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THE PATTERN of REBELLION 105 CHAPTER VI Formed .On Other Grounds THE PATTERN OF REBELLION 105 CHAPTER VI formed .on other grounds. There were similar riots in most of .the other colonies; and after November 1, when the act was supposed to take effect, friends of British authority scarcely dared to speak their views. The colonies for the·most part ignored the act, transacting business without stamps as though it had never been passed. They· realized that their actions THE PATTERN OF REBELLION might provoke a show of force by the mother country. How serious they were in their resistance may perhaps be perceived by the appearance in every colony of a group calling itself the Sons of Liberty, a name perhaps taken from Colonel Barre's speech. The Sons of Liberty were, in effect, incipient revolutionary assemblies, and the resolutions they adopted (Nos. 41-46) may be compared and contrasted with those of the regular colonial legislative OPULAR RES~STANCE to.the Stamp Act, as distinct from the official act~on assemblies. Pof the colonIal assembltes, took two forms. .Probably the most effectIve The Sons of Liberty, though apparently formed spontaneously in different form in the long run was a boycott of English importations. New York colonies, were ready by the end of 1765 to form an inter-colonial union for the merchants led the way on October 31, 1765 (No. 37). Philadelphia and purpose of resisting enforcement of the Stamp Act. William Gordon, an Boston followed with similar agreements on November 7 and December 9, English minister who came to America· in 1770 and later wrote a history of respectively. the Revolution, included in it a unique document describing the beginnings of The second fo~ of resistance was to force the resignation of men appointed this union· (No. 47). to distribute the stamped paper. The first violence of this kind occurred in The resolutions and agreements of the Sons of Liberty might perhaps be Boston on the night of August 14. Governor Bernard described the event dismissed as big talk that would have grown smaller in the presence of a in a letter (No. 38) to Lord Halifax (whose replacement as Secretary of British Army. But two reliable observers with a reputation for sobriety t State for the Southern Department was not yet known in America). Twelve were alarmed at the revolutionary situation that developed in the winter of days later another riot occurred, ·directed against the customs officers and also 1765-66. Neither man wished for independence; but John Dickinson, writ­ wa~popularly against Lieutenant-Governor Thomas Hutchinson, who but ing from Philadelphia to William Pitt, hinted that independence might be the erroneously supposed to have supported,the passage of the Stamp Act. ultimate outcome of Parliament's attempt to tax the colonies (No. 48) ; and Hutchinson described his experiences in a letter to Richard Jackson (No. 39). Thom'as Hutchinson, who knew· the temper of the Boston mob at first hand, The riot in Newport on August 29 was probably touched off by news described to former Governor Thomas Pownall the collapse of authority in of the one in Boston. Dr. Thomas Moffat, who describes it (No. 40), had Massachusetts (No. 49). been a physician· in Ne\vport ·for some thirty-five years. Martin _Howard, Jr., who suffered with Moffat in the riot, was an attorney and author of a tract defending parliamentary authority. He and. Moffat had contributed a number QUESTIONS of anonymous letters to the Newport Mercury) urging industry and submission 1_ On what grounds did the Sons of Liberty justify resistance to the upon. their countrymen. They were also suspected, correctly, of .petitioning Stamp Act? the King to replace Rhode Island's popularly elected government by a royal 2. Do the resolutions propose independenc~? government. These two men seem to have been more hated than the third 3. Can the activities of the Sons of Liberty be considered legal.or consti­ victim, Augustus Johnston, the stamp distributor. Joseph Harrison, to tutional? whom Moffat's letter is addressed, was a former Newporterwho shared 4. What did John Dickinson mean by "my c.ountry"? Moffat's and Howard's political views and who had brought the petition S. In your opinion, what would have been the consequences of a deter­ for royal government to London. mined British effort to enforce the Stamp Act? The attacks on Hutchinson, Moffat,· and Howard suggest that Americans extended popular resentment against the Sta~p Act to help pay· off ·grudges 106 PROLOGUE TO REVOLUTION THE PATTERN OF REBELLION 107 sidered them as preludes to Action. But averse to having such advice entered upon Boycotts. and. Riots I did not think, that it would have com­ the Council Book. But I insisted upon menced so early, or be carried to such their giving me an Answer to my Ques~ 37. The N ew York Agreement, October 31, 1765 Lengths, as it has been. tion, and that it should be entered in the I Yesterday Morning at break of day was Book; when, after a long altercation, it [Pm..,ylfJ4f1UJ Gaelte, Nov. 7, 1765.] discovered hanging upon a Tree in a was avoided by their· advising me to order Street of the Town an Effigy, with inscrip­ the Sheriff to assemble the Peace Officers At a general Meeting of the Merchants such other bulky Articles, as Owners tions, shewing that it was intended to and preserve the peace which I immediate­ of the City of New-York, trading to Great­ usually fill up their Vessels with. represent Mr. Oliver, the Secretary, who ly ordered, being a matter of form rather Britain, at the House of Mr. George SECONDLY, It is further unanimously had lately accepted the Office of Stamp than of real Significance. Burns, of the said City, Innholder, to con­ agreed, that all Orders already sent Home, Distributor. Some of the Neighbours It now grew dark when the Mob, which sider what was necessary to be done in shall be countermanded by the very first offered to take it down, but they were given had been gathering all the Afternoon, came the present Situation of Affairs, with Conveyance; and the Goods and Merchan­ to know, that would not be permitted. down to the Town House, bringing the respect to the STAMP ACT, and the. melan-' dize thereby ordered, not to be sent, un­ Many Gentlemen, especially some of the Effigy with them, and knowing we were choly State of the North-American Com­ less upon the Condition mentioned in the Council, treated it as a boyish sport, that sitting in the Council Chamber, they gave merce, so greatly restricted by the Imposi­ foregoing Resolution. did not deserve the Notice of the Governor three Huzzas by way of defiance, and tions and Duties established by the late THIRDLY, It is further unanimously and Council. But I did not think so how­ passed on. From thence they went to a Acts of Trade: They came to the follow­ agreed, that no Merchant will vend any ever I contented myself with the .Lt. new Building, lately erected by Mr Oliver ing Resolutions, viz. Goods or Merchandize sent upon Com­ Governor, as Chief Justice, .directing the to let out for Shops, and not quite finished: FIRST, That in all Orders they send mission from Great-Britain, that shall be Sheriff to order his Officers to take·down this they called the Stamp Office, and out to Great-Britain, for Goods or Mer­ shipped from thence after the first Day of the Effigy; and I appointed a Council to pulled it down to the Ground in five chandize, of any Nature, Kind or Quality January next, unless upon the Condition meet in the Afternoon to consider what minutes. From thence they went to Mr whatsoever, usually imported from Great­ mentioned in the first Resolution. should be done, if the Sheriff's Officers Oliver's House; before which they be­ Britain, they will direct their Correspond..:.· FOURTHLY. It is further unanimously were obstructed in removing the Effigy. headed the Effigy; and broke all the Win­ ents not to ship them, unless the STAMP agreed, that the foregoing Resolutions Before the Council met, the Sheriff re­ dows next the Street; then they carried ACT be repealed: It is nevertheless agreed, shall be biriding "ntH the same are abro­ ported, that his Officers had endeavoured the Effigy to Fort hill near Mr Oliver's that all such Merchants as are Owners of, gated at a general Meeting hereafter to be to take down the Effigy: but could not do it House, where they burnt the Effigy in a and have Vesse1s already gone, and now held for that Purpose. without imminent danger of their lives. The Bonfire made of the Timber they had cleared out for Great-Britain, shall be at In Witness whereof we have hereunto Council met I represented this Transaction . pulled down from the Building. Mr Oliver Liberty to bring back in them, on their respectively subscribed our Names. [This to them as the beginning in my Opinion, had removed his family from his House, own Accounts, Crates and Casks of was subscribed· by ufruJards of Two H un­ of much greater Commotions.. I desired and remained himself with a few friends, Earthen Ware, Grindstones, Pipes, and ared princiPal Merchants.] their Advice, what I· should do upon this when the Mob· returned to attack the Occasion. A Majority of" the Council spoke House. Mr Oliver was pre~ailed upon to in form against doing anything but upon retire, and his friends kept Possession of 38. The Boston Riot of August 14, 1765 very different Principles: some said, that it the House.
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