El Gran Terror Una Reevaluación

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El Gran Terror Una Reevaluación Lea el LIBRO PROHIBIDO por los SOCIALISTAS El Gran Terror Una Reevaluación Robert Conquest Oxford University Press Oxford, Nueva York, Toronto 1990 Traducción al español de Carlos Eduardo Ruiz Prefacio Es un particularmente apropiado momento para colocar ante el público una reevaluación de El Gran Terror, que avasalló a la Unión Soviética en la década de 1930. Primero, nosotros tenemos ahora suficiente información para establecer casi todo eliminando cualquier disputa. Segundo, El Terror, es, en el presente inmediato de la década de 1990, un asunto político y humano en la URSS. Esto quiere decir, es la más asombrosa, la más crítica, y la más importante agenda del mundo de hoy. Mi libro El Gran Terror fue escrito hace veinte años (aunque cierta cantidad de material adicional entró en ediciones publicadas a comienzos de la década de 1970). El breve período de la revelación Krushcheviana había proporcionado suficiente nueva evidencia, en conjunto con la masa de reportes no-oficiales anteriores, para darle a la historia del período detalles considerables y mutuamente confirmatorios. Sin embargo, había mucho que permanecía como deducción, y hubo vacíos ocasionales, o inadecuadamente verificadas probabilidades, que hacían imposible la certidumbre. Durante los años desde entonces, El Gran Terror se mantuvo como el único completo registro histórico del período –como de hecho, lo hace hasta el día de hoy. Fue recibido como tal, no sólo en Occidente sino también en la mayoría de los círculos en la Unión Soviética. Yo rara vez conocí a un funcionario, académico (o emigrado) soviético, que no lo hubiese leído en inglés, o en una edición rusa publicada en Florencia, o en samizdat [1]; tampoco ninguno de ellos cuestiona su exactitud en general, aún si es capaz de corregir o enmendar unos pocos detalles. Moscow News últimamente notó que la edición rusa de ultramar había ―llegado a través de canales no-oficiales a la Unión Soviética, y rápidamente circuló entre la intelligentsia, y fue valorada por ellos como una de las más significativas investigaciones extranjeras de la historia soviética‖. Y finalmente, fue publicado por capítulos en el periódico político-literario soviético, Neva en 1989-1990, marcando una confirmación adecuada del status del libro. Pero no meramente su status como un trabajo de historia: el editor en jefe de Neva (quien es también un Diputado del Pueblo), mientras lo describe como ―por mucho la más seria‖ investigación del período, añade que Neva ―lucha por promover la creación del imperio de la ley y la profundización de la democracia en nuestra sociedad. Nosotros consideramos que el trabajo de R. Conquest desarrolla precisamente esta idea‖. Pero El Gran Terror ha estado fuera de imprenta por un número de años, y mucho nuevo material se ha mientras tanto acumulado: primero en los escritos en samizdat de finales de la década de 1970 y comienzos de 1980, y después desde 1987 en adelante, en una masa de nueva evidencia en publicaciones soviéticas del período del Glasnost. El Gran Terror, todavía tiene que depender en gran medida de material proporcionado por emigrados, desertores, y otro material no-oficial. Al igual que con la escritura de historia antigua, era un asunto de balancear y evaluar material incompleto, parcial y desequilibrado— y no, como en el caso de escribir historia occidental moderna, el despliegue, adicionalmente a éstos, de archivos oficiales adecuados y creíbles. Alguna información estaba, por supuesto, disponible en fuentes oficiales soviéticas del período, pero todos los principales hechos habían sido falsificados o suprimidos en gran escala; y la contribución kruscheviana, aunque de gran importancia, estaba lejos de ser exhaustiva o decisiva. Yo imprimí en El Gran Terror una larga nota bibliográfica, en la cual expliqué porqué y hasta cual punto yo aceptaba (no siempre en cada detalle), el material de Nicolaevsky, Orlov, Barmine, Krivitsky, Weissberg, y otro material publicado en Occidente. Ya que tales recuentos han sido ahora abrumadoramente confirmados en recientes publicaciones soviéticas, no se ha pensado necesario imprimir tal nota en el presente libro, porque él aparece en el período cuando Glasnost ha confirmado la exactitud general de tal testimonio y colocado los largamente suprimidos hechos de El Terror más allá de cualquier seria controversia. Es cierto, que esto todavía, cuando escribo, no ha sido hecho sistemáticamente, sino en una serie de artículos dispersos. Pero éstos se han acumulado suficientemente para hacer una completa reevaluación del El Gran Terror, tanto útil, como necesaria. Esto es especialmente cierto de eventos específicos como el Juicio Tukhachevsky; el ―Pleno Febrero- Marzo‖ de 1937; el destino de Yezhov; los desarrollos a finales de 1936, y fenómenos similarmente importantes. Aún así, mientras el nuevo material extiende nuestro conocimiento, él confirma la solidez general del recuento proporcionado por El Gran Terror. Y, mientras en esta reevaluación yo he sido en consecuencia capaz de proporcionar un recuento grandemente mejorado de esos años, no he hecho ningún cambio por el sólo hecho de hacerlo. En la preparación de este libro, le debo mi agradecimiento sobre todo al Profesor Stephen F. Cohen y al Dr. Mikhail Bernstam; a Nancy Lane, por ayuda y estímulo sin fin; a Irene Pavitt, por sus habilidades editoriales; a Kate Mosse; a Delano DuGarm, por irremplazable investigación y otra asistencia; a Semyon Lyandres; a Susan Rupp; una vez más a Amy Desai, por su siempre admirable labor secretarial; al Programa John Olin para el Estudio de la Unión Soviética y Europa Oriental de la Hoover Institution; y, como siempre, a mi esposa. R. C. Stanford Enero de 1990 Introducción LAS RAÍCES DEL TERROR El remedio inventado por Lenin y Trotsky, la supresión general de la democracia, es peor que el demonio que se suponía que iba a curar. Rosa Luxemburg EL PARTIDO DE LENIN El Gran Terror de 1936 a 1938 no salió de la nada. Al igual que cualquier otro fenómeno histórico, tuvo sus raíces en el pasado. Sin duda sería equivocado argumentar que éste surgió inevitablemente de la naturaleza de la sociedad soviética y del Partido Comunista. El, fue en sí mismo un medio de forzar el cambio violento sobre esa sociedad y ese partido. Pero al mismo tiempo, no podría haber sido lanzado excepto contra el extraordinario telón de fondo idiosincrásico del gobierno Bolchevique; y sus especiales características. Algunas de ellas difícilmente creíbles para mentes extranjeras, se derivan de una tradición específica. A las ideas dominantes del período de Stalin, la evolución de los oposicionistas, las mismísimas confesiones durante los grandes juicios-espectáculo, difícilmente puede seguírseles la pista, sin considerar, no tanto la totalidad del pasado soviético, sino el desarrollo del Partido, la consolidación de la dictadura, los movimientos sectarios, el ascenso de los individuos, y la emergencia de medidas económicas extremas. Después de su primer accidente cerebro-vascular del 26 de mayo de 1922, Lenin, cortado hasta cierto punto de las cercanías de la vida política, contemplaba los inesperados defectos que habían surgido en la revolución que él había hecho. El ya le había remarcado, a los delegados del Xmo Congreso del Partido, en marzo de 1921, ―Nosotros hemos fallado en convencer a las amplias masas‖. El se había sentido obligado a excusar la baja calidad de muchos miembros del Partido: ―Ningún movimiento profundo y popular en toda la historia, ha tenido lugar sin su cuota de suciedad, sin aventureros y testaferros, sin elementos pedantes y ruidosos... Un partido gobernante inevitablemente atrae oportunistas‖. El había notado que el Estado Soviético tenía ―muchas deformidades burocráticas‖, hablando de ―que ese mismo aparato ruso... tomó prestado del zarismo y apenas lo cubrió con una delgada capa soviética‖. Y justamente antes de su accidente cerebro-vascular él había notado ―la prevalencia de personales malicias y rencores vengativos‖ en los comités a cargo de purgar al Partido‖. Poco después de su recuperación de su primer accidente cerebro-vascular, él estaba remarcando ―Nosotros estamos viviendo en un mar de ilegalidad‖, y observando, ―Las semillas en la espiga comunista carecen de cultura general‖; la cultura de las clases medias en Rusia era ―desconsiderada, degradada, pero en cualquier caso, mayor que la de nuestros responsables comunistas‖. En el otoño, él estaba criticando el descuido y el parasitismo, e inventó frases especiales para las pedanterías y las mentiras de los comunistas: ―Com- pedanterías y Com-mentiras‖. En su ausencia, sus subordinados estaban actuando más inaceptablemente que nunca. Sus críticas, hasta ahora, habían sido reservas ocasionales murmuradas en los intervalos de la azarosa actividad política y gubernamental. Ahora ellas se habían convertido en su preocupación principal. El halló que Stalin, a quien como Secretario General él había confiado la maquinaria del Partido en 1921, estaba persiguiendo incansablemente al Partido en Georgia. El emisario de Stalin, Ordzhonikidze, hasta había golpeado al líder comunista de Georgia, Kabanidze. Lenin estaba a favor de una política de conciliación con Georgia, donde la población era sólidamente anti-Bolchevique y apenas acababa de perder su independencia ante un asalto del Ejército Rojo. El argumentó fuertemente en contra de Stalin. Fue en ese momento cuando él escribió su ―Testamento‖. En el, él dejó claro que desde su punto de vista, Stalin era, después de Trotsky, el líder ―más capaz‖ del Comité Central; y lo criticó,
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