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Universfc/ Microfilms International 300 N.Zeeb Road Ann Aitoor, Ml 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 8417452 Ndanga, Oswald Toindepi ZAMBIA’S RELATIONS WITH MALAWI, BOTSWANA, MOZAMBIQUE, ZIMBABWE, AND SOUTH AFRICA: AN ANALYSIS WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF SOUTHERN AFRICA The American University Ph.D. 1984 University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Copyright 1983 by Ndanga, Oswald Toindepi All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ZAMBIA'S RELATIONS WITH MALAWI, BOTSWANA, MOZAMBIQUE, ZIMBABWE, AND SOUTH AFRICA: AN ANALYSIS WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF SOUTHERN AFRICA by Oswald Toindepi Ndanga submitted to the Faculty of the College of Public and International Affairs of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations Signatures of Committee: 1983 The American University Washington, D.C. 20016 U K AMERICAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ©COPYRIGHT BY OSWALD TOINDEPI NDANGA 1983 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ZAMBIA'S RELATIONS WITH MALAWI, BOTSWANA, MOZAMBIQUE, ZIMBABWE, AND SOUTH AFRICA: AN ANALYSIS WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF SOUTHERN AFRICA BY Oswald Toindepi Ndanga ABSTRACT This is a study o£ Zambia's relations with Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and South Africa. Zambia's inter-state rela­ tions, as well as her foreign policy in the region, are assessed and identified in an attempt to establish the determinants of her foreign policy. The thesis of the study is that the existence of white minority governments in South Africa, Angola, Mozambique, Namibia, and Zimbabwe was a major influence on Zambia's inter-state relations from 1964 to 1980. The second thesis of the study is that while liberation move­ ments used armed struggle, independent nations preferred to use diplomacy to put pressure on white minority governments to accept the principle of majority rule. The writer observes that Zambia played a crucial role in the political drama that led to the independence of many Southern African countries. Zambia, which authorized Southern African liberation movements to establish their headquarters in Lusaka, was at the center ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. of diplomatic activities aimed at creating an atmosphere where nego­ tiations for settlements could take place. Zambia did it by keeping channels of communication open and by reassuring minority leaders that whites were welcome to remain in Southern Africa under majority rule. The purpose of the study was to identify the major determinants of Zambia's foreign policy positions and its regional inter-state relations. Identification of foreign policy determinants and analysis of inter-state relations was conducted using some of the relevant methods of international relations. The methods utilized are compara­ tive analysis, inter-nation influence approach, associational rela­ tions, and historical analysis. The land locked position of Zambia and her reliance on the railways system, then controlled by the three minority governments of Rhodesia, Mozambique, and South Africa, seriously limited Zambia’s foreign policy options. However, there was a degree of economic interdependence which restrained both sides from taking extreme action. It was concluded that armed struggle and diplomacy are the two instruments used to put pressure on the white minority governments to accept the principle of African majority rule. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This author wishes to express his profound gratitude and appreciation to Dr. Darrell D. Randall, Dr. Ron W. Walters, and Dr. Collie Bryant for their invaluable counseling and encouragement throughout the development of this dissertation. The author also wishes to thank all School of International Service faculty and staff for their professional advice and for being so helpful during the period of my association with the School of International Service and The American University. At The American University, the quality of the faculty and the truly international student body composition prepared the author for a role in an interdependent world. The exposure to a full spectrum of people and ideas was a most rewarding experience relevant to a professional world that is growing closely interdependent. For all this, the author is highly appreciative. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT.............................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS....................................... iv LIST OF T A BLES......................................... vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.................................... viii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION TO THEST U D Y ........................... 1 Purpose of theStudy .............................. 3 Determinants of Inter-State Relations and Foreign Policy ................................ 4 Scope and Method................................ 5 The Meaning of Foreign Policy .................... 6 Definition of Concepts ...................... 18 OAU: A Continental Perspective ................... 31 S u m m a r y ....................................... 34 II. ZAMBIA'S INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT: ECONOMIC AND TRANSPORT PROBLEMS ............................... 38 Zambia: Economic Dependence ...................... 44 Reasons for Zambia's Position on Angola During Angolan Crisis ................................ 47 Zambia's Transport Problems Within the Context of Southern Africa Regional Economic Interdependence . 59 III. ZAMBIA'S RELATIONS WITH MALAWI...................... 85 Historical Background ........................... 86 Areas of Foreign Policy Conflict ................... 88 Malawi and the Minority Governments............... 104 Areas of Differences Between Zambia and Malawi ....... 107 IV. ZAMBIA'S RELATIONS WITH BOTSWANA..................... 115 Historical Background .......................... 115 Botswana's Policy Towards South Africa .............. 125 Botswana's Foreign Policy ........................ 136 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. V. ZAMBIA'S RELATIONS WITH MOZAMBIQUE AND PORTUGAL ....... 140 Sharing Borders and Railways ..................... 142 Zambia's Foreign Policy to Portugal ............... 145 VI. ZAMBIA’S RELATIONS WITH RHODESIA..................... 166 Historical Background ............................ 166 Comparative Analysis ............................. 180 VII. ZAMBIA'S RELATIONS WITH SOUTH AFRICA .................. 184 Historical Background ........................... 184 South Africa's Political Objectives ............... 187 The Outward Looking Policy ........................ 188 The Impact of Guerrilla Warfare ................... 189 VIII. CONCLUSION AND REGIONAL INTERACTIONAL ANALYSES ......... 194 Zambia's National Interests and the Effects of Conflicts on Its Foreign Policy ................

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