Histology of Urinary System
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Te2, Part Iii
TERMINOLOGIA EMBRYOLOGICA Second Edition International Embryological Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TE2, PART III Contents Caput V: Organogenesis Chapter 5: Organogenesis (continued) Systema respiratorium Respiratory system Systema urinarium Urinary system Systemata genitalia Genital systems Coeloma Coelom Glandulae endocrinae Endocrine glands Systema cardiovasculare Cardiovascular system Systema lymphoideum Lymphoid system Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Embryologica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, February 2017 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Embryologica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput V: ORGANOGENESIS Chapter 5: ORGANOGENESIS -
Female Urethra
OBJECTIVES: • By the end of this lecture, student should understand the anatomical structure of urinary system. General Information Waste products of metabolism are toxic (CO2, ammonia, etc.) Removal from tissues by blood and lymph Removal from blood by Respiratory system And Urinary system Functions of the Urinary System Elimination of waste products Nitrogenous wastes Toxins Drugs Functions of the Urinary System Regulate homeostasis Water balance Acid-base balance in the blood Electrolytes Blood pressure Organs of the Urinary system Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Kidneys Primary organs of the urinary system Located between the 12th thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebrae. Right is usually lower due to liver. Held in place by connective tissue [renal fascia] and surrounded by thick layer of adipose [perirenal fat] Each kidney is approx. 3 cm thick, 6 cm wide and 12 cm long Regions of the Kidney Renal cortex: outer region Renal medulla: pyramids and columns Renal pelvis: collecting system Kidneys protected by three connective tissue layers Renal fascia -Attaches to abdominal wall Renal capsule: -Surrounds each kidney -Fibrous sac -Protects from trauma and infection Adipose capsule -Fat cushioning kidney Nephrons Each kidney contains over a million nephrons [functional structure] • Blood enters the nephron from a network that begins with the renal artery. • This artery branches into smaller and smaller vessels and enters each nephron as an afferent arteriole. • The afferent arteriole ends in a specialized capillary called the Glomerulus. • Each kidney has a glomerulus contained in Bowman’s Capsule. • Any cells that are too large to pass into the nephron are returned to the venous blood supply via the efferent arteriole. -
Excretory Products and Their Elimination
290 BIOLOGY CHAPTER 19 EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATION 19.1 Human Animals accumulate ammonia, urea, uric acid, carbon dioxide, water Excretory and ions like Na+, K+, Cl–, phosphate, sulphate, etc., either by metabolic System activities or by other means like excess ingestion. These substances have to be removed totally or partially. In this chapter, you will learn the 19.2 Urine Formation mechanisms of elimination of these substances with special emphasis on 19.3 Function of the common nitrogenous wastes. Ammonia, urea and uric acid are the major Tubules forms of nitrogenous wastes excreted by the animals. Ammonia is the most toxic form and requires large amount of water for its elimination, 19.4 Mechanism of whereas uric acid, being the least toxic, can be removed with a minimum Concentration of loss of water. the Filtrate The process of excreting ammonia is Ammonotelism. Many bony fishes, 19.5 Regulation of aquatic amphibians and aquatic insects are ammonotelic in nature. Kidney Function Ammonia, as it is readily soluble, is generally excreted by diffusion across 19.6 Micturition body surfaces or through gill surfaces (in fish) as ammonium ions. Kidneys do not play any significant role in its removal. Terrestrial adaptation 19.7 Role of other necessitated the production of lesser toxic nitrogenous wastes like urea Organs in and uric acid for conservation of water. Mammals, many terrestrial Excretion amphibians and marine fishes mainly excrete urea and are called ureotelic 19.8 Disorders of the animals. Ammonia produced by metabolism is converted into urea in the Excretory liver of these animals and released into the blood which is filtered and System excreted out by the kidneys. -
Nitric Oxide Synthase in Macula Densa Regulates Glomerular Capillary
Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 89, pp. 11993-11997, December 1992 Pharmacology Nitric oxide synthase in macula densa regulates glomerular capillary pressure (kidney/tubuloglomerular feedback response/glomerular ifitration rate/afferent arteriole) CHRISTOPHER S. WILCOX*t, WILLIAM J. WELCH*, FERID MURADf, STEVEN S. GROSS§, GRAHAM TAYLOR¶, ROBERTO LEVI§, AND HARALD H. H. W. SCHMIDTII** *Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Transplantation Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, FL 32608; I'Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; tAbbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064-3500; iDepartment of Pharmacology, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021; and IDepartment of Clinical Pharmacology, The Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, England W12 OHS Communicated by Robert F. Furchgott, September 3, 1992 ABSTRACT Tubular-fluid reabsorption by specialized Previous studies have established that L-arginine-derived cells of the nephron at the junction of the ascending limb of the nitric oxide (NO) is produced by several cells within the loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule, termed the kidney, including isolated glomerular mesangial (6) and en- macula densa, releases compounds causing vasoconstriction of dothelial cells (7), and a renal epithelial cell line (8), but its the adjacent afferent arteriole. Activation of this tubuloglo- integrative role in the control ofrenal function is not yet clear merular feedback response reduces glomerular capillary pres- (9). In the vessel wall, the endothelium can mediate vasodi- sure of the nephron and, hence, the glomerular filtration rate. lator responses to agents such as acetylcholine (10) and can The tubuloglomerular feedback response functions in a nega- blunt the actions of certain vasoconstrictors (11). -
Basic Histology (23 Questions): Oral Histology (16 Questions
Board Question Breakdown (Anatomic Sciences section) The Anatomic Sciences portion of part I of the Dental Board exams consists of 100 test items. They are broken up into the following distribution: Gross Anatomy (50 questions): Head - 28 questions broken down in this fashion: - Oral cavity - 6 questions - Extraoral structures - 12 questions - Osteology - 6 questions - TMJ and muscles of mastication - 4 questions Neck - 5 questions Upper Limb - 3 questions Thoracic cavity - 5 questions Abdominopelvic cavity - 2 questions Neuroanatomy (CNS, ANS +) - 7 questions Basic Histology (23 questions): Ultrastructure (cell organelles) - 4 questions Basic tissues - 4 questions Bone, cartilage & joints - 3 questions Lymphatic & circulatory systems - 3 questions Endocrine system - 2 questions Respiratory system - 1 question Gastrointestinal system - 3 questions Genitouirinary systems - (reproductive & urinary) 2 questions Integument - 1 question Oral Histology (16 questions): Tooth & supporting structures - 9 questions Soft oral tissues (including dentin) - 5 questions Temporomandibular joint - 2 questions Developmental Biology (11 questions): Osteogenesis (bone formation) - 2 questions Tooth development, eruption & movement - 4 questions General embryology - 2 questions 2 National Board Part 1: Review questions for histology/oral histology (Answers follow at the end) 1. Normally most of the circulating white blood cells are a. basophilic leukocytes b. monocytes c. lymphocytes d. eosinophilic leukocytes e. neutrophilic leukocytes 2. Blood platelets are products of a. osteoclasts b. basophils c. red blood cells d. plasma cells e. megakaryocytes 3. Bacteria are frequently ingested by a. neutrophilic leukocytes b. basophilic leukocytes c. mast cells d. small lymphocytes e. fibrocytes 4. It is believed that worn out red cells are normally destroyed in the spleen by a. neutrophils b. -
Claudins in the Renal Collecting Duct
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Claudins in the Renal Collecting Duct Janna Leiz 1,2 and Kai M. Schmidt-Ott 1,2,3,* 1 Department of Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; [email protected] 2 Molecular and Translational Kidney Research, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany 3 Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-(0)30-450614671 Received: 22 October 2019; Accepted: 20 December 2019; Published: 28 December 2019 Abstract: The renal collecting duct fine-tunes urinary composition, and thereby, coordinates key physiological processes, such as volume/blood pressure regulation, electrolyte-free water reabsorption, and acid-base homeostasis. The collecting duct epithelium is comprised of a tight epithelial barrier resulting in a strict separation of intraluminal urine and the interstitium. Tight junctions are key players in enforcing this barrier and in regulating paracellular transport of solutes across the epithelium. The features of tight junctions across different epithelia are strongly determined by their molecular composition. Claudins are particularly important structural components of tight junctions because they confer barrier and transport properties. In the collecting duct, a specific set of claudins (Cldn-3, Cldn-4, Cldn-7, Cldn-8) is expressed, and each of these claudins has been implicated in mediating aspects of the specific properties of its tight junction. The functional disruption of individual claudins or of the overall barrier function results in defects of blood pressure and water homeostasis. In this concise review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on the role of the collecting duct epithelial barrier and of claudins in collecting duct function and pathophysiology. -
Renal Corpuscle Renal System > Histology > Histology
Renal Corpuscle Renal System > Histology > Histology Key Points: • The renal corpuscles lie within the renal cortex; • They comprise the glomerular, aka, Bowman's capsule and capillaries The capsule is a double-layer sac of epithelium: — The outer parietal layer folds upon itself to form the visceral layer. — The inner visceral layer envelops the glomerular capillaries. • As blood passes through the glomerular capillaries, aka, glomerulus, specific components, including water and wastes, are filtered to create ultrafiltrate. • The filtration barrier, which determines ultrafiltrate composition, comprises glomerular capillary endothelia, a basement membrane, and the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule. • Nephron tubules modify the ultrafiltrate to form urine. Overview Diagram: • Tuft of glomerular capillaries; blood enters the capillaries via the afferent arteriole, and exits via efferent arteriole. • The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule envelops the capillaries, then folds outwards to become the parietal layer. • The capsular space lies between the parietal and visceral layers; this space fills with ultrafiltrate. • Vascular pole = where the arterioles pass through the capsule • Urinary pole = where the nephron tubule begins • Distal tubule passes by the afferent arteriole. Details of Capillary and Visceral Layer: • Fenestrated glomerular capillary; fenestrations are small openings, aka, pores, in the endothelium that confer permeability. • Thick basement membrane overlies capillaries • Visceral layer comprises podocytes: — Cell bodies — Cytoplasmic extensions, called primary processes, give rise to secondary foot processes, aka, pedicles. • The pedicles interdigitate to form filtration slits; molecules pass through these slits to form the ultrafiltrate in the 1 / 3 capsular space. • Subpodocyte space; healthy podocytes do not adhere to the basement membrane. Clinical Correlation: • Podocyte injury causes dramatic changes in shape, and, therefore, their ability to filter substances from the blood. -
Kidney Function • Filtration • Reabsorption • Secretion • Excretion • Micturition
About This Chapter • Functions of the kidneys • Anatomy of the urinary system • Overview of kidney function • Filtration • Reabsorption • Secretion • Excretion • Micturition © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Functions of the Kidneys • Regulation of extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure • Regulation of osmolarity • Maintenance of ion balance • Homeostatic regulation of pH • Excretion of wastes • Production of hormones © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomy of the Urinary System • Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra • Kidneys – Bean-shaped organ – Cortex and medulla © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomy of the Urinary System • Functional unit is the nephron – Glomerulus in the Bowman’s capsule – Proximal tubule – The loop of Henle • Descending limb and ascending limb twisted between arterioles forming the juxtaglomerular apparatus – Distal tubule – Collecting ducts © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19.1b Anatomy summary The kidneys are located retroperitoneally at the level of the lower ribs. Inferior Diaphragm vena cava Aorta Left adrenal gland Left kidney Right kidney Renal artery Renal vein Ureter Peritoneum Urinary Rectum (cut) bladder (cut) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19.1c Anatomy summary © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19.1d Anatomy summary © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19.1f-h Anatomy summary Some nephrons dip deep into the medulla. One nephron has two arterioles and two sets of capillaries that form a portal system. Efferent arteriole Arterioles Peritubular Juxtaglomerular capillaries The cortex apparatus contains all Bowman’s Nephrons Afferent capsules, arteriole Glomerulus proximal Juxtamedullary nephron and distal (capillaries) with vasa recta tubules. Peritubular capillaries Glomerulus The medulla contains loops of Henle and Vasa recta collecting ducts. Collecting duct Loop of Henle © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. -
Urinary System
OUTLINE 27.1 General Structure and Functions of the Urinary System 818 27.2 Kidneys 820 27 27.2a Gross and Sectional Anatomy of the Kidney 820 27.2b Blood Supply to the Kidney 821 27.2c Nephrons 824 27.2d How Tubular Fluid Becomes Urine 828 27.2e Juxtaglomerular Apparatus 828 Urinary 27.2f Innervation of the Kidney 828 27.3 Urinary Tract 829 27.3a Ureters 829 27.3b Urinary Bladder 830 System 27.3c Urethra 833 27.4 Aging and the Urinary System 834 27.5 Development of the Urinary System 835 27.5a Kidney and Ureter Development 835 27.5b Urinary Bladder and Urethra Development 835 MODULE 13: URINARY SYSTEM mck78097_ch27_817-841.indd 817 2/25/11 2:24 PM 818 Chapter Twenty-Seven Urinary System n the course of carrying out their specific functions, the cells Besides removing waste products from the bloodstream, the uri- I of all body systems produce waste products, and these waste nary system performs many other functions, including the following: products end up in the bloodstream. In this case, the bloodstream is ■ Storage of urine. Urine is produced continuously, but analogous to a river that supplies drinking water to a nearby town. it would be quite inconvenient if we were constantly The river water may become polluted with sediment, animal waste, excreting urine. The urinary bladder is an expandable, and motorboat fuel—but the town has a water treatment plant that muscular sac that can store as much as 1 liter of urine. removes these waste products and makes the water safe to drink. -
The Urinary System Dr
The urinary System Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi Functions of the Urinary System • Excretion – removal of waste material from the blood plasma and the disposal of this waste in the urine. • Elimination – removal of waste from other organ systems - from digestive system – undigested food, water, salt, ions, and drugs. + - from respiratory system – CO2,H , water, toxins. - from skin – water, NaCl, nitrogenous wastes (urea , uric acid, ammonia, creatinine). • Water balance -- kidney tubules regulate water reabsorption and urine concentration. • regulation of PH, volume, and composition of body fluids. • production of Erythropoietin for hematopoieseis, and renin for blood pressure regulation. Anatomy of the Urinary System Gross anatomy: • kidneys – a pair of bean – shaped organs located retroperitoneally, responsible for blood filtering and urine formation. • Renal capsule – a layer of fibrous connective tissue covering the kidneys. • Renal cortex – outer region of the kidneys where most nephrons is located. • Renal medulla – inner region of the kidneys where some nephrons is located, also where urine is collected to be excreted outward. • Renal calyx – duct – like sections of renal medulla for collecting urine from nephrons and direct urine into renal pelvis. • Renal pyramid – connective tissues in the renal medulla binding various structures together. • Renal pelvis – central urine collecting area of renal medulla. • Hilum (or hilus) – concave notch of kidneys where renal artery, renal vein, urethra, nerves, and lymphatic vessels converge. • Ureter – a tubule that transport urine (mainly by peristalsis) from the kidney to the urinary bladder. • Urinary bladder – a spherical storage organ that contains up to 400 ml of urine. • Urethra – a tubule that excretes urine out of the urinary bladder to the outside, through the urethral orifice. -
L8-Urine Conc. [PDF]
The loop of Henle is referred to as countercurrent multiplier and vasa recta as countercurrent exchange systems in concentrating and diluting urine. Explain what happens to osmolarity of tubular fluid in the various segments of the loop of Henle when concentrated urine is being produced. Explain the factors that determine the ability of loop of Henle to make a concentrated medullary gradient. Differentiate between water diuresis and osmotic diuresis. Appreciate clinical correlates of diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus. Fluid intake The total body water Antidiuretic hormone is controled by : Renal excretion of water Hyperosmolar medullary Changes in the osmolarity of tubular fluid : interstitium 1 2 3 Low osmolarity The osmolarity High osmolarity because of active decrease as it goes up because of the transport of Na+ and because of the reabsorbation of water co-transport of K+ and reabsorption of NaCl Cl- 4 5 Low osmolarity because of High osmolarity because of reabsorption of NaCl , also reabsorption of water in reabsorption of water in present of ADH , present of ADH reabsorption of urea Mechanisms responsible for creation of hyperosmolar medulla: Active Co- Facilitated diffusion transport : transport : diffusion : of : Na+ ions out of the Only of small thick portion of the K+ , Cl- and other amounts of water ascending limb of ions out of the thick from the medullary the loop of henle portion of the Of urea from the tubules into the into the medullary ascending limb of inner medullary medullary interstitium the loop of henle collecting -
Laboratory 8 - Urinary and Reproductive Systems
Laboratory 8 - Urinary and Reproductive Systems Urinary System Please read before starting: It is easy to damage the structures of the reproductive system as you expose structures associated with excretion, so exercise caution as you do this. Please also note that we will have drawings available as well to help you find and identify the structures described below. The major blood vessels serving the kidneys are the Renal renal artery and the renal pyramid vein., which are located deep in the parietal peritoneum. The renal artery is a branch of the dorsal aorta that comes off Renal further caudal than the cranial pelvis mesenteric artery. Dissect the left kidney in situ, dividing it into dorsal and ventral portions by making a frontal section along the outer periphery. Observe the renal cortex renal medulla (next layer in) renal pyramids renal pelvis ureter (see above diagram) The kidneys include a variety of structures including an arterial supply, a venous return, extensive capillary networks around each nephron and then, of course, the filtration and reabsorption apparatus. These structures are primarily composed of nephrons (the basic functional unit of the kidney) and the ducts which carry urine away from the nephron (the collecting ducts and larger ducts eventually draining these into the ureters from each kidney. The renal pyramids contain the extensions of the nephrons into the renal medulla (the Loops of Henle) and the collecting ducts. Urine is eventually emptied into the renal pelvis before leaving the kidneys in the ureters. The ureters leaves the kidneys medially at approximately the midpoint of the organs and then run caudal to the urinary bladder.