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90050 Thesis.Pdf UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) From civilians to soldiers and from soldiers to civilians: a micro-approach to disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) in Sudan Baas, S. Publication date 2011 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Baas, S. (2011). From civilians to soldiers and from soldiers to civilians: a micro-approach to disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) in Sudan. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:25 Sep 2021 From civilians to soldiers and from soldiers to civilians to soldiers from and soldiers to civilians From From civilians to soldiers and from soldiers to civilians civilians to soldiers and From civilians to soldiers and from soldiers to civilians A micro-approach to Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR) in Sudan Saskia Baas Saskia Baas FROM CIVILIANS TO SOLDIERS AND FROM SOLDIERS TO CIVILIANS A micro-approach to disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) in Sudan © Saskia Baas 2011 All rights reserved. Save exceptions stated by the law, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system of any nature, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, included a complete or partial transcription, without the prior written permission of the authors, application for which should be addressed to author. Cover picture © Jenn Warren FROM CIVILIANS TO SOLDIERS AND FROM SOLDIERS TO CIVILIANS A micro-approach to disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) in Sudan ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. D.C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Agnietenkapel op donderdag 7 april 2011, te 14.00 uur door Saskia Baas geboren te Kingstree, Verenigde Staten van Amerika Promotiecommissie: Promotor: Prof. dr. G.C.A Junne Copromotor: Dr. M.E. Glasius Overige leden: Prof. dr. Ir. G.E. Frerks Prof. dr. G. C.M. Lieten Prof. dr. B.M. Oomen Prof. dr. J. P. Pronk Dr. T. Zwaan Faculteit der Maatschappij- en Gedragswetenschappen Contents Acknowledgements..........................................................................................................................1 List of acronyms ..............................................................................................................................2 1. Ending civil wars......................................................................................................................3 1.1 Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR).............................................. 3 1.1.1 Context and meaning of DDR.......................................................................... 3 1.1.2 DDR as an object of scientific knowledge........................................................ 4 1.2 Theories of civil war .................................................................................................... 5 1.2.1 Economic agendas in civil war ......................................................................... 5 1.2.2 „New Wars‟: a historical perspective ................................................................ 7 1.2.3 Little knowledge of rebel movements............................................................... 9 1.3 Research among (former) fighters in Sudan .............................................................. 12 1.3.1 Research design............................................................................................... 13 1.3.2 Fieldwork ........................................................................................................ 15 1.3.3 Conducting the interviews .............................................................................. 19 1.3.3.1 Interview Setting ......................................................................................... 19 1.3.3.2 The practice of interviewing........................................................................ 20 1.3.3.3 An ideal method?......................................................................................... 22 2 Recruitment ............................................................................................................................27 2.1 Independence, war, peace and the foundation of the SPLA ...................................... 27 2.1.1 Tensions between north and south .................................................................. 27 2.1.2 Prelude to the first civil war ............................................................................ 28 2.1.3 The first civil war ............................................................................................ 30 2.1.4 Peace and the demobilization of the Anyanya ................................................ 31 2.1 Organizing a rebellion: strategies of mobilization and recruitment........................... 36 2.2 On the individual level: Contexts of recruitment....................................................... 38 2.2.1 A normal life in South Sudan.......................................................................... 38 2.2.1.1 Material aspects of a normal life: making a living ...................................... 39 2.2.1.2 Expectations of life and death ..................................................................... 41 2.2.1.3 Knowledge of the world .............................................................................. 43 2.2.1.4 Categorizing the respondents ...................................................................... 44 2.2.2 A normal life disrupted: the reality of war...................................................... 47 2.2.2.1 Danger and displacement: Arabs came and burned our houses .................. 48 2.2.2.2 Facing repression in the garrison-towns ...................................................... 49 2.2.2.3 Repression by the SPLA.............................................................................. 51 2.2.2.4 Understanding the war................................................................................. 51 2.2.2.5 Becoming informed about the movement and the war................................ 52 2.2.2.6 Integrating the logic of the war into a Weltanschauung .............................. 53 2.2.3 Joining ............................................................................................................. 55 2.2.3.1 Insecurity ..................................................................................................... 56 2.2.3.2 Personal grievances ..................................................................................... 58 2.2.3.3 Forced recruitment....................................................................................... 59 2.2.3.4 Attraction to the political identity of the movement ................................... 61 2.2.3.5 Identification with the life of a soldier ........................................................ 64 2.2.3.6 Lack of other opportunities ......................................................................... 65 2.2.3.7 Opportunities offered by the movement ...................................................... 66 2.2.3.8 Staying behind ............................................................................................. 67 2.2.3.9 A final categorization of recruits ................................................................. 72 2.3 Comparison: Recruitment among movements in Eastern Sudan............................... 73 2.3.1 The birth of guerilla movements in Eastern Sudan......................................... 73 2.3.2 Mobilization and recruitment among Eastern movements ............................. 75 2.4 Conclusion: why do men rebel?................................................................................. 80 2.4.1 Violence causes violence ................................................................................ 80 2.4.2 The importance of forced recruitment ............................................................ 81 2.4.3 The role of opportunism: greed versus grievance ........................................... 82 3 Becoming a soldier .................................................................................................................85 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 85 3.2 Integration and cohesion ...........................................................................................
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