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Malachi's View on Temple Rituals and Its Ethical Implications a Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the De Malachi’s view on temple rituals and its ethical implications A Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy (PhD in Old Testament Studies) At the Department of Old Testament Studies Faculty of Theology By Blessing Onoriodẹ Bọlọjẹ 10508041 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Alphonso Groenewald @University of Pretoria Page | i Declaration I, the undersigned student, do hereby declare that this thesis titled: Malachi’s view on temple rituals and its ethical implications is my own original work and has not previously in its entirety or in part been submitted to any institution for a degree. Date: Signature: Name: Blessing Onoriodẹ Bọlọjẹ 10508041 Page | ii Dedication To my Dear wife, Ufuoma in sincere thanks for her unflagging support and encouragements throughout this journey of faith, to our Children; ọghẹnẹnyhẹrhovwo, Avwarosuọghẹnẹ, ọkeọghẹnẹ and ọghẹnẹrukevwẹ Symeon-Benzion, with the prayer that they, like the Children of Levi, will live to become for Yahweh bearers of offerings in righteousness (Mal.3:3). Page | iii Acknowledgements I am sincerely grateful to Yahweh; for his faithfulness throughout this journey of faith. To Him alone are dominion, power and glory forever! I wish to register my deep gratitude to the University of Pretoria for her valuable contribution and research support required for the success of this project. I am also delighted to use this medium to express my profound gratitude to the Governing Council, President, and faculty of the Baptist Theological Seminary, Eku, for the continuing education privilege and time off I received for this study. I was very fortunate to have had an excellent relationship with my supervisor and mentor, Professor Dr. Alphonso Groenewald. He has been an incredible mentor – he took the time and effort to try to understand me, my unique learning and working styles. He allowed me the space and freedom I needed to pursue my research in my own way, and yet he always kept a watchful and careful eye over my progress. He also opened up opportunities for me to collaborate with leading Old Testament scholars, all of which allowed me to grow and develop in many ways. To him my thanks are due and gratefully offered, for his love, wishes, encouragement and guidance on many points. Without his patience and constructive advice, this study could not have been completed. I owe a profound debt of gratitude to the following staff of the Department of Old Testament Studies, Professors Pieter M. Venter (former HoD) through whom I got in touch with my supervisor, Dirk Human (Deputy Dean of the Faculty of Theology and HoD, Old Testament Studies). I am grateful for the opportunity to sit under the following guest professors, who put their vast expertise of Biblical studies into their lectures: JA Loader (emeritus dean of Page | iv the protestant faculty of theology at the University of Vienna, Austria, and extraordinary professor at the University of Pretoria), Ulrich Berges (University of Bonn, Germany) and Aaron Schart (University of Essen- Duisburg, Germany). I appreciate an array of national and international scholars, who presented intellectually stimulating lectures and papers during the annual Pro-Pent and Pro-Psalms conferences of the Department of Old Testament Studies, University of Pretoria: Professors Eckart Otto, Thomas Römer, Jurie Le Roux, Nancy deClaissé-Walford, Louis Jonker, Raik Heckl, Eben Scheffler, Christo Lombaard, Gert Prinsloo, Phil Botha, Jaco Gericke, Hans Ausloos, Drs. Frances Klopper, Sias Meyer, and several others. My deepest gratitude goes to the following friends for their love, encouragements, prayers and valuable contributions: J.U. & J.N. Ejenavi, M. Igbereyivwe, R. Enakrire, G. Gheghor A. & B. Eghrudje, A.O. Okoro, J.A. Ottuh, O.D. Awatefe, E.O. Ojameruaye, V.O. Osagbowa, S.O. Onakonvwen, F. Erhabor, S. Okoh, Augustus I, S. Mohammed, R. Udoh-King, B. Awaritoma, M.R. Makama, G. Ofenomor, A. Esemudje, O. Eruotor, T. Arhiphrure, E. Adogbeji, J.U. Eghuatorhe, M. Oviawe, J. Momoh, M.V.E. Amuro, N.A. Agbikimi and C. Okpara. I appreciate most sincerely my International house mates and friends: Drs. C. Tadmon, S. Khamlich, L. Kiboiy, N. Kumar, O. Chidiebere, S. Sojinu, E. Tambo, B. Kumwenda, C. Adegoke, and A.A. Kpwegeh. To my language editor, Sandra Duncan, I say thank you for your kind gesture. Finally, I heartily appreciate the love, encouragement, prayers and enthusiasm of a galaxy of others too numerous to mention, or even to remember, who in some small way have contributed to the successful completion of this project. To one and all, I say thank you. Page | v List of Abbreviations AB Anchor Bible ABC Anchor Bible Commentary ABD Anchor Bible Dictionary. Edited by D. N. Freedman. 6 vols. New York, 1992. AD Anno Domini, in the year of Christ AJBS African Journal of Biblical Studies AnBib Analecta biblica AOTC Abingdon Old Testament Commentaries ASR American Sociological Review ASV American Standard Version ATJ Ashland Theological Journal BBC Broadman Bible Commentary BCE Before Common (or Christ) Era BDB Brown, F. Driver, S. R. and Briggs, C. Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon. BLS Bible and Literature Series BS Biblical Seminar BSac Bibliotheca Sacra BT Bible Translator BTB Biblical Theology Bulletin BulBR Bulletin for Biblical Research BZAW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CE Common Era/ Christ Era Page | vi CEV Contemporary English Version CTR Creswell Theological Review CurTM Currents in Theology and Mission DJD Discoveries in the Judaean Desert DtrH Deuteronomistic History EBC The Expositor's Bible Commentary Enc Jud Encyclopaedia Judiaca (16 vols; Jerusalem) FAT Forschungen zum Alten Testament FRLANT Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments GTJ Grace Theological Journal HALOT The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Edited by L Koehler and W. Baumgartner. 5 vols. 1994. HAR Hebrew Annual Review HB Hebrew Bible HBT Horizons in Biblical Theology HTR Harvard Theological Review HTS Harvormde Teologiese Studies IB Interpreter’s Bible IDB The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible, ED. G.A. Buttrick et al. IDBSup Supplementary Volume to IDB ICC International Critical Commentary IJCTEA International Journal of Contextual Theology in East Asia IJHSS International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Int Interpretation ISBE International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia Page | vii ITC International Theological Commentary JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JCS Journal of Cuneiform Studies JETS Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society JHS Journal of Hebrew Scriptures JNSL Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages JSem Journal for Semitics JSOT Journal for the Study of Old Testament JSOTSup Journal for the Study of Old Testament Supplement Series JSSt Journal of Semitic Studies JTS Journal of Theological Studies KAT Kommentar zum Alten Testament KBulCS Koers – Bulletin for Christian Scholarship KJV King James Version LB The Living Bible LHBOTS Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies LNTS Library of New Testament Studies LSTS Library of Second Temple Studies LXX Septuagint MisAfr Mission Afric MT Masoretic Text NAB New American Bible NAC New American Commentary, ed. R. Clendenen NASB New American Standard Bible NBC New Bible Commentary NCBC New Century Bible Commentary Page | viii NIB The New Interpreters’ Bible NIV New International Version NIDOTTE The New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis, ed. W.A. Van Gemeren NJB The New Jerusalem Bible NLT New Living Translation NRSV New Revised Standard Version NT New Testament NTS New Testament Studies OT Old Testament OTE Old Testament Essays OTL Old Testament Library OTS Oudtestamentische Studien (Old Testament Studies) PFES Publications of the Finnish Exegetical Society RevExp Review and Expositor RTR Reformed Theological Review SBJT Southern Baptist Journal of Theology SBLSym Society of Biblical Literature Symposium Series SBL Society of Biblical Literature SBLDS Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series SBLSS Society of Biblical Literature, Semeia Studies SBTS Sources for Biblical and Theological Study SEÅ Svensk Exegetisk Årsbok SJOT Scandinavian Journal of Old Testament SSN Studia Semitica Neerlandica StPB Studia post-biblica SWJT South-western Journal of Theology Page | ix TDOT Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament T:IJHMS Transformation: An International Journal of Holistic Mission Studies TOTC The Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries TWOT Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament. Edited by R. L. Harris, and G. L. Archer Jr. 2 Vols. Chicago, 1980. TynBul Tyndale Bulletin USQR Union Seminary Quarterly Review VC Vigiliae Christianae VT Vetus Testamentum VTSup Vetus Testamentum Supplement WBC Word Biblical Commentary ZAW Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft Page | x Table of Hebrew Transliteration1 Consonants Letter Hebrew Form (s) Transliteration Aleph a ʼ Beth b bh With daghesh lene B b B With daghesh forte bhbh Gimel g gh With daghesh lene G g G With daghesh ghgh forte Daleth d dh With daghesh lene D d D With daghesh dhdh forte He h h Silent when last in a With daghesh H word (mappiq) h –when initial/middle Waw w w Zayin z z Heth x ḥ Teth j ṭ Yodh y y Kaph k kh Final form in a % kh K word K k With daghesh lene khkh With daghesh forte Lamedh l l Mem m m Final form in a ~ m word Nun n n Final form in a ! n word Samekh s s 1 Weingreen (1959:1, 4, 8-10). Page | xi Ayin [ ʽ Pe p ph Final form in a word @ ph P With daghesh lene P p With daghesh forte phph Tsadhe c ts Final form in a # ts word Qoph q q Resh r r Sin f ś Shin v sh F With daghesh forte V śś With daghesh forte shsh Taw t th With daghesh forte T t T With daghesh forte thth Long Vowels Letter Hebrew Form (s) Transliteration Qamets ā Tsere E ē Tsere Yodh y e ê Hireq Yodh y i î Sureq W û Holem Waw A ô Holem o ō Short Vowels Letter Hebrew Form (s) Transliteration Pathah - a Seghol , e Hireq i i Qibbuts u u Qamets Hatuph o Page | xii Half Vowels Letter Hebrew Form (s) Transliteration Shewa .
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