DOCSLIB.ORG

Popular Resistance to the British Rule MODULE - 1 India and the World Through Ages

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Popular Resistance to the British Rule MODULE - 1 India and the World Through Ages Popular Resistance to the British Rule MODULE - 1 India and the World through Ages 7 POPULAR RESISTANCE TO THE Notes BRITISH RULE British colonial rule had a tremendous impact on all sections of Indian society. Can you imagine being ruled by some strangers year after year? No, we cannot. Most of us were born after 1947 when India had already become independent. Do you know when the British conquered India and colonised its economy they faced stiff resistance from the people. There were a series of civil rebellions. These rebellions were led by rulers who were deposed by the Britishers, ex-officials of the conquered Indian states, impoverished zamindars and poligars. It brought together people having different ethnic, religious and class background against the British rule. In this lesson, we will read about some important popular uprisings, their nature and significance. We will also read about the uprising of 1857 which had a major impact on our National Movement. OBJECTIVES After studying this lesson you will be able to: l discuss the causes of the popular resistance movements against the colonial rule before 1857; l explain the nature and significance of the peasant and tribal revolts; l identify the issues that led to the Revolt of 1857; and l analyse the importance and significance of the Revolt of 1857. 7.1 THE EARLY POPULAR RESISTANCE MOVEMENTS AGAINST COLONIAL RULE (1750-1857) Can you think of a reason why these resistance movements are called popular? Was it because of the large number of people who participated in them? Or was it because of the success they met with? After reading this section you will be able to arrive at a conclusion. SOCIAL SCIENCE 145 MODULE - 1 Popular Resistance to the British Rule India and the World through Ages 7.1.1 Causes of Popular Resistance Movements Why do people resist? They resist when they feel that their rights are being taken away. That means all resistance movements started against some form of exploitation. British rule whose policies had undermined rights, status and economic position of Indians symbolised this exploitation. The protest and resistance was mainly offered by the displaced ruling classes, peasantry and tribals. For example, when Warren Notes Hastings attacked Banaras and imprisoned King Chet Singh to fulfill his unjustified demand of money and army, the people of Banaras rebelled. In Madras Presidency, Poligars rebelled, when the British tried to snatch away their military and land rights. Interference in religious practices was another cause of these popular rebellions. Often these revolts were anti-Christian. This was due to the socio-religious reforms introduced by the British which were unacceptable to the people. In some other rebellions, difference between the religion of the ruler and exploited classes became the immediate cause for the rebellion. This happened in Mappila Rebellion of Malabar region. Here the Muslim peasantry fought against the Hindu landlords and moneylenders. In the next section we shall read about the nature of this movement. 7.1.2 Nature of Popular Resistance Movements Violence and plunder were the two most popular tools used by the rebels to express their resistance against their oppressors. Lower and exploited classes often attacked their exploiters. They were the Britishers or the zamindars or the revenue collecting officials, wealthy groups and individuals. Santhal Rebellion saw mass scale violence where account books of moneylenders and government buildings were burnt and their exploiters punished. In a previous lesson we read about the land policies of the British. The purpose was to extract as much money as possible from the peasants and tribal people. This caused so much unrest among the peasants and the tribals that they started expressing their resentment against the British. It is important to know that these popular resistance movements aimed at restoration of old structures and relations which had been done away with by the British. Each social group had its own reasons to raise its voice against the colonial powers. For example, displaced zamindars and rulers wanted to regain their land and estates. Similarly, the tribal groups rebelled because they did not want the traders and moneylenders to interfere in their lives. 7.2 PEASANT MOVEMENTS AND TRIBAL REVOLTS IN THE 19TH CENTURY You would be surprised to know that beginning with the Sanyasi Rebellion and Chuar Uprising in Bengal and Bihar in the 1760s, there was hardly a year without an armed 146 SOCIAL SCIENCE Popular Resistance to the British Rule MODULE - 1 India and the World opposition. From 1763 to 1856 there were more than 40 major rebellions apart from through Ages hundreds of minor ones. These rebellions were, however, local in character and effects. They were isolated from each other because each rebellion had a different motive. We will now read more about these movements in the next section of this lesson. Notes Figure 7.1 Map of India citing various places of Peasant and Tribal Revolts in the 19th century 7.2.1 Peasant Revolt In an earlier lesson you read about the various land settlements and the adverse effects they had on the Indian peasantry. The Permanent Settlement had made the zamindar the owner of the land. But this land could be sold off if he failed to pay the revenue SOCIAL SCIENCE 147 MODULE - 1 Popular Resistance to the British Rule India and the World through Ages on time. This forced the zamindars and the landlords to extract money from the peasants even if their crops failed. These peasants often borrowed money from the moneylenders, who were also called mahajans. The impoverished peasants could never pay back this borrowed money. This led to many hardships like extreme poverty and being forced to work as bonded labourers. Hence the lower and exploited classes often attacked their exploiters. Failure to pay by the zamindars also meant that the land would be taken away by the British. The British then would Notes auction this land to the highest bidder, who often came from the urban areas. The new zamindars from the city had little or no interest in the land. They did not invest money in seeds or fertilizers to improve the fertility of the land but only cared to collect as much revenue as they could. This proved destructive for the peasants who remained backward and stagnant. To get out of this situation, the peasants now started producing commercial crops like indigo, sugarcane, jute, cotton, opium and so on. This was the beginning of commercialisation of agriculture. The peasants now depended on merchants, traders and middlemen to sell their produce during harvest time. As they shifted to commercial crops, food grain production went down. Less food stocks led to famines. It was therefore not surprising that the hungry peasants revolted. Lets us read more about some peasants revolts which took place on account of the British policies: (i) The Faqir and Sanyasi Rebellions (1770–1820s): The establishment of British control over Bengal after 1757 led to increase in land revenue and the exploitation of the peasants. The Bengal famine of 1770 led peasants whose lands were confiscated, displaced zamindars, disbanded soldiers and poor to come together in a rebellion. They were joined by the Sanyasis and Fakirs. The Faqirs were a group of wandering Muslim religious mendicants in Bengal. Two famous Hindu leaders who supported them were Bhawani Pathak and a woman, Devi Choudhurani. They attacked English factories and seized their goods, cash, arms and ammunition. Maznoom Shah was one of their prominent leaders. They were finally brought under control by the British at the beginning of the 19th century. The Sanyasi Uprisings took place in Bengal between the periods of 1770- 1820s. The Sanyasis rose in rebellion after the great famine of 1770 in Bengal which caused acute chaos and misery. However, the immediate cause of the rebellion was the restrictions imposed by the British upon pilgrims visiting holy places among both Hindus and Muslims. (ii) The Indigo Rebellion (1859-1862): The British adopted many ways through which they could increase their profits. They also started interfering with the basic means of livelihood of the people. Not only did they introduce new crops, they also brought new techniques of farming. Heavy pressure was put on the zamindars and peasants to pay high taxes and grow commercial crops. One such commercial crop was Indigo. The cultivation of indigo was determined 148 SOCIAL SCIENCE Popular Resistance to the British Rule MODULE - 1 India and the World by the needs of the English cloth markets. The discontent of the farmers growing through Ages indigo was mainly for three reasons: l They were paid very low prices for growing indigo; l Indigo was not lucrative as it was planted at the same time as food crops; l And loss of fertility of the soil because of planting indigo. Notes Figure 7.2 As a result, food stocks declined. The peasants suffered at the hands of the traders and the middleman on whom they depended to sell their goods, sometimes at very low prices. They supported the zamindars to maintain their dominance and deal with their problems in administering those areas. The peasants launched a movement for non cultivation of indigo in Bengal. Hindu and Muslim peasants together went on strike and filed cases against the planters. They were supported by the press and the missionaries. The government passed orders in November 1860, notifying that it was illegal to force the raiyats to cultivate indigo. This marked the victory for the rebels. SOCIAL SCIENCE 149 MODULE - 1 Popular Resistance to the British Rule India and the World through Ages Notes Figure 7.3 Indigo cultivation in Bengal (iii) Farazi Movement (1838-1848): This was the first ever no-tax campaign against the British Government led by Shariatullah Khan and Dadu Mian.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Atomic Energy Education Society Study Material Class-VIII Subject- History Lesson 05-When People Rebel: 1857 and After Module
    Atomic Energy Education Society Study material Class-VIII Subject- History Lesson 05-When People Rebel: 1857 and After Module- 2/2 Important points The Rebellion Spreads : The British had initially taken the revolt at Meerut quite lightly. But the decision by Bahadur Shah Zafar to support the rebellion had dramatically changed the entire situation. People were emboldened by an alternative possibility. The British were routed from Delhi, and for almost a week there was no uprising. The rebellion in Delhi took almost a week to spread as news over whole of the India. Many regiments mutinied one after another at various places such as Delhi, Kanpur and Lucknow. People of the towns and the villages also rose up in rebellion and rallied around local leaders. Zamindars and chiefs were prepared to establish their authority and fight the British. Nanasaheb Peshwa gathered armed forces and expelled the British garrison in Kanpur. He proclaimed himself the Peshwa. He declared that he was a governor under Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar. Birjis Qadr, the son of Nawab Wajid Ali shah, was proclaimed the new Nawab. He too acknowledged suzerainty of Bahadur Shah Zafar. Begum Hazrat Mahal took an active part in organizing the uprising against the British. In Jhansi, Rani Lakshmibai joined the rebel Sepoys and fought the British along with Tantia Tope. The General of Nana Saheb. Ahmadullah Shah a maulvi from Faizabad prophesied that the rule of the British would come to an end he caught the imagination of the people and raised a huge force of supporters. He came to Lucknow to fight the Britishers.
    [Show full text]
  • British Reaction to the Sepoy Mutiny, 1857-1858 Approved
    BRITISH REACTION TO THE SEPOY MUTINY, 1857-1858 APPROVED: Major /Professor mor Frotessar of History Dean' ot the GraduatGradua' e ScHooT* BRITISH REACTION TO THE SEPOY MUTINY, 1857-185S THESIS Presented to the Graduate Council of the North Texas State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS By Samuel Shafeeq Denton, Texas August, 1970 PREFACE English and Indian historians have devoted considerable research and analysis to the genesis of the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 but have ignored contemporary British reaction to it, a neglect which this study attempts to satisfy. After the initial, spontaneous, condemnation of Sepoy atrocities, Queen Victoria, her Parliament, and subjects took a more rational and constructive attitude toward the insurrection in India, which stemmed primarily from British interference in Indian religious and social customs, symbolized by the cartridge issue. Englishmen demanded reform, and Parliament-- at once anxious to please the electorate and to preserve the valuable colony of India--complied within a year, although the Commons defeated the first two Indian bills, because of the interposition of other foreign and domestic problems. But John Bright, Lord Edward Stanley, William Gladstone, Benjamin Disraeli, and their friends joined forces to pass the third Indian bill, which became law on August 2, 1858. For this study, the most useful primary sources are Parliamentary Debates. Journals of the House of Commons and Lords, British and Foreign State' Papers, English Historical Queen Victoria's Letters , and the Annual' Re'g'i'st'er. Of the few secondary works which focus on British reac- tion to the Sepoy Mutiny, Anthony Wood's Nineteenth Centirr/ Britain, 1815-1914 gives a good account of British politics after the Mutiny.
    [Show full text]
  • BA Semester VI- the Lower Section Society Movement (Peasant, Labour and Lower Caste)- (HISKB 604)
    BA Semester VI- The Lower Section Society Movement (Peasant, Labour and Lower Caste)- (HISKB 604) Dr. Mukesh Kumar (Department of History) KMC Language University Lucknow, U.P.-22013 UNIT-I Revolt in Bengal and Eastern India- The establishment and spread of the East India Company's rule in Bengal and its adjoining areas resulted in many civil rebellions and tribal uprisings beginning from the latter half of the eighteenth century. The British rule in Bengal after 1757 brought about a new economic order which was disastrous for the zamindars, peasants, and artisans alike. The famine of 1770 and the callousness on the part of the Company to redress the sufferings of the common man were seen as direct consequences of the alien rule. Sanyasi Revolt: Also known as the Sanyasi-Fakir rebellion, it was a confrontation between armed wandering monks and the Company's forces in Bengal and Bihar which began in the 1760s and continued until the middle of 1800s. These groups were severely affected by the high revenue demands, resumption of rent-free tenures, and commercial monopoly by the Company. The Company also placed restrictions on their access to holy places. This resulted in organized raids by the sanyasis on the Company's factories and state treasuries in retaliation. Only after prolonged military actions, this revolt was contained. Chuar Uprising: Famine, enhanced land revenue demands, and economic distress forced the Chuar tribesmen of Midnapur district to take up arms against the Company. The revolted lasted from 1766 to 1772 and then again surfaced between 1795 and 1816. 1 Ho Uprising: The Ho and Munda tribesmen of Chhota Nagpur and Singhbhum challenged the Company's forces in 1820-1822, again in 1831 and the area remained disturbed till 1837.
    [Show full text]
  • Sidhu and Kanhu
    © 2019 JETIR May 2019, Volume 6, Issue 5 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) The Literary (Re)Presentation of the Tribal Heroes: Sidhu and Kanhu Teresa Tudu Assistant Professor Department of English Avvaiyar Government College for Women, Karaikal, Puducherry (Senior Research Fellow, BHU) Abstract The Santhal Revolt of 1855-56, also considered as the first peasant movement, was led by two young Santhals- Sidhu and Kanhu. This revolt which was believed to be guided by their God- ‘Thakur’ was aimed to get rid of the clutches of oppressive ‘Dikus’ and the Outsiders viz. Britishers. These two leaders, who have now acquired the status of gods and are worshipped by their tribesmen, have been extensively researched and written about. Even, they have been significantly mentioned in the stories, novels, poems, and songs. Although, they have been highly venerated by their tribesmen, some authors, and administrators of Colonial period differ in their opinion of these heroes. They have pointed out some drawbacks in their character and tried to showcase them merely as common men. This paper is aimed to critically analyze the personality of these two tribal leaders- Sidhu and Kanhu with the help of their portrayal in the available literature. This would lead us to draw a transparent and authentic image of these leaders. Keywords: Tribals, Revolt, Leaders, Hero-worship, Literature. I. INTRODUCTION Every year on 30th June Santhal folks celebrate Hool diwas commemorating their brave leaders of ‘Santhal Rebellion’ of 1855, Sidhu and Kanhu. Thousands of Santhals gather at Bhognadih, the birth place of Sidhu and Kanhu, and the Santhal rebellion.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Social Science Our Pasts
    There was a time when historians were fascinated with dates. There were heated debates about the dates on which rulers were crowned or battles were fought. In the common-sense notion, history was synonymous with dates. You may have heard people say, “I find history boring because it is all about memorising dates.” Is such a conception true? History is certainly about changes that occur over time. It is about finding out how things were in the past and how things have changed. As soon as we compare the past with the present we refer to time, we talk of “before” and “after”. Living in the world we do not always ask historical questions about what we see around us. We take things for granted, as if what we see has always been in the world we inhabit. But most of us have our moments of wonder, when we are curious, and we ask questions that actually are historical. Watching Fig. 1 – Brahmans offering the someone sip a cup of tea at a roadside tea stall you Shastras to Britannia, frontispiece to the first map produced by may wonder – when did people begin to drink tea or James Rennel, 1782 coffee? Looking out of the window of a train you may Rennel was asked by Robert ask yourself – when were railways built and how did Clive to produce maps of people travel long distances before the age of railways? Hindustan. An enthusiastic Reading the newspaper in the morning you may be supporter of British conquest of curious to know how people got to hear about things India, Rennel saw preparation of maps as essential to the before newspapers began to be printed.
    [Show full text]
  • “Othering” Oneself: European Civilian Casualties and Representations of Gendered, Religious, and Racial Ideology During the Indian Rebellion of 1857
    “OTHERING” ONESELF: EUROPEAN CIVILIAN CASUALTIES AND REPRESENTATIONS OF GENDERED, RELIGIOUS, AND RACIAL IDEOLOGY DURING THE INDIAN REBELLION OF 1857 A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences Florida Gulf Coast University In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirement for the Degree of Masters of Arts in History By Stefanie A. Babb 2014 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in History ________________________________________ Stefanie A. Babb Approved: April 2014 _________________________________________ Eric A. Strahorn, Ph.D. Committee Chair / Advisor __________________________________________ Frances Davey, Ph.D __________________________________________ Habtamu Tegegne, Ph.D. The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories and we find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. Copyright © 2014 by Stefanie Babb All rights reserved One must claim the right and the duty of imagining the future, instead of accepting it. —Eduardo Galeano iv CONTENTS PREFACE v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vi INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER ONE HISTORIOGRAPHY 12 CHAPTER TWO LET THE “OTHERING” BEGIN 35 Modes of Isolation 39 Colonial Thought 40 Racialization 45 Social Reforms 51 Political Policies 61 Conclusion 65 CHAPTER THREE LINES DRAWN 70 Outbreak at Meerut and the Siege on Delhi 70 The Cawnpore Massacres 78 Changeable Realities 93 Conclusion 100 CONCLUSION 102 APPENDIX A MAPS 108 APPENDIX B TIMELINE OF INDIAN REBELLION 112 BIBLIOGRAPHY 114 v Preface This thesis began as a seminar paper that was written in conjunction with the International Civilians in Warfare Conference hosted by Florida Gulf Coast University, February, 2012.
    [Show full text]
  • The Constitutional Right to "Conservative" Revolution
    Maurer School of Law: Indiana University Digital Repository @ Maurer Law Articles by Maurer Faculty Faculty Scholarship 1997 The Constitutional Right to "Conservative" Revolution David C. Williams Indiana University Maurer School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/facpub Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, and the Political Theory Commons Recommended Citation Williams, David C., "The Constitutional Right to "Conservative" Revolution" (1997). Articles by Maurer Faculty. 674. https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/facpub/674 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles by Maurer Faculty by an authorized administrator of Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO "CONSERVATIVE" REVOLUTION David C. Williams* Introduction The American political tradition has generally recognized that the people have a moral right to revolution: when a government becomes tyrannical, the citizenry may, by force of arms, overthrow it and institute a new, more acceptable one. The constitutional status of this right is, however, the subject of considerable doubt. It is commonly argued that the moral rigfit to revolution cannot be a constitutionalright because the concepts of revolution and constitution are, at a deep level, in conflict.1 A revolution, by definition, attempts to change the fundamental politico- legal order. A constitution, by definition, attempts to entrench that order. In other words, the purposes of a constitution and a revolution are deeply different: a constitution seeks to create order, a revolution to undo order.
    [Show full text]
  • The Indian Revolt of 1857 : Global Response
    No. 263 December 2020 Major General (Dr.) RS Thakur, is presently commanding the Uttarakhand The Indian Revolt of Sub Area. He was commissioned into the Air Defence Regiment and has done 1857 : Global PhD in History from Jammu University. He is an alumni of the National Defence College and the College of Defence Response Management. During his tenure as Director ‘Space’ with Directorate General of Perspective Planning, he wrote articles on Space Applications. Introduction Key Points • The bulk of the writings on the Indian Revolt of 1857 by British authors were The second half of the nineteenth century guided by their own political and witnessed struggles in different parts of the globe imperial motivations, with an aim to project their racial superiority as well by the people of native colonies against their rulers as heroism of their citizens against the Indian rebels. to gain freedom. While the British Empire was at • The revolt saw the exceptional its peak and had the maximum footprint across leadership of four most prominent military leaders, namely Nana Sahib, various continents, others such as the French, Rani Lakshmi Bai, Begum Hazrat Mahal and Kunwar Singh —whose Spanish and Dutch empires were on the decline. combined efforts ensured that the The Indian Revolt of 1857 (also known as the fight continued for almost two years in spite of innumerable odds stacked Sepoy Mutiny) was one such landmark struggle, against them. • which not only shook the British Empire to its While the domestic aspect of the Indian Revolt of 1857 has been foundation, but also evoked huge response from adequately covered and written about in the Indian academic landscape, not the world over.
    [Show full text]
  • Points of Rebellion by William O. Douglas James G
    Kentucky Law Journal Volume 59 | Issue 2 Article 16 1970 Points of Rebellion by William O. Douglas James G. Apple Stites and McElwain Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/klj Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits you. Recommended Citation Apple, James G. (1970) "Points of Rebellion by William O. Douglas," Kentucky Law Journal: Vol. 59 : Iss. 2 , Article 16. Available at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/klj/vol59/iss2/16 This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Kentucky Law Journal by an authorized editor of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Book Reviews POINTS OF REBELLON. By William 0. Douglas. New York: Random House, 1969. Pp. 97. $4.95. It seems time for Supreme Court Justice William 0. Douglas to retire. This conclusion, reached by many after the recent publicity attendant to some of his activities-the Parvin Foundation affair and publication of a lead article in a magazine very close to being pornographic, if not actually so-is not discouraged by a reading of his latest literary effort, Points of Rebellion. Just as the cited activities reveal loss of a sense of propriety, the book reveals a loss of a sense of perspective. A Supreme Court Justice who has neither a sense of propriety nor perspective should cease attending court. It is remarkable that this work was written by a lawyer and Supreme Court Justice, considering its defects in structure, form and content.
    [Show full text]
  • King George VI Wikipedia Page
    George VI of the United Kingdom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 10/6/11 10:20 PM George VI of the United Kingdom From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from King George VI) George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom George VI and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death. He was the last Emperor of India, and the first Head of the Commonwealth. As the second son of King George V, he was not expected to inherit the throne and spent his early life in the shadow of his elder brother, Edward. He served in the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force during World War I, and after the war took on the usual round of public engagements. He married Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon in 1923, and they had two daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret. George's elder brother ascended the throne as Edward VIII on the death of their father in 1936. However, less than a year later Edward revealed his desire to marry the divorced American socialite Wallis Simpson. British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin advised Edward that for political and Formal portrait, c. 1940–46 religious reasons he could not marry Mrs Simpson and remain king. Edward abdicated in order to marry, and George King of the United Kingdom and the British ascended the throne as the third monarch of the House of Dominions (more...) Windsor. Reign 11 December 1936 – 6 February On the day of his accession, the parliament of the Irish Free 1952 State removed the monarch from its constitution.
    [Show full text]
  • Access Jharkhand-Obj07-04-2021-E-Book
    Index 01. Jharkhand Special Branch Constable (Close 16. JSSC Assistant Competitive Examination Cadre) Competitive Exam 01-09-2019 28.06.2015. 02. J.S.S.C. - Jharkhand Excise Constable Exam 17. Jharkhand Forest Guard Appointment Com- 04-08-2019 petitive (Prelims) Exam - 24.05.2015. 03. SSC IS (CKHT)-2017, Intermediate Level (For 18. Jharkhand Staff Selection Commission the post of Hindi Typing Noncommittee in Com- organized Women Supervisor competitive puter Knowledge and Computer) Joint Competi- Exam - 2014. tive Exam 19. Fifth Combined Civil Service Prelims Compet- 04. JUVNL Office Assistent Exam 10-03-2017 itive Exam - 15.12.2013. 05. J.S.S.C. - Post Graduate Exam 19-02-2017 20. Jharkhand Joint Secretariat Assistant (Mains) 06. J.S.S.C Amin Civil Resional Investigator Exam Examination 16.12.2012. 08-01-2017 21. State High School Teacher Appointment 07. JPSC Prelims Paper II (18.12.2016) Examination 29.08.2012. 08. JPSC Prelims Paper-I (Jharkhand Related 22. Jharkhand Limited Departmental Exam- Questions Only on 18.12.2016) 2012. 09. Combined Graduation Standard Competitive 23. Jharkhand Joint Secretariat Assistant Exam- (Prelims) Examinations 21.08.2016 2012. 10. Kakshpal appointment (mains) Competitive 24. Fourth Combined Civil Service (Prelims) Examination 10.07.2016. Competitive Examination - 2010. 11. Jharkhand Forest guard appointment (mains) 25. Government High School Teacher Appoint- Competitive Examination 16.05.2016. ment Exam - 2009. 12. JSSC Kakshpal Competitive (Prelims) Exam - 26. Primary Teacher Appointment Exam - 2008. 20.03.2016. 27. Third Combined Civil Service Prelims 13. Jharkhand Police Competitive Examination Competitive Exam - 2008. 30.01.2016. 28. JPSC Subsidiary Examination - 2007.
    [Show full text]
  • Civil War and Revolution
    SungraphoThema VELS levels 1-3 Civil War and Revolution What can the study of civil war bring to our understanding of revolutions? Professor David Armitage, Harvard University The study of civil war has recently become academic Civil war has gradually become the most widespread, big business, especially among political scientists the most destructive, and now the most characteristic and economists. A surge of intellectual interest in form of organised human violence. Since 1820, an a major problem like this often has two sources: average of two to four per cent of all countries have the internal dynamics of academic disciplines experienced civil war at any given moment. This themselves, and external currents in the wider world striking average disguises the fact that some periods that scholars hope their findings might shape. The were even more acutely afflicted by internal warfare: ongoing ‘boom in the study of civil war,’ as it has for example, the middle decades of the nineteenth been called, has both these motives. Economists who century, the period of the US Civil War, the Taiping study underdevelopment, especially in Africa, have Rebellion and the Indian Mutiny, among other internal isolated civil war as one of its main causes. Students conflicts.2 The decades since 1975 have seen a similar of international relations who focused their attention spike in the incidence of internal warfare. Indeed, in on wars between states have turned to the study of the last thirty years, an average of at least ten per cent civil wars as they found their traditional subject of all countries at any one time have been suffering disappearing before their very eyes: since World War civil war: in 2006 (the last year for which complete II, the developed world has enjoyed a ‘Long Peace’ data are available), there were thirty-two civil wars in without interstate war, while between 1989 and 2006, progress around the world.
    [Show full text]