New Crops and Uses: Their role in a rapidly changing world Edited by J. Smartt and N. Haq International Symposium on New Crops and Uses: Their role in a rapidly changing world ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Dr. John Meadley Mr. George Taylor-Hunt Former Chief Executive, Tropical Agriculture Association Rural Investment Overseas Ms. Lucy Hodsman Dr. Peter Lapinskas National Non-food Crops Centre Consultant Dr. Nazmul Haq Prof. J.T. Williams Founding Director International Former Director, Centre for Underutilised Crops International Board for Mr. Roger Smith Plant Genetic Resources TAA, Former Chair, ICUC Board SPONSORS The Organising Committee expresses its gratitude to the following sponsors, without whose help the Symposium would not have been possible: University of Southampton International Science Foundation ECUC Trust National Non-food Crops Centre Tropical Agriculture Association First published in 2008 by Centre for Underutilised Crops University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK @ 2008 Centre for Underutilised Crops Printed at RPM Print & Design, 2-3 Spur Road, Quarry Lane, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8PR ISBN 9 78 085432 89 18 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced, or utilised in any form or by any electronic, medicinal or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. --------------------------------------------------------- British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data --------------------------------------------------------- New Crops and Uses: Their role in a rapidly changing world Smartt, J.; Haq, N. ISBN 9 78 085432 89 18 --------------------------------------------------------- Contents List of Participants 4 Preface 10 Section 1: Papers THE CONTEXT, JUSTIFICATION AND APPLICATION OF UNDERUTILISED CROPS IN A RAPIDLY CHANGING WORLD 1. Climate change: an exciting challenge for new and underutilised crops T. Tanton and N. Haq 15 2. Food and nutrition: the role of under-utilised crops in traditional crop improvement and new crop development P. van Damme 23 3. Contribution of molecular genetics for new crops development K. Polok, T. Korniak and R. Zielinski 36 4. The regulatory environment for commercialisation of new/underutilised crops L. D. Phillips 57 THE NEED FOR UNDERUTILISED CROPS IN A CHANGING WORLD 5. Underutilised species in Indonesian tradtitional farming systems S.D. Sastrapradja and A. Haryatmo 68 6. Indigenous vegetables in East Africa: sorted out, forgotten, revitalised and successful D. Virchow 79 7. Small scale processing and marketing of underutilised fruits: case study of Amla in India T. Gajanana, I.N.D. Gowda and B.M.C. Reddy 101 8. Consumer perceptions and determinants in purchasing fresh and processed tropical fruit products: an exploratory study S. Sabbe, W. Verbecke and P. van Damme 113 9. Sowing seeds of success: commercial farmers’ perspective J. Moffett 128 10. Traditional versus exotic vegetables in Tanzania G. Keding, I.S. Swai and D. Virchow 150 11. A donor’s perspective J.-M. Leblanc 164 SUCCESS, FAILURES AND LESSONS LEARNED- FOOD AND NUTRITIONAL CROPS: CASE STUDIES 12. Diversity in small millets germplasm in genebank at ICRISAT H.D.Upadhaya, C.L.L. Gowda, V.G. Reddy and S. Singh 173 1 13. Ancient underutilised pseudocereals - potential alternatives for nutrition and income generation E. de la Cruz Torres, C. Mapes Sánchez, A. Laguna Cerda, J.M. García Andrade, A. López Monroy, J. González Jiménez and T. Falcó Bárcenas 186 14. Role of Bambara groundnuts ( Vigna subterranean ) in cropping systems in western Kenya D.O. Andika, M.O.A. Onyango and J.C. Onyango 204 15. Aerial Yam: a potential underutilised crop for the resource-poor people of Bangladesh A. Kalam Azad, M. Sayeed Hassan and Md. Abdur Razzaque 213 16. Collection and characterisation of germplasm of some underutilised plant species in Pakistan Z. Ahmad, S. Hussain, M.S. Iqbal, M. Irfan, N. Rehman, A. Jamal, A. Qayyum and A. Ghafoor 219 17. Ricebean: a multipurpose underutilised legume K.D. Joshi, B. Bhandari, R. Gautam, J. Bajracharya and P.A. Hollington 234 18. The challenge of introducing new and underutilised crops in intensive systems: three successful cases in Argentina C. Desmarchelier, G. Ciccia, H. Golberg and J. Alonso 249 19. The potentials of African yam bean ( Sphenostylis stenocarpa Hochst. Ex. A. Rich) in Nigeria: character distribution and genetic diversity B.D. Adewale, O.B. Kehinde, B.O. Odu and D.J. Dumet 265 20. Promotion of underutilised crops for income generation and environmental sustainability N. G. Hegde 277 21. A case for promotion of tropical underutilised fruits for improvement of livelihoods N. Haq, C. Bowe and C. Clarke 288 22. Domesticating and commercialising indigenous fruit and nut tree crops for food security and income generation in Sub-Saharan Africa F.K. Akinnifesi, O.C. Ajayi , S. Gudeta, I. Kadzere and A.I. Akinnifesi 300 23. Underutilised crops for famine and poverty alleviation: a case study on the potential of the multipurpose Prosopis tree N.M. Pasiecznik, S.K. Choge, A.B. Rosenfeld and P.J.C. Harris 326 24. Sustainable supply of plants entering the trade M.J. Simmonds 347 25. New crops for functional molecules: Açai and Blackberry S. Zozio and D. Pallete 348 2 26. Description and analysis of the sustainability of underutilised tropical fruits with high commercial potential: Blackberries ( Rubus spp ), Red-Pitahaya (Hylocereus purpusii ) and Peach Palm Fruits ( Bactris gasipaes ) in Costa Rica and Nicaragua O. Quiros, I. Alfaro, M. Garcia and D. Gomez 351 27. Potential uses of underutilised crops for nutritional and medicinal properties S.K. Mitra, P.K. Pathak and I. Chakrabortyl 352 28. Orkney Bere - Developing new markets for an old crop P. Martin, J. Wishart, A. Cromarty and X. Chang 359 SUCCESS, FAILURES AND LESSONS LEARNED - FOOD AND NUTRITIONAL CROPS: CASE STUDIES 29. Biodiversity, conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants A. Hamilton 374 30. Establishing of Agave americana industry in South Africa A. Boguslavsky, F. Barkhuysen, E. Timme and R.N. Matsane 381 DISCUSSION OF CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS 31. New crops and their uses: discussion based on the proceedings of the conference J. Meadley 399 Section 2: Presentation Synopses 1. A supermarket view on underutilised crop marketing A. Dhanani 404 2. Plant research in the European 7th Framework Programme A. Schneegans 405 3. Commercialisation of NTFPs in Malawi D. Mauambeta 413 4. Status and market potential of traditional leafy vegetables (Marogo) in South Africa E. van den Heever and C.P. du Pooly 434 5. The Potential for utilising bioenergy within anaerobic digestion for CHP L. Lewis 440 6. Overview of non-food crops : the way forward M. Askew 448 Section 3: Poster Abstracts 453 3 List of Participants Adewale, D. Genebank Unit, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320 Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Technology, University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria. e-mail: [email protected] Ahmad, Z. Institute of Agri-Biotechnology and Genetic Resources (IABGR), National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan. e-mail: [email protected] Akinnifesi, F. SADC-ICRAFAgroforestry Programme, Chitedze Agricultural Resaerch Station, P.O. Box 30798, Lilongwe, Malawi. e-mail: [email protected] Andika, D. Horticulture Department, Maseno University, Kenya. e-mail: [email protected] Anida, H. NATURINDO (Naturae Indonesiana), Bogor, Indonesia. e-mail: [email protected] Askew, M. Census-Bio, Haddo House, Keepers Lane, Tettenhall, Wolverhampton, WV6 8UA, UK. e-mail: [email protected] Assogbadjo, A. Laboratory of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin. e-mail: [email protected] Boguslavasky, A. CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. e-mail: [email protected] Bordoni, P. GFU, Via del Tre Denari 472/a, 00057 Maccarese, Rome, Italy. e-mail: [email protected] Bowe, C. Centre for Underutilised Crops, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK. e-mail: [email protected] Burbage, M. 83 Pine Ridge, Carshalton, Surrey, SM5 4QQ, UK. e-mail: not available Chang, X. Agronomy Institute, Orkney College UHI, East Road, Kirkwall, Orkney, KW15 1LX, UK. e-mail: [email protected] Chaudhary, R. National Oilseed Research Program, Nawalpur, Sarlahi, Nepal. e-mail: [email protected] de Groot, P. 45 Gaywood Road, Walthamstow, London, E17 4QA, UK. e-mail: [email protected] 4 de Groote, S. Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture, Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium. e-mail: [email protected] de la Cruz Torres, E. Departamento de Biología, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Carretera México-Toluca S/N, La Marquesa. Ocoyoacac, México, C.P. 52750. e-mail: [email protected] Desmarschelier, C. Fundación Mundo Sano, Av. Libertador 1146 PB “B” Buenos Aires, Argentina. e-mail: [email protected] Dhanani, A. No address available e-mail: [email protected] Enoh-Arthur, S. Department Plant Production, Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Agronomy and Ethnobotany, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. e-mail: [email protected] Gunasena, H. Sri Lanka Council for Agricultural Research Policy, 114/7, Wijerama Mawatha, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka. e-mail: [email protected] Guzmán-Maldonado,