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Comunistas Contra Stalin

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Comunistas Contra Stalin PIERRE BROUÉ Comunistas contra Stalin Masacre de una generación Numerosos militantes comunistas se unieron en los^ños veinte, a la Oposición de Izquierda y a otras corrientes antiestalinistas en la URSS. Se les llamó oposicionistas o trotskistas. Miles de ellos serán fusilados en 1937 y 1938 en las prisiones o en los campos de Vorkuta y Kolyma. Su exterminio es el resultado final de una lucha que dura algo más de quince años. Comienza con las expulsiones de militantes del Partido Comunista, sigue con el exilio y las deportaciones; Luego llegan las prisiones, los aislamientos, los campos, el Gulag: los defensores de un socialismo democrático son víctimas de la brutalidad del sistema. Este libro cuenta la historia de la lucha, de la persecución y del asesinato de esos miles de luchadores revolucionarios. Stalin consolidó su poder mediante la masacre de una generación que se podía rebelar contra su tiranía y que había empezado a hacerlo. Es una historia celosamente ocultada durante más de medio siglo. Libros Abiertos Comunistas contra Stalin Masacre de una generación PIERRE BROUÉ ■ 9 sepha Primera edición en español, marzo de 2008 Primera edición en francés, septiembre de 2003 © Editions Fayard 13, rué du Montparnasse 75006 París www.editions-fayard.fr © Herederos de Pierre Broué y Fundación Andreu Nin, 2007 Traducción de Andreu Coll, Margarita Díaz y Juan A. Herrero Revisión de textos: Andreu Coll y Carlos Artola © De la edición en castellano SEPHA Edición y Diseño, SL., 2007 Biedmas, 4 29008 Málaga www. editorialsepha. com [email protected] Diseño de porrtada: Editions Fayard Diseño de colección: Julián Moreno Hidalgo Queda rigurosamente prohibida, sin la autorización de los titulares del copyright, bajo las sanciones establecidas en las leyes, la reproducción total o parcial de esta obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, comprendidos la reprografía y el trata­ miento informático. ISBN: 978-84-96764-22-4 Depósito legal: M-10845-2008 Imprime Publidisa Pñnted in Spain - Impreso en España V El presente libro, que siempre soñé con escribir, lo dedico con toda mi ternura y mi admiración a Carolina La descubrí cuando vino a visitarme porque había leído mis libros sobre las revoluciones del siglo y le habían gustado. Esta hija, cuyos padres fueron cruelmente asesinados por la dictadura argentina cuando ella tenía un año, ha sabido dar al historiador y al militante, padre y abuelo feliz que soy, una dimensión pasional, necesaria incluso para una vida que se acerca al ocaso. Siendo un poco grandilocuente, Carolina encarna -y con qué encanto- a una juventud por la que me esfuerzo desde hace tiem­ po en esclarecer las aspiraciones, los sufrimientos y el amor por la vida (una juventud que tiene razón a escala mundial). Ella vive en un país donde la revolución se está llevando a cabo, y dice que mis libros iluminan su vida. Yo digo que su vida y la de sus cama- radas llenan con su aliento los espacios de éste. Lo dedico también a Marisol de México mi Sol Ella me tomó del brazo para evitar que me cayera sobre el empedrado desigual del pasillo de la casa de Trotsky convertida en Museo del Exilio en Coyoacán -y todavía lo mantiene en su firme y pequeña mano-. Deseo guardar no lejos de mí, para el final del viaje, este pequeño sol, tan luminoso en todos los aspectos. ÍNDICE Glosario .................................................................................... 21 P resen tació n ............................................................................. 23 1. Las fuentes .................................................................... 24 2. Pero sobre todo los hombres y las mujeres ................. 25 3. La cuestión de las referencias .................................. 27 4. Un índice desnaturalizado ........................................... 28 5. La Historia general ....................................................... 29 6. Revolucionarios.............................................................. 31 CAPÍTULO I Los primeros orígenes de la O posición............................. 35 1. Los amigos de Trotsky ................................................. 36 2. Los fieles a Christian Georgievich .............................. 38 3. El primer trabajo de Rakovsky .................................. 40 4. Préobrajensky y los Cuarenta y seis ............................. 42 5. La intervención de Trotsky ........................................... 44 6. Policía contra política ................................................... 46 10 Fierre Broué CAPÍTULO II Las células durmientes, 1924-1925 ...................................... 49 1. La Oposición de Izquierda en Leningrado .................. 50 2. La Oposición de izquierda en Moscú ........................... 52 3. La Oposición de Izquierda en Ucrania ........................ 54 4. El caso de Georgia ............. ....................................... 55 5. Posiciones en los sindicatos ......................................... 56 6. Revolucionarios y hombres de Estado ........................ 57 CAPÍTULO III Brutal despertar y breve reencuentro, 1925-1926 ............ 61 1. La fase oculta del conflicto en la c ú p u la ..................... 62 2. La Oposición de 1923 en la encrucijada .................... 64 3. El análisis de Trotsky en diciembre de 1925 ................ 65 4. Depuración en Leningrado ........................................... 69 CAPÍTULO IV Oposición unificada y desgarrada ...................................... 71 1. Leningrado aborda la cuestión ..................................... 72 2. El camino hacia la unificación....................................... 74 3. Primeros pasos de una grave represión ........................ 78 4. Importantes exclusiones ............................................... 80 5. Las tentativas de «salida» ............................................ 84 6. La Oposición «declara la p a z» ..................................... 85 índice 11 CAPÍTULO V La primavera china, 1927 ...................................................... 89 1. Algunos cambios discretos ........................................... 89 2. ¿La Oposición arrodillada? ........................................... 91 3. El despertar chino .......................................................... 93 4. La represión hasta el final ............................................. 95 5. Crisis en el campo estaliniano...................................... 98 6. La Oposición se recobra ............................................... 99 CAPÍTULO VI El otoño de la Revolución ................................................... 101 1. La plataforma ................................................................ 101 2. La provocación .............................................................. 104 3. Victoria parcial en los U rales......................................... 106 4. Furiosa batalla por el Partido en la calle ................... 106 5. El estado de ánimo de los trabajadores....................... 109 6. Los jóvenes y la Oposición ........................................... 110 7. El desastre de los Urales ............................................... 112 8. Amenazas e intimidaciones contra los ob rero s........... 113 9. La Oposición en la calle ............................................... 119 10. Comienza el largo invierno........................................... 120 12 Pierre Broué CAPÍTULO VII Los nuevos colonos ............................................................... 125 1. El exilio de T rotsky........................................................ 126 2. Un Gotha del bolchevismo ........................................... 127 3. Nuevas oleadas de colonos ........................................... 134 4. La población de los nuevos colonos ............................ 136 5. Alcance político de los nuevos colonos........................ 139 6. Colonias homogéneas por niveles ................................ 140 7. Fenómenos nuevos.......................................................... 140 8. El sueño de un conciliador ........................................... 141 CAPÍTULO VIII Los del otro lado .................................................................... 145 1. El trabajo del C en tro ...................................................... 146 2. La Oposición resucita en las luchas obreras ............... 147 3. La huelga en el textil de Leningrado............................ 148 4. Oleada de huelgas .......................................................... 149 5. La represión se agrava ................................................. 152 6. La bomba Bujarin y Kam enev....................................... 157 7. La expulsión de Trotsky de la U R S S ............................ 158 8. ¿Están los «del otro lado» galvanizados? Las octavillas de M oscú................................................. 159 9. El asunto F u tlik .............................................................. 162 índice 13 CAPÍTULO IX La crisis de la Oposición ...................................................... 165 1. Primeras escaramuzas .................................................. 165 2. En la Internacional todo se envenena ........................ 169 3. Las líneas de separación ............................................. 171 4. La Oposición y el VI Congreso de la Comintern .... 173 CAPÍTULO X Crisis c ru z a d a s ....................................................................... 175 1. Stalin contra la derecha ............................................. 176 2. La Conferencia de Omsk: la historia en suspenso ...
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