DOCSLIB.ORG

Online Indexing of Ādiparva in Mahābhārata

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Online Indexing of Ādiparva in Mahābhārata ONLINE INDEXING OF ĀDIPARVA IN MAH ĀBH ĀRATA Dissertation submitted to Jawaharlal Nehru University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY DIWAKAR MANI SPECIAL CENTRE FOR SANSKRIT STUDIES JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITY NEW DELHI-110067 INDIA 2008 Bविश$ संकृताययन केि जवाहरलाल नेह Bव#Bवालय नई Aदली-११००६७ SPECIAL CENTRE FOR SANSKRIT STUDIES JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITY NEW DELHI-110067 July 29, 2008 D E C L A R A T I O N I declare that the dissertation entitled “ Online Indexing of Ādiparva in Mah ābh ārata ” submitted by me for the award of the degree of Master of Philosophy is an original research work and has not been previously submitted for any other degree or diploma in any other institution/university. (Diwakar Mani) Bविश$ संकृताययन केि जवाहरलाल नेह Bव#Bवालय नई Aदली-११००६७ SPECIAL CENTRE FOR SANSKRIT STUDIES JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITY NEW DELHI-110067 July 29, 2008 C E R T I F I C A T E This dissertation entitled “ Online Indexing of Ādiparva in Mah ābh ārata ” submitted by Diwakar Mani to Special Centre for Sanskrit Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067 , for the award of the degree of Master of Philosophy , is an original work and has not been submitted so far, in part or full, for any other degree or diploma of any University. This may be placed before the examiners for evaluation. Prof. Varyam Singh Dr. Girish Nath Jha (Chairperson) (Supervisor) TTTToooo BBBBeeeelllooovvvveeedddd PPPPiiiittttaaaajjjjiiii &&& MMMMaaaaaaaaiii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT aj –ā natimir āndhasya j –ā nā– jana śal ākay ā | cak urunm īlita yena tasmai śrī gurave nama || I acknowledge with deep sense of gratitude, continuous help and encouragement from my supervisor and the mentor Dr. Girish Nath Jha . Despite his busy schedule he has provided ample of time to me. His patience, generosity and excellent guidance have molded my work in this present shape. I am grateful to my guide, who inspired me to pursue research in the field of NLP. I express sincere thanks and gratitude for Chairperson and other faculty members, especially Shashiprabha Ma’m and Hariram Sir of the Special Center for Sanskrit Studies (SCSS), Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, for encouraging and allowing this research to complete. I also express my sincere thanks to all the office staff of my centre and those who directly or indirectly helped me for completing this work. I duly acknowledge University Grants Commission (UGC) for providing me the financial assistance. I pay my hearty thanks to Prof John Smith and his website for providing me authentic Unicode text of Mah ābh ārata. My special thanks to my Seniors and friends Abhay Tiwari ji, Vimalji, Devendraji, Subhasji, Narayanji, Muktanand, Manji, Sachin and Surjit for helping me systematize and structure the ideas for my research. I express my special thanks to Srimon for helping me to edit some chapters of my dissertation. Also I am very much thankful to Diwakar Mishra for his invaluable support. I extend my special appreciation to Vishwesh, Rajnish, Baldev, Archana, Jay, Devalina, Shashi and some other juniors of MA for entering data of this research. i I am thankful to my dear friends Mukeshji, Mansingh (BBC), Angadji, Vivek, Ravish, Rahul, Gajju, and Chandu, who have always been the source of inspiration. Ved , is it necessary to acknowledge you? I express my sincere thanks to Anuja M’am who has always encouraged me for my betterment. I am deeply indebted to my Jijaji , Upendra Bhaiya , my Sisters ( Anita , Kiran and Poonam ) and brother Sudhakar for their prayers, affection and immense support. Also it is hard to forget the lovely and unbreakable talks of Golu and Supriya. Thank you Maa, Pitaji without you I would not be stand at this phase of my life, though this “Thank You” is not enough for you. I am solely responsible for any kind of error in this dissertation. ii !" #$ #%"&'& #( #(# % ! "! " ! " # $ # % # # ! % ### & ' ' ) # & # # ' ((( ' $ ) ( ' $ ( ) $ ( # " * $ ( ( *$ % ( ( ( ( # * ( # ( # + ( # # + , --- ' $ ' $ - . , iii - # & . *) +'$ & "'& # #(# ( # ### /%& # 0 # # 0 # ( 1 4 # - / # 2 * % # 3 # 4 15 2 % # 6 % 8 % # 7 / % # 8 / % # + # * # # * U # ( 0 % 5 # - %2 # # * # ( * 5 2 # - & # 2 & 2 # 3 * # 4 & 5 # 4 4 % 5 # 4 # + 2 # 4 ( 1 % # 4 - % # 4 2 ' 5 % # 6 1 % % # 7 % # #8 0 # # * % # ## ' 5 iv # #( % # #- !5 # #2 & 2 % # #3 !5 % ### ### '''' , # # ' # # ' % # # # ' # # # " # # # 9 % * % # # # # 9 % ' # # # ( " :" . ' # # # - 9 % .<%.= ' * # # # 2 9 * ' # # # 3 9 * ' # # # 4 # # # 6 + # # # 7 > ?1 " # # # 8 > ?! . " # # # > ?$ * ### ((( % % % %% <<<< = = ,*) # ( % # ( # # ( ( " ! % < = # ( - " @ # ( 2 " # ( 3 & $ # ( 4 $ # ( 6 $ v *- "'" . / #( &( ((( % *, ((( ### % 9!$ 9!$ ,1 ( # 9!$ % ( # # % ( # # ( # # # ( # # ( ( # # - 1 ( # # 2 A ( # # 3 25 ( # # 4 ( # # 6 / ( # # 7 ( # # 8 ( # # 2 ( # # # ( # # ( * % ( # # - * % ( # # 2 % ( # # 3 % ( # # 4 % ( # # 6 ( # # 7 + U</ = ((( ((( % 1- ( ( $ % ( ( # ( ( ( " 2 - #$# #(+#% . / 3 (4 --- # ("' # -- --- ### ''" . &5&! -- --- ((( 6 '&& . #(+#% &5&! -)- --- --- . ##( . / #(+ - vi - - @ & - - # @ - - ( * - 8. --- 222 7'8#( ) --- 333 /& ' ##'5 )) --- 444 9 : ( & #(+#% &5&! : 8; - 4 + - 4 # + " --- 666 &#& & . / #(+ * *, 66 1) 77 69< )), / #(+ #'$ &( vii List of Abbreviations AI Artificial Intelligence ALPAC Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange BICORD Bilingual Corpus-based Dictionary BORI Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute C-DAC Centre for Development of Advance Computing CL Computational Linguistics CLAWS Constituent Likelihood Automatic Word-tagging System DEC Digital Equipment Corporation DS Deep Structure FTP File Transfer Protocol GIST Graphics and Intelligence based Script Technology GUI Graphical User Interface HTML Hyper Text Markup Language HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol ICT Information and Communication Technology IIIT International Institute of Information Technology IIT Indian Institute of Technology INRIA Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique ISCII Indian Standard Code for Information Interchange JDBC Java Database Connectivity JNU Jawaharlal Nehru University JSP Java Server Pages Jughead Jonzy's Universal Gopher Hierarchy Excavation And Display LS Lak ma a Sa vat M(A)T Machine Aided Translation M(A)TS Machine Aided Translation System Mbh Mah ābh ārata MGIHU Mahatma Gandhi International Hindi University viii MIRI Muktabodha Indological Research Institute Mss. Manuscripts MS-SQL Microsoft Structure Query Language MT Machine Translation NCST National Centre for Software Technology NLP Natural Language Processing NS Nep ālī Sa vat PDF Portable Document Form R&D Research & Development RDBMS Relational Database Management System SCSS Special Centre for Sanskrit Studies SIMR Smooth Injective Map Recognizer SS Surface Structure STT Speech to Text TDIL Technology Development in Indian Languages TIFR Tata Institute of Fundamental Research TTS Text to Speech UCSG Universal Clause Structure Grammar UNL Universal Networking Language UTF Unicode Transformation Format Veronica Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Net-wide Index to Computerized Archives VS Vikrama Sa vat WWW World Wide Web ix List of Tables Table No. Name of the Table Page No. 1.1 Most popular search engines 20 2.1 Structure of Amarako śa 28 2.2 Structure of Vaijayant īko śa 30-31 2.3 Structure of Kalpadruko śa 32 2.4 Structure of Ko śakalpataru 33-34 2.5 Structure of Abhidh ānacint āma i 35 2.6 Data of Ādiparva in Sa hit ā and Split form 59 2.7 Example of unusual sandhi splitting 59 2.8 Database structure of main table (without data) 60 2.9 Database structure of ‘adhyaya’ table (without data) 61 2.10 Database structure of ‘akhyana’ table (without data) 61 2.11 Database structure of main table ‘upaparva’ table (without data) 61 2.12 Database structure of main table ‘parva’ table (without data) 62 3.1 Total number of Mss. used for compilation of first parvan of critical edition 66 of Mbh. 3.2 The list of Mbh. Mss. found in the volumes of critical edition of BORI and 67-74 some other libraries. 3.3 Structure of Mbh. 83-84 3.4 Structure of Ādiparva of Mbh. 87 3.5 Database structure of main table (with data). 88-89 3.6 Database structure of ‘adhyaya’ table (with data). 89 3.7 Structure of the third table of the database (with data). 90 3.8 Structure of the fourth table of the database (with data). 90 3.9 Structure of the fifth table of the database (with data). 91 x List of Snapshots and diagrams Fig. No. Name of Snapshot and diagram Page No. D.1 Architecture of the system 03 D.2 Process flow of the system 03 2.1 Home page of Goenttingen’s Mahabharata Indexer 45 2.2 Second page of Goenttingen’s
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Vaishvanara Vidya.Pdf
    VVAAIISSHHVVAANNAARRAA VVIIDDYYAA by Swami Krishnananda The Divine Life Society Sivananda Ashram, Rishikesh, India (Internet Edition: For free distribution only) Website: www.swami-krishnananda.org CONTENTS Publishers’ Note 3 I. The Panchagni Vidya 4 The Course Of The Soul After Death 5 II. Vaishvanara, The Universal Self 26 The Heaven As The Head Of The Universal Self 28 The Sun As The Eye Of The Universal Self 29 Air As The Breath Of The Universal Self 30 Space As The Body Of The Universal Self 30 Water As The Lower Belly Of The Universal Self 31 The Earth As The Feet Of The Universal Self 31 III. The Self As The Universal Whole 32 Prana 35 Vyana 35 Apana 36 Samana 36 Udana 36 The Need For Knowledge Is Stressed 37 IV. Conclusion 39 Vaishvanara Vidya Vidya by by Swami Swami Krishnananda Krishnananda 21 PUBLISHERS’ NOTE The Vaishvanara Vidya is the famous doctrine of the Cosmic Meditation described in the Fifth Chapter of the Chhandogya Upanishad. It is proceeded by an enunciation of another process of meditation known as the Panchagni Vidya. Though the two sections form independent themes and one can be studied and practised without reference to the other, it is in fact held by exponents of the Upanishads that the Vaishvanara Vidya is the panacea prescribed for the ills of life consequent upon the transmigratory process to which individuals are subject, a theme which is the central point that issues from a consideration of the Panchagni Vidya. This work consists of the lectures delivered by the author on this subject, and herein are reproduced these expositions dilating upon the two doctrines mentioned.
    [Show full text]
  • Indian Hieroglyphs
    Indian hieroglyphs Indus script corpora, archaeo-metallurgy and Meluhha (Mleccha) Jules Bloch’s work on formation of the Marathi language (Bloch, Jules. 2008, Formation of the Marathi Language. (Reprint, Translation from French), New Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN: 978-8120823228) has to be expanded further to provide for a study of evolution and formation of Indian languages in the Indian language union (sprachbund). The paper analyses the stages in the evolution of early writing systems which began with the evolution of counting in the ancient Near East. Providing an example from the Indian Hieroglyphs used in Indus Script as a writing system, a stage anterior to the stage of syllabic representation of sounds of a language, is identified. Unique geometric shapes required for tokens to categorize objects became too large to handle to abstract hundreds of categories of goods and metallurgical processes during the production of bronze-age goods. In such a situation, it became necessary to use glyphs which could distinctly identify, orthographically, specific descriptions of or cataloging of ores, alloys, and metallurgical processes. About 3500 BCE, Indus script as a writing system was developed to use hieroglyphs to represent the ‘spoken words’ identifying each of the goods and processes. A rebus method of representing similar sounding words of the lingua franca of the artisans was used in Indus script. This method is recognized and consistently applied for the lingua franca of the Indian sprachbund. That the ancient languages of India, constituted a sprachbund (or language union) is now recognized by many linguists. The sprachbund area is proximate to the area where most of the Indus script inscriptions were discovered, as documented in the corpora.
    [Show full text]
  • The Spread of Sanskrit* (Published In: from Turfan to Ajanta
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Serveur académique lausannois Spread of Sanskrit 1 Johannes Bronkhorst Section de langues et civilisations orientales Université de Lausanne Anthropole CH-1009 Lausanne The spread of Sanskrit* (published in: From Turfan to Ajanta. Festschrift for Dieter Schlingloff on the Occasion of his Eightieth Birthday. Ed. Eli Franco and Monika Zin. Lumbini International Research Institute. 2010. Vol. 1. Pp. 117-139.) A recent publication — Nicholas Ostler’s Empires of the Word (2005) — presents itself in its subtitle as A Language History of the World. Understandably, it deals extensively with what it calls “world languages”, languages which play or have played important roles in world history. An introductory chapter addresses, already in its title, the question “what it takes to be a world language”. The title also provides a provisional answer, viz. “you never can tell”, but the discussion goes beyond mere despair. It opposes the “pernicious belief” which finds expression in a quote from J. R. Firth, a leading British linguist of the mid-twentieth century (p. 20): “World powers make world languages [...] Men who have strong feelings directed towards the world and its affairs have done most. What the humble prophets of linguistic unity would have done without Hebrew, Arabic, Latin, Sanskrit and English, it it difficult to imagine. Statesmen, soldiers, sailors, and missionaries, men of action, men of strong feelings have made world languages. They are built on blood, money, sinews, and suffering in the pursuit of power.” Ostler is of the opinion that this belief does not stand up to criticism: “As soon as the careers of languages are seriously studied — even the ‘Hebrew, Arabic, Latin, Sanskrit and English’ that Firth explicitly mentions as examples — it becomes clear that this self-indulgently tough-minded view is no guide at all to what really makes a language capable of spreading.” He continues on the following page (p.
    [Show full text]
  • Chandogya Upanishad 1.2.1: Once Upon a Time the Gods and the Demons, Both Descendants of Prajapati, Were Engaged in a Fight
    A Preview “… Dr. Prasad’s collections of the two largest and most difficult to understand Upanishads make an in-road and gives access to the magnificent conclusions left by the ancient sages of India. This book gives us a view of the information which was divulged by those teachers. It is easy to read and understand and will encourage you to delve deeper into the subject matter.” CONTENTS 1. Chāndogya Upanishad……..…….…. 3 1. The big famine…………………………….…..... 6 2. The cart-man…………………………….………13 3 Satyakama Jabala and Sevā………………… 14 4. Fire teaches Upakosala…………….………… 15 Chāndogya 5. Svetaketu: five questions……………………. 18 and 6. Svetaketu: nature of sleep…………………... 22 7. That thou art, O Svetaketu………………….…23 Brihadāranyaka 8. Indra and virochana……………………….….. 29 Commentary…………………………...……..... 31 Upanishads End of Commenrary……………………....….. 55 Two large and difficult Upanishads are presented 2. Brihadāranyaka Upanishad …….…56 (without original Sanskrit verses) in simple modern English for those advanced students who have 9. Dialogue: Ajtsatru-Gargya……………...…. 61 read Bhagavad-Gita and other 9 Principal 10. Yajnavalkya and maitreyi ……………....…..63 Upanishads. Simpler important verses are 11. Meditation taught through horse’s head.. 65 12. Yajnavalkya: The best Vedic Scholar…… 66 printed in underlined-bold; comm- 13. Three ‘Da’ …………………………….…….…78 entaries from translators, references&Glossary. Commentary…………………………….……... 84 14. Each soul is dear to the other………...……90 By 15. The Wisdom of the Wise (Yagnavalkya)… 91 16. Gargi and the Imperishable ……………..…94 Swami Swahananda 17. Janaka and Yajnavalkya 1 ……………..…..95 and 18. Janaka and Yajnavalkya 2 …………..……..97 Swami Madhavananda et al. 19. The Process of Reincarnation…… …..… 100 Editor: Ramananda Prasad End of Commenrary …………….…..……….105 A Brief Sanskrit Glossary On page 844 of 908 of the pdf: www.gita-society.com/108Upanishads.pdf INTERNATIONAL GITA ***** Editor’s note: Most of the materials in this book are SOCIETY taken from the above webpage which does not have a Copyright mark.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief History of Vedas Index
    i A Brief History of Vedas Index Sl Particulars No 1 About the Author 2 Equivalent letters of different languages 3 About the Book 4 The Vedas: A Brief Chronicle 5 Historical Classification of the Vedas 6 Vedic Period: The Period of Śruti Post Vedic Period: Classical Period, the period 7 of Smṛiti 8 Modern Period: The period of Bhāshya 9 The Period of the Creation of Mantra 10 The Period of Compilation of Mantras 11 Āpri Sūktas 12 Brāhmanam Period 13 What is Brāhmanams 14 Śākhās and Charanas 15 Charana 16 Śākhā 17 The Samhitā Śākhās: 18 The Brāhmana Śākhās: 19 The Sūtra Śākhās: 20 Parishad: 21 Vamśa of Sāma Veda Vamśas as per the Madhukāṇḍa of Śatapatha 22 Brāhmanam Vamśas given at the end of Śatapatha 23 Brāhmanam Vamśas as per Xth Book of Śatapatha 24 Brāhmanam ii 25 Vamśas as per Khila Kāṇḍa 26 Gopatha Brāhmanam 27 Gāyatri Mantra 28 Āranyakas 29 Upanishads 30 Ṛigveda Upanishads 31 Śukla Yajurveda Upanishads 32 Krishna Yajurveda Upanishads 33 Samaveda Upanishads 34 Atharvaveda Upanishads 35 Unknown Upanishads 36 Sūtra Period 37 Prātiśākhyas 38 Ṛik Prātiśākhya by Śaunaka 39 Prātiśākhyas of Yajur Veda 40 Taittirīya Prātiśākhya 41 Maitrāyanīya Prātiśākhya 42 Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya 43 Pratigya Pariśishṭa 44 Bhāshika Pariśishṭa 45 Prātiśākhyas of Sāma Veda 46 Atharva Veda Prātiśākhya 47 Phoneticians of Prātiśākhyas and Vyākaranas 48 Śikshā 49 General Śikshā 50 Pāninīya Śikshā 51 Śikshās of Ṛigveda 52 Svaravyanjana Śikshā 53 Samāna Śikshā 54 Śikshās of White Yajurveda 55 Yājnavalkya Śikshā 56 Vāsishṭhī Śikshā 57 Kātyāyani Śikshā 58 Parāśarī
    [Show full text]
  • The Hindus As a Textual Community the Role of the Vedas
    Occ AS I ONAL PUBLicATION 40 The Hindus as a Textual Community The Role of the Vedas by Arvind Sharma IND I A INTERNAT I ONAL CENTRE 40, MAX MUELLER MARG , NEW DELH I -110 003 TEL .: 24619431 FAX : 24627751 1 Occ AS I ONAL PUBLicATION 40 The Hindus as a Textual Community The Role of the Vedas The views expressed in this publication are solely those of the author and not of the India International Centre. The Occasional Publication series is published for the India International Centre by Cmde. (Retd.) R. Datta. Designed and produced by FACET Design. Tel.: 91-11-24616720, 24624336. The Hindus as a Textual Community The Role of the Vedas Introduction This paper is an exploration of a theme which has evolved from the pedagogical dualism of my academic situation—namely, that I teach courses in both world religions as well as Hinduism. The term world religions—or more comprehensively, world’s religions—there is a lot riding here on an apostrophe—of course includes the various religions of the world, Hinduism being one among them. World’s religions is obviously a broad category, often disaggregated in various ways, and classified accordingly, as into dead or living religions, or Eastern and Western religions, or missionary and non-missionary religions, and so on. I find one classification of particular interest, which emanates from the sociology of religion. In the words of D.H.J. Morgan, Georg Simmel argues that ‘the sociology of religion must make a distinction between two types of religious organization. In the first case (he instances many primitive religions), a common god grows out of the togetherness of a unified group.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chhandogya Upanishad
    TTHEHE CCHHANDOGYAHHANDOGYA UUPANISHADPANISHAD by Swami Krishnananda The Divine Life Society Sivananda Ashram, Rishikesh, India (Internet Edition: For free distribution only) Website: www.swami-krishnananda.org CONTENTS PUBLISHERS’ PREFACE 5 CHAPTER I: VAISHVANARA-VIDYA 7 The Panchagni-Vidya 7 The Course of the Soul After Death 8 Vaishvanara, The Universal Self 28 Heaven as the Head of the Universal Self 31 The Sun as the Eye of the Universal Self 32 Air as the Breath of the Universal Self 33 Space as the Body of the Universal Self 33 Water as the Lower Belly of the Universal Self 33 The Earth as the Feet of the Universal Self 34 The Self as the Universal Whole 34 The Five Pranas 37 The Need for Knowledge is Stressed 39 Conclusion 40 CHAPTER II 43 Section 1: Preliminary 43 Section 2: The Primacy of Being 46 Section 3: Threefold Development 51 Section 4: Threefold Development (Contd.) 53 Section 5: Illustrations of the Threefold Nature 56 Section 6: Further Illustrations 57 Section 7: Importance of Physical Needs 58 Section 8: Concerning Sleep, Hunger, Thirst and Dying 60 Section 9: The Indwelling Spirit 65 Section 10: The Indwelling Spirit (Contd.) 67 Section 11: The Indwelling Spirit (Contd.) 68 Section 12: The Indwelling Spirit (Contd.) 69 Section 13: The Indwelling Spirit (Contd.) 71 Section 14: The Indwelling Spirit (Contd.) 73 Section 15: The Indwelling Spirit (Contd.) 76 Section 16: The Indwelling Spirit (Contd.) 78 CHAPTER III: SANATKUMARA’S INSTRUCTIONS ON BHUMA-VIDYA 81 The Chhandogya Upanishad by Swami Krishnananda 2 Section
    [Show full text]
  • Mahaa Sankalpam
    SAMAVEDA UPAKARMA – AUGUST 31ST, 2011 (WEDNESDAY) Sama Veda Upakarma Prayoga for the year 2011 (31-08-2011) In the case of Sama Veda, The upakarma prayogam is very extensive and differs very much from the Upakarma prayoga of Rig and Yajur Vedis.They always do it in Hastha Nakshtra. It essentially consists of ten steps in the following order: 1.Panchagavya sammelanam 2.Snana Mahasankalpam 3.Brahmayagnam 4.Punyaham 5.Rishipooja(Uthsarjan Karma) 6.Deva,rishi, Pithru Tharpanam (264+12) 7.Ghata Poojai 8.Yagnopaveethadhaaranam 9.Vedarambam 10.Kankanadharanam MAHAA SANKALPAM (Aachamya+Wear Pavithram + Put Durbha Aasanam under the legs + Wear Two Dharbha between the Pavithram)Darbeshvaaseena: Darbhaan Dhaaryamaana: AUM SUKLAAM BARADHARAM VISHNUM SASHI VARNAM CHATHURBHUJAM PRASANNA VADHANAM DHYAAYETH SARVA VIGHNA UPASHAANTHAYE - OM BHUUHU, OM BHUVAHA, OM GUM SUVAHA, OM MAHAHA, OM JANAHA, OM THAPAHA, OOGUM SATHYAM OM THATSAVITHURVARENYAM BHARGO DEVASYA DEEMAHI DHEEYO-YONA PRACHOTHAYAATH - OM AAPO JYOTHEERASO AMRUTHAM BRAHMA BHURBUVASSUVAROM OM OM OM. MAMOPAAKTHA SAMASTHA DHURITHA KSHAYADHWARA SRI PARAMESWARA PREETHYARTHAM – THADEVA LAGNAM SUDHINAM THADAIVAA, THAARAABALAM CHANDRABALAM THADAIVAA, VIDHYAABALAM DAIVABALAM THADAIVAA, SRI LAKSHIPATHETHU ANGRIYUGAM SMARAAMI – OM APAVITHRAHAA PAVITHROVAA SARVAA VASTHAAM GATHOPIVAA - YASMARETH PUNDAREEKAAKSHAM - SABAHYAA ABHYANTHARAHAA SHUCHIHI MAANASAM VAACHIKAM PAAPAM - KARMANAAM SAMUPAARJITHAM - SRI RAMA SMARANENAIVA VYAPOHATHI NA-SAMSHAYAHAA – SRI RAMA, RAMA RAMA RAMA THITHIR VISHNUHU - THATHAA VAARAHAA
    [Show full text]
  • The Chhandogya Upanishad
    THE CHHANDOGYA UPANISHAD SWAMI KRISHNANANDA The Divine Life Society Sivananda Ashram, Rishikesh, India Website: www.swami-krishnananda.org ABOUT THIS EDITION Though this eBook edition is designed primarily for digital readers and computers, it works well for print too. Page size dimensions are 5.5" x 8.5", or half a regular size sheet, and can be printed for personal, non-commercial use: two pages to one side of a sheet by adjusting your printer settings. 2 CONTENTS Publishers’ Preface ...................................................................... 6 Chapter I: Vaishvanara-Vidya .................................................. 9 The Panchagni-Vidya ......................................................... 9 The Course of the Soul After Death ................................... 11 Vaishvanara, The Universal Self ......................................... 58 Heaven as the Head of the Universal Self ......................... 65 The Sun as the Eye of the Universal Self ........................... 67 Air as the Breath of the Universal Self .............................. 68 Space as the Body of the Universal Self ............................. 69 Water as the Lower Belly of the Universal Self ................. 70 The Earth as the Feet of the Universal Self ....................... 70 The Self as the Universal Whole ........................................ 71 The Five Pranas ................................................................... 78 The Need for Knowledge is Stressed ................................. 82 Conclusion ...........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Upanishads, Vol I
    The Upanishads, Vol I Translated by F. Max M&uuml;ller The Upanishads, Vol I Table of Contents The Upanishads, Vol I...............................................................................................................................................1 Translated by F. Max Müller.........................................................................................................................2 PREFACE......................................................................................................................................................9 PROGRAM OF A TRANSLATION.....................................................................................................................19 THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST..............................................................................................................20 TRANSLITERATION OF ORIENTAL ALPHABETS,.....................................................................................24 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................26 POSITION OF THE UPANISHADS IN VEDIC LITERATURE..............................................................30 DIFFERENT CLASSES OF UPANISHADS..............................................................................................32 CRITICAL TREATMENT OF THE TEXT OF THE UPANISHADS.......................................................34 MEANING OF THE WORD UPANISHAD...............................................................................................38
    [Show full text]
  • The Brahmins of Kashmir
    September 1991, Michael Witzel THE BRAHMINS OF KASHMIR vedai +aagai1 padakramayutair vedåntasiddhåntakais tarkavyåkaraai puråapahanair mantrai aagågamai ... pauråaśrutitarkaśåstranicayai ki cågnihotråkitair viprair dhyånatapojapådiniratai snånårcanådyutsukai ... kåśmīrabhūr uttamå || (Råjataragiī of Jonaråja, B 747) With the Vedas, the six appendices, with the Pada and Krama (texts), with Vedånta and Siddhånta, logic and grammar, Puråa recitation, with (Tantric) Mantras and the six traditional sects ... with its masses of Puråic, Vedic (śruti) and logic disciplines (tarkaśåstra), and, moreover, marked by Agnihotrins, with Brahmins devoted to meditation, asceticism, recitation and so on, and zealeaously engaged with ablutions, worship, and the like, ... the land of Kashmir is the best. Introduction The Kashmiri Brahmins, usually called Paits, constitute one single group, the Kåśmīra Bråhmaas, without any real subdivisions. They form, according to Bühler,2 the first Indologist to visit the Valley, one unified community: they 'interdine' (annavyavahåra) and they also teach each other (vidyåvyavahåra, vidyåsambandha). But not all of them intermarry (kanyåvyavahåra, yonisambandha), which is the real test of belonging or not belonging to a single community. This is confirmed by Lawrence,3 who distinguishes "the astrologer class (Jotish), the priest class (Guru or Båchabat) and the working class (Kårkun). The priest class do not intermarry with either of the other classes. But the Jotish and Kårkun intermarry. The Jotish Pundits are learned in the Shastras and expound them to the Hindus, and they draw up the calendars in which prophecies are made about the events of the coming year. The priest class perform the rites and ceremonies of the Hindu religion. The vast majority of the Pandits belong to the Kårkun class and have usually made their livelihood in the employment of the state." This division is believed to have taken place after the country turned to Islam in the fourtheenth century, and especially after the initial persecution of Brahmins at around 1400 A.D.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sanskrit Epics' Representation of Vedic Myths
    THE SANSKRIT EPICS' REPRESENTATION OF VEDIC MYTHS DANIELLE FELLER THE SANSKRIT EPICS' REPRESENTATION OF VEDIC MYTHS MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PRIVATE LIMITED • DELHI ná v≤ u etán mriyase ná ri∑yasi dev≤◊ íd e∑i pathíbhi˙ sugébhi˙ Ùgveda 1.162.21 Contents Acknowledgments...............................................................xi Abbreviations....................................................................xiii 1. Introduction......................................................................1 The texts.............................................................................1 Vedic versus epic................................................................ 10 Secondary literature............................................................. 17 Myth................................................................................ 19 Myth in the Epics............................................................... 29 Methodology ..................................................................... 40 2. When Agni Goes Hiding................................................ 49 Introductory....................................................................... 49 The Ùgveda ....................................................................... 51 Who finds Agni? ............................................................ 58 Wild versus tame fire....................................................... 66 How Agni became a god .................................................. 70 The late Veda....................................................................
    [Show full text]