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Bison Ecology, Brule and Yankton Winter Hunting, and the Starving Winter of 1832--33

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Bison Ecology, Brule and Yankton Winter Hunting, and the Starving Winter of 1832--33 University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Great Plains Quarterly Great Plains Studies, Center for 1995 BISON ECOLOGY, BRULE AND YANKTON WINTER HUNTING, AND THE STARVING WINTER OF 1832--33 Richmond Clow University of Montana - Missoula Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly Part of the Other International and Area Studies Commons Clow, Richmond, "BISON ECOLOGY, BRULE AND YANKTON WINTER HUNTING, AND THE STARVING WINTER OF 1832--33" (1995). Great Plains Quarterly. 991. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/991 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Great Plains Studies, Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Plains Quarterly by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. BISON ECOLOGY, BRULE AND YANKTON WINTER HUNTING, AND THE STARVING WINTER OF 1832--33 RICHMOND CLOW On 6 February 1833, William Laidlow, the hunters, as well as post employees, were hun­ American Fur Company's leading official at gry that winter, in this apparent land of abun­ Fort Pierre wrote that Brule (Sicangu) and dance, presents an important environmental Yankton (Ihanktonwa n ) camps "have been in a historical question. state of starvation all winter, and have suf­ This hard winter represents a fluctuation of fered most dreadfully."l The entire winter of the region's bison winter residence rather than 1832-33 was a "starving time" on the middle the disappearance of the bison. Our knowledge Missouri River in present day south-central that overhunting brought an end to the bison South Dakota because these skilled tribal hunt­ half a century later has invited us to read this ers found no bison in a land where the herds conclusion back into earlier contemporary were frequently described as "immense."2 Why accounts, leading us to believe that tribal knowledgeable and efficient professional tribal overhunting was a reason for tribal starvation.3 George Catlin formulated an overhunting in­ terpretation in 1832 after Fort Pierre traders described to him a communal Lakota bison hunt that spring. Based on this information, Catlin wrote that "an immense herd of buffa­ loes had showed themselves on the opposite [east] side of the river, almost blackening the plains for a great distance" and tribal hunters, after "spending a few hours amongst them" Richmond Clow is a full professor in the Native returned to the post "with fourteen hundred American Studies Program at the University of fresh buffalo tongues." Catlin claimed that this Montana, Missoula. unusual hunt "fully supports me in the seem­ ingly extravagant predictions that I have made as to their extinction, which I am certain is [GPQ 15 (Fall 1995): 259-70J near at hand."4 Though Catlin was aghast at 259 260 GREAT PLAINS QUARTERLY, FALL 1995 this event, the sale of 1400 bison tongues did was the beginning of the bison's decline on not even warrant an entry in the Fort Pierre the middle Missouri River. Then, no bison daily journal because tongues were an impor­ were seen for months and the post journal tant bison trade item. \ Also, traders whose recorded on 17 October 1832, that "Indians livelihood came from bison kills did not ex­ [were] arriving from all quarters, all starving."9 hibit the same emotional outpouring as Catlin What had happened? Why by October could who never worked in the bison trade and be­ the tribesmen find no bison? Nor were they lieved that slaughtering buffalo for their alone-employees of the American Fur Com­ tongues was irrational. 6 pany stationed at Fort Pierre also suffered that Edwin Thompson Denig, a long-term winter because they too were unable to find American Fur Company employee, arrived at bison. Fort Pierre in 1833 and subscribed to Catlin's Weather patterns, not overhunting in the tribal overhunting thesis, though, like Catlin, spring of 1832, may provide an answer. In plan­ he neither witnessed the 1832 spring hunt nor ning for their 1832 fall hunt, Brule and made any follow-up observations. Writing Yankton hunters may simply have failed to years later, Denig wrote that the 1832 hunt adjust their hunting plans to changing weather "was the greatest number killed at one time" conditions. Extreme climatic fluctuation is the and intimated that after that day the bison most prominent characteristic of this semi­ "have gradually retired from the eastern terri­ arid land. The northern Plains are "subject to tory, moving west and northwest and compel­ a great seasonal temperature range and highly ling the Indians ... to follow."7 Denig and variable rainfall" and these tremendous fluc­ Catlin both suggest that tribal overhunting tuations in temperature and moisture create reduced bison numbers, bringing starving times human and animal stress. This variability gen­ to the tribal populations living near Fort Pierre erally forced tribal hunters and bison to en­ the following February, 1833. dure cold winters, hot summers, and prolonged Historical assertions change by examining drought, but because of the region's variabil­ evidence from different perspectives and of­ ity, it was not uncommon for human and ani­ ten revise previously comfortable judgments. mal populations to experience periodically One way to test Catlin's assumption is to cre­ warm, dry winters and cool, moist summers.IO ate an environmental history that integrates The bison coped with the region's variabil­ the hunters' actions, the bison's behavior and ity and availability of water, shelter, and for­ demography, and environmental conditions age by being "widely dispersed and ... into a dynamic, interconnected story. Seeing mobile."ll By traveling, bison took advantage these tribal hunts of the early nineteenth cen­ of grazing, shelter, and watering opportuni­ tury in this holistic light raises the possibility ties where they could be found. In years when that something considerably more complex summers were hot and winters were cold, bi­ was occurring than Catlin's simple tale of de­ son moved from the interior grasslands, lying structive overhunting leading to the subse­ east and west of the Missouri River, to winter quent starvation of hunters and the ultimate on the river valley and returned to the inte­ extinction of the bison.s rior short grass prairies in spring. Pierre­ According to the post journal, from Janu­ Antoine Tabeau, an early nineteenth-century ary 1832 until the middle of August 1832, trader, explained the reason for the fall mi­ bison, ranging from the isolated bulls to "plenty gration to the Missouri River: "The winter of bison," were found in the vicinity of Fort obliges them to abate their march and to ap­ Pierre. These animals provided subsistence for proach the great rivers, as much to be in the post employees, revealing that bison remained shelter in the ravines as to find pasture there available for local consumption even after the on the low points and in the brush of the 1832 spring hunt that Catlin and Denig argued little streams. "12 THE STARVING WINTER OF 1832-33 261 Until severe winter weather forced the bi­ The animals were not seeking specific breed­ son to seek shelter, the Missouri River coun­ ing or calving grounds. Thus, any changes in try claimed by the Brules and Yanktons was local weather patterns either reduced or in­ frequently barren of bison. Jean Baptiste creased the bison's need for winter forage and Truteau's party moved up the middle Missouri shelter and altered their normal locations at River in the summer of 1794 and never saw a any given time. 16 Contemporary bison studies bison. On their way down the river from the confirm these seasonal cold weather travels. Arikara village they "killed a very thin cow" The distances bison have traveled varied. In on 17 October, the first bison they had seen in the twentieth century, some Wood Buffalo bison country. Then, six days later, Truteau National Park bison moved between five to observed "Deer, roe, and wild cattle hurried ten miles at the onset of cold weather while along the banks of the [Missouri] river in other animals traveled more than 150 miles to herds."ll reach winter pasture. 17 John C. Luttig, clerk for the Missouri Fur Brule and Yankton hunters had observed Company, believed that he would constantly these bison winter and spring travels based on see bison along the Missouri River as he trav­ local, seasonal variations common to the eled north to Fort Manuel Lisa in 1812. His region's climate. Since bison were mobile, party entered the Missouri River bison coun­ Brule and Yankton hunters had to find them. try that summer and Luttig saw no bison. He Knowing that bison traveled in "aggregate wrote "we had flattered ourselves to meet some numbers" to the Missouri River when the Indians or Buffalo but were disappointed." Like weather turned cold and returned to the inte­ Truteau, Luttig chronicled the bison moving rior when the weather warmed was valuable toward the Missouri River in early December information to tribal hunters when making near Fort Manuel Lisa. He observed "1000 of their hunting plans. In late fall or early win­ Buffalo opposite" the fort on the east side of ter, Brule and Yankton communities moved the river. Bison numbers increased for the next to the Missouri River, and the tribal hunters six days and then he wrote that "opposite the prepared to intercept the bison as they moved fort the Prairie is covered with Buffalo." On toward, and then along, the Missouri River in 14 December, Luttig recorded "plenty Buffalo search of forage and shelter. about." On the following day, the "Buffalo These late fall-early winter hunts were cru­ [were] constant in the Prairie" then began drift­ cial to the hunters because the bison were in ing away from the post.1 4 prime condition.
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