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THE CONSERVATION and MANAGEMENT of the CULTURAL HERITAGE of THAILAND:· the DRAFTING of the CHARTER Weeraphan Shinawatra

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THE CONSERVATION and MANAGEMENT of the CULTURAL HERITAGE of THAILAND:· the DRAFTING of the CHARTER Weeraphan Shinawatra THE CONSERVATION AND cultural practices influenced by Khom, MANAGEMENT OF THE Hindu and Islamic cultures and mainly by Indian and Chinese civilizations. Since CULTURAL HERITAGE OF then, the region has become a confluence THAILAND: · THE DRAFTING of different cultures and civilizations. In OF THE CHARTER fact, in prehistoric times there was also association among different groups of peoples in Southeast Asia. During the Weeraphan Shinawatra Metal Age (about 3500 years ago) early settlers in different parts of Southeast Asia Abstract shared cultural practices (Intharawut 2005: This paper is an attempt to explain 32). problems of cultural heritage conservation and management in Thailand due to In the past, Thailand was officially called the neglect of the State and the weakness Siam. According to Jit Phumisak, the of the society in understanding and author of a book about the etymology of protecting their cultural heritage the terms Siam, Thai, Lao, and Khom, and especially the 'folk culture" against the social characteristics of ethnonyrp.s, the globalization. The paper also points out name Siam might have gradually evolved, that the impending Thailand Charter for over thousands of years, from Sarm, Sam, cultural heritage conservation and Same, Siem, Sayam, and Seam. These management is the key solution to counter­ were names used to refer to the ancient Tai balance today 's threats. Non-government by neighboring nations. Phumisak's work organizations should take the lead in presents a systematic study of language to drafting the Charter with full public increase understanding of early Thai participation. Meanwhile local cultural history and the origin of Thais (Kasetsiri, heritage organizations which are at risk 'Preface' , in Jit Phumisak, 2001: 11). should immediately respond, with all stakeholders involved, before it is too late. Over the long history of the nation, Thai culture has been developed from a range Thai Culture: Origins and of small agricultural societies. In former times, a number of early agricultural Development villages-influenced by various civilizations that existed in the region­ Before the establishment of Thailand as a shared their customs and wisdom. Later, nation in the land of Suvambhumi (Land tribal villages formed into urban of Gold), the realm abounded with ethnic communities that eventually clustered into and cultural diversity as it was located on small empires and kingdoms across the the maritime trade route between India and territory. The rising and falling of these China. At that time, using sea and land small kingdoms and empires followed an routes, Southeast Asians developed unclear sequence, and there is uncertainty trading relations. The primary sea route and discontinuity in their chronology. As followed the coastline (Intharawut, 2005: for the superior kingdoms, including 32). In the coastal area, there were trading Dvaravati, Srivijaya, Haripunjaya, and social interactions among various Sukhothai, Lopburi or Lawo, Ayodhaya­ nations with different customs and Supanabhurni, Krungsri Ayudthaya, and traditions, different religious beliefs, and Downloaded from Brill.com10/05/2021 06:43:09AM via free access MANUSYA: Journal ofHumanities Vo/.9 No.2 (2006) Rattanakosin, there are overlaps and the populace culture creates and parallel periods of supremac~. T~e maintains diversity to different extended kingdom of Lanna ex1sted m groups in society. The royal parallel with several empires of later culture exists far from common periods up to the reign of Phrachao people that can perceive only its Inthawichayanon, the 7th ruler of Nakom patterns and systematic symbols Chiang Mai. The Lanna Kingdom ended referred to as arts and culture in 1886, after Chao Dararassamee XI, while the populace culture daughter of Phrachao Inthawichayanon, comprehends dynamic, ever­ was offered to King Rama V. However, changing lifestyle and society. Lanna is not identified as a Thai kingdom, and its historical and archaeological It can be said that Thai culture is derived significance as the origin of Thai is not from a combination of Asian civilizations included in the conventional narrative of and various other cultures, including the Thai history. 'folk cultures' and 'royal cultures' of the old kingdoms across the region. Thais The old Thai kingdoms were shaped by have developed their own culture from a two societies -- Thai imperial society and unique blend of different Southeast Asian Thai village society. The 'royal culture' cultures and influential cultures and and the 'folk culture' were connected by civilizations that flowed into this region in religious customs, especially by Buddhist former times. As noted by Sumet Jumsai practices. Furthermore, Brahman and in his book NAGA Cultural Origins in Hindu rituals also helped to maintain the Siam and the West Pacific: association of the two cultures, as stated below by Srisak Wallipodom (2001:4): Human penetration into the continent's interior was The royal culture is a high significant, particularly in the culture while the populace area immediately south of the culture is a low culture, which Himalayas, for at that point in can be called life culture. The time and geography there populace culture involves rural­ occurred a rebound of the urban ways of life. Each group complex fusion of the ocean­ or community embraces and mountain continent idea (as develops its own culture and way contained in the Hindu- Buddhist of life developed from learning cosmology) back to South-East process in order to adjust to and Asia where, as a result , the built survive in different settlement environment was subjected to an areas. Local cultures of different unprecedented creative fervour. places are diverse, depending on No doubt the Arayan [sic] their ancestors, history, and invasion of northern India played environment. The difference a part by pushing people south­ between the royal culture and the eastwards, but it was primarily populace culture is that the royal due to the early Indian traders culture creates unity and that Hinduism came to the Malay similarity in society to integrate Peninsula, and possibly to different groups together while Emperor Asoka that Buddhism 96 Downloaded from Brill.com10/05/2021 06:43:09AM via free access The Conservation and Management ofthe Cultural Heritage ofThailand eventually found its way to the insignificant. As a result, evidence of high Chao Phraya Basin. culture still exists in Thai society, while The rebound of this today's 'populace cultures' have been cosmography in effect completed westernized. a full cycle, and the result was that the original reflex or Cultural Heritage: the primary instinct was now Understanding of Cultural superimposed by a secondary Heritage in Thai Society intellectual system based on contemplation and set rules. The Before the introduction of the term response in Siam was threefold : 'cultural heritage' into Thai society, the first, a ready acceptance of the public was familiar with the word 'culture' Hindu-Buddhist canon which in as a way of life, a set of values, behavioral architecture corresponds to the patterns, belief systems, traditions, and formal style referred to (set rules customs from the past. As a result of the being in any case unavoidable for post-World War II historic preservation the business of government); movement, the terms 'cultural heritage,' secondly, the existence side by 'preservation,' 'tangible heritage,' and side of the formal (secondary) 'architectural heritage' were brought into and non-formal (primary) Thai society. After the war, the massive cultural elements without any destruction of artistically, archeologically, apparent conflict; and thirdly, the and historically significant monuments bending of classical rules due to sparked worldwide concern for the the irrepressible instinct of the preservation of cultural heritage. people, giving architecture a Although the Athens Charter for the distinct character of its own restoration of historic monuments was (Jumsai, 1997: 79-80). adopted in 1931, it was after World War II that the United Nations Educational, Slightly different from the Indian Scientific, and Cultural Organization greeting, the traditional Thai greeting (UNESCO, 1945) drew up several was adapted from the Hindu declarations, charters, and conventions to salutation Namaste. This illustrates the raise awareness of the world's 'cultural characteristic of Thais' cultural heritage'. Among these was the Venice adaptation. Furthermore, several defining Charter, drawn up in 1964 for the aspects of the Thai identity - including its conservation and restoration of alphabet, literature, performances, arts, monuments and sites. As in several other and architecture -- adapted from Tai, countries, the Venice Charter has become Indian, Chinese, Khom, and Arabic the standard for preservation practice in cultures, confirm the aforementioned Thailand. After the Venice Charter, adaptability of Thai people. several conservation charters --Australia's Burra Charter, the Washington Charter, While Thais have nurtured and the Nara Document on Authenticity, and maintained the 'royal cultures' and the Chinese Charter -- were drawn up by religions from past eras, 'folk cultures' expanding the principles of the Venice have been ignored or treated as Charter and broadening the scope of preservation to safeguard the context of 97 Downloaded from Brill.com10/05/2021 06:43:09AM via free access MANUSYA: Journal ofHumanities Vo/.9 No.2 (2006) historic sites and monuments and to have significantly
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