importance for the out- 16. Which Cherokee leader attacked white settle- come of the war. What specifically would you ments in the Carolinas and Virginia in 1776? have done differently? a. Tecumseh 19. Discuss how the American Revolution affected b. The Prophet the following: c. Dragging Canoe a. Anglicans d. Pontiac b. Women c. Native Americans Essay – These questions are designed to help you d. Slaves think about all you have learned. Consider them e. Catholics carefully and then write your responses. f. The American economy Answer Key for the Practice Test

11. Lord De La Warr; Text Lesson 1 From Days Before Time 12. John Rolfe; Text 13. Headright system; Text and Video 1. c used numerical system and calendar 14. George Calvert; Text 2. e used human sacrifice in religion 15. b Text 3. a Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, Seminoles 16. a Text 4. b Bubonic Plague 5. d Prince Henry 6. False Text and Video 7. True Text and Video Lesson 3 – Saints and Strangers 8. True Text 9. True Text 1. e Sir William Berkeley 10. Pueblo Revolt; Text and Video 2. c Pilgrims 11. Pigs, new livestock, or horse; Text and Video 3. a Massachusetts Bay Company 12. Mestizo; Text 4. b Rhode Island 13. Matrilineal; Text 5. d King Philip’s War 14. Francisco Coronado; Text 6. True Text 15. e Text and Video 7. False Text 16. e Text and Video 8. True Text 9. True Text 10. ; Text and Video 11. Massachusetts Bay Company; Video Lesson 2 – Turbulent Virginia: 12. Town Meeting; Video Pirate Base ... Royal Colony 13. Anne Hutchinson; Text and Video 14. a Text and Video 15. a Text 1. d Sir George Grenville 2. c Predestination 3. a Ireland 4. b fur trade Lesson 4 – The Lure of Land 5. e New Amsterdam 6. False Text and Video 1. c Maryland 7. True Text and Video 2. a Cromwell 8. False Text and Video 3. d Diversity 9. True Text and Video 4. e Quakers 10. “Starving Time”; Text 5. b Pennsylvania

147 148 THE UNFINISHED NATION (TO 1877)

6. True Video 15. a Text 7. True Text 16. b Text 8. False Text 9. True Video and Text 10. Oliver Cromwell; Video Lesson 7 – Strained Relations 11. Charles II; Video 12. New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Carolina; Video 1. c Immigrants of French descent 13. Women; Video 2. d Confederation of five Indian tribes 14. Puritans; Video 3. b Commander of the British garrison in 15. a Video Boston 16. c Video and Text 4. a Called for action against the Stamp Act 5. True Video 6. False Video 7. False Video Lesson 5 – Coming to America: 8. True Video 9. False Video A Portrait of Colonial Life 10. Paxton Boys; Text 11. Spain; Video 1. d Slave ship 12. molasses; Video 2. c Galen 13. East India Company; Text 3. a Colonial doctors 14. Massachusetts Government; Video 4. b German Palatinates 15. d Video 5. False Video 16. b Video 6. True Video 7. True Video 8. True Video 9. Edwin Morgan; Video Lesson 8 – Not Much of a War 10. Africans; Video 11. Benjamin Franklin; Video 1. d “Common Sense” 12. Scotch-Irish; Text 2. a Tories 13. Slave Codes; Text 3. b Declaration of Independence 14. d Video 4. c Home rule 15. a Video 5. e Green Mountain Boys 6. True Video 7. True Video 8. True Video Lesson 6 – Divergent Paths 9. False Video 10. Sally Bache; Video 1. c Charles Town 11. The Battle of Saratoga; Text 2. d Salem Witch 12. France; Text 3. a Town Meeting 13. Benedict Arnold; Text 4. b Colonial Court 14. Count Jean Baptiste de Rochambeau; Text 5. e Great Awakening 15. c Text 6. True Video 16. c Text 7. True Video 8. False Video 9. True Video 10. George Whitefield; Video and Text Lesson 9 – A Precarious 11. Peter Hasenclever; Text Experiment 12. Axe; Text 13. Stono Rebellion; Text 14. Dame Schools; Text 1. c Led a rebellion in New England ANSWER KEY FOR THE PRACTICE TEST 149

2. d Basis of the post-Revolution government 13. Alien and Sedition; Video 3. b Established the grid system 14. Tammany Society; Text 4. a Proposed a “continental impost” 15. c Video 5. False Video 16. a Video 6. False Text 7. False Vdeo 8. True Video Lesson 12 – Best Laid Plans... 9. True Video 10. ; Text 11. western lands; text 1. c Louisiana Territory 12. Statute of Religious Liberty; Text 2. d Berlin and Milan decrees 13. Fallen Timbers; Video 3. b Prophet 14. New Orleans; Video 4. a Second Great Awakening 15. a Text 5. False Video 16. c Video 6. True Video 7. False Video 8. False Video 9. Spain; Video Lesson 10 – Vision for a Nation 10. $15 million; Video and Text 11. Sacagawea; Video and Text 1. d Virginia plan 12. Dolly Madison; Video 2. a New Jersey plan 13. Andrew Jackson; Video and Text 3. b Slavery 14. c Text 4. c All power rests in the people 15. d Text 5. True Video 6. True Text and Video 7. False Video Lesson 13 –Pressures from Within 8. True Video 9. James Wilson; Video 10. states; Text and Video 1. d Proponent of the American System 11. Anti-Federalists, Federalists; Text and Video 2. c Commander in the Seminole War 12. Hamilton, Madison, Jay; Text and Video 3. a Monroe’s secretary of state 13. Rhode Island; Video 4. b Proposed an anti-slavery amendment 14. d Text 5. False Text 15. c Text 6. True Video 7. True Video 8. False Video 9. Black Belt; Text Lesson 11 – Rivals and Friends 10. John Jacob Astor; Video 11. Great American Desert; Text 1. c Federalist appointed Chief Justice by John 12. Virginia Dynasty; Video Adams at the end of his presidency 13. Panic of 1819; Video 2. d Vice presidential candidate in 1800 14. a Text 3. b United States minister to France 15. c Video 4. a Chief justice of the Supreme Court 5. True Text 6. False Video Lesson 14: He Brought the People 7. True Video 8. False Video With Him 9. False Video 10. Pinckney’s; Text 1. c Adams’ Vice President 11. ; Text 2. a Speaker of the House 12. Quasi War; Video 150 THE UNFINISHED NATION (TO 1877)

3. b Charles Dickinson 9. Railroads; Video 4. d Jackson’s inauguration 10. Factory; Video 5. True Video 11. Cincinnati, St. Louis, Chicago; Video 6. True Video 12. Moses Brown; Video 7. True Video 13. small workshops; Video 8. False Video and Text 14. a Text 9. Martin Van Buren; Text 15. a Text 10. Margaret Timberlake; Video 11. Robert Hayne; Text 12. Dorr Rebellion; Text Lesson 17: Worlds Apart 13. “Our Union, next to our liberty, most dear” “Our Federal Union, It must be preserved”; Text 1. b Godey’s Lady’s Book 14. b Text 2. c the American Museum 15. d Text and Video 3. d steel plows 4. a Mount Holyoke College 5. False Video 6. True Text Lesson 15 – Legacy of an 7. False Video 8. True Video Autocratic Ruler 9. True Text 10. Irish, free blacks; Text 1. c President of the Bank of the United States 11. Catherine Beecher; Video 2. d Chief justice of the Supreme Court 12. Oberlin; Text 3. a Radical Democrats from the Northeast 13. minstrel show; Text 4. b Sought to capitalize on Anti-Mason 14. a Video sentiment 15. c Video 5. True Video 6. False Video 7. False Text 8. True Text Lesson 18: Master and Slave 9. Removal Act; Video 10. Trail of Tears; Video 1. d Mrs. Benjamin Perry 11. Henry Clay; Video 2. c legalized slavery 12. King Andrew I; Video 3. a Maryland, Delaware, Virginia 13. Panic of 1837; Text 4. b slave rebellion 14. a Text 5. True Video 15. d Video 6. False Video 7. False Video 8. True Text 9. Slave women; Video Lesson 16: A Revolution of a 10. Slave auction; Video Different Sort 11. ; Video 12. Factor; True 13. Northern states; Video 1. c Population growth 14. d Text 2. d Canals 15. a Text 3. a Erie Canal 4. b Penny Press 5. False Text and Video 6. False Text and Video Lesson 19: Voices of Reform 7. False Text and Video 8. False Text and Video 1. d published the Liberator ANSWER KEY FOR THE PRACTICE TEST 151

2. c escaped from slavery 13. Gadsden Purchase; Video 3. b black anti-slavery activist and feminist 14. c Text 4. a prison reformer 15. a Video 5. True Text 6. False Video 7. True Text Lesson 22: House Divided 8. True Video 9. Hudson River School; Video 10. Brook Farm; Text 1. d Abraham Lincoln 11. Joseph Smith; Text 2. c CSA 12. temperance; Video 3. a Fort Sumter 13. phrenology; Text 4. b Anaconda Plan 14. a Text 5. True; Video 15. c Video 6. True; Video and Text 7. False; Video 8. False; Video 9. Benjamin Butler; Video Lesson 20: Manifest Destiny? 10. G. McClellan; Video and Text 11. R.E. Lee; Video and Text 1. c To govern is to populate 12. Line item; Video 2. b First legal settlement in Texas 13. 90,000–100,000 men; Video 3. a Alamo 14. c Video and Text 4. d Spot Resolution 15. c Video and Text 5. False Video 6. True Video 7. True Video Lesson 23: Battle Cry 8. False Video 9. Californios; Video 10. slavery; Text and Video 1. d Last Confederate general to surrender 11. Zachary Taylor; Text, Video 2. e Often reluctant to commit troops to battle 12. Popular Sovereignty; Text 3. b United States secretary of state 13. Gold, John Sutter’s; Text and Video 4. a Killed at Shiloh 14. c Text 5. c American minister to London 15. b Text 6. False Video 7. True Text 8. False Video 9. False Video Lesson 21: Decade of Discord 10. True Video 11. Monitor, Merrimac; Text 1. a divided Clay’s compromise bill into 12. Peninsular Campaign; Text individual parts 13. Antietam; Video 2. d supported the “Young America” 14. Fredericksburg; Video movement 15. b Text 3. a assaulted a Massachusetts senator 16. c Video 4. b defeated Fillmore and Frémont in 1856 5. False; Video 6. True; Video Lesson 24: Final Stages 7. True; Text 8. False; Text 9. False; Video 1. d Vicksburg 10. benevolent diffusion; Video 2. a Replaced Joseph Hooker 11. Personal liberty laws; Text 3. c Gettysburg 12. Ostend Manifesto; Text 4. b Chickamauga 152 THE UNFINISHED NATION (TO 1877)

5. False Video and Text 11. Freedmen’s Bureau; Video 6. True Video 12. Fifteenth; Video 7. False Video 13. sharecropping; Text 8. False Text 14. Grantism; Text 9. “Grease”; Video 15. a Video 10. Jeb Stuart; Video and Text 16. d Text 11. P.G.T. Beauregard; Video 12. Cold Harbor syndrome; Video 13. G. McClellan; Video and Text Lesson 26: Tattered Remains 14. c Text 15. b Video 1. d Republican Party 2. c Perpetual debt 3. a Atlanta compromise Lesson 25: What Price Freedom 4. b Enforcement Acts 5. True Video 1. d scandal during the Grant administration 6. True Video 2. c refers to the purchase of Alaska 7. True Video 3. e required an Ironclad Oath 8. True Video 4. b response to the Black Codes 9. Landowners or merchants; Video and Text 5. a opposed the gold standard 10. leave in the middle of the night; Video 6. True Text 11. black women; Video 7. False Video 12. KKK; Video and Text 8. True Text 13. Samuel Tilden; Text 9. True Text 14. c Text 10. reuniting the country, emancipation and 15. b Video freedom; Video