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The manuscript was scanned as received. 6 This reproduction is the best copy available. ® UMI De l'Islam populaire à l'islamisme: les défis de l'identité politique de l'Algérie contemporaine Laurence Morrissette Institute of Islamic Studies McGilI University, Montréal Suhmitted August 2003 A thesis suhmitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree ofMaster of Arts ©Laurence Morrissette, 2003 Library and Bibliothèque et 1+1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 0-612-98467-2 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 0-612-98467-2 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans loan, distribute and sell th es es le monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, électronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. ln compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privée, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont été enlevés de cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. ••• Canada Résumé L'histoire socio-religieuse de l'Algérie est caractérisée par une série de crises identitaires, dont la guerre civile de la fm du 20e siècle représente le paroxysme. Depuis la suppression des instances marabouts aux 1ge et 20e siècles, la population n'est jamais parvenue à trouver le juste rôle de la religion dans la société. La« deuxième guerre d'Algérie» ne représente pas uniquement le point culminant d'une série de crises identitaires, mais aussi le résultat, la conséquence, de toutes celles qui l'ont précédée. Les années 1980, soit celles qui ont précédée la guerre civile, ont été propices à la croissance de la protestation sociale en Algérie. L'Islam, comme dans la grande majorité des crises sociales qu'a connu l'Algérie, fut alors le principal véhicule de la protestation sociale. Ce mémoire entend faire ressortir les éléments historiques qui ont mené à la guerre civile, opposant des groupes religieux et le régime au pouvoir. À travers quatre époques de l'histoire de l'Islam algérien, nous tenterons de saisir l'évolution de la religiosité algérienne. Un lien entre ces quatre époques ressort: celui d'une quête d'identité nationale, à laquelle une attention particulière sera portée. Le but de ce mémoire est donc de faire ressortir les principaux faits de l'histoire de l'Islam algérien, afm de comprendre comment un Islam dogmatique et personnel est devenu cet Islam idéologique. et politique des années 1980 et 1990. Par conséquent, ce travail focalisera sur l'Islam en tant qu'instrument de mobilisation, de contestation et de résistance de la société civile algérienne. Plus particulièrement, ce mémoire analysera comment et pourquoi l'Islam algérien fut « instrumentalisé» à la fois par les élites au pouvoir et par les leaders religieux de la société civile. 2 Abstract The socio-religious history of Algeria is characterised by a series of identity crises, to which the end of 20th century' s civil war represents the paroxysm. Since the suppression of the marabout instances in the 19th and 20th centuries, the population was never able to find the right role of religion in society. The "second war of Algeria" does not only represent the climax of a series of identity crises, but also the result, the consequence, of aIl the ones which preceded it. The 1980 decade, which had preceded the civil war, was propitious to the growth of social prote st in Algeria. Like in most of the social crises that Algeria had known, Islam was then the main vehicle for social protest. This thesis intends to bring out the historical elements which had led to the civil war opposing religious groups and the government. Through four periods of the Algerian Islamic history, we will attempt to understand the evolution of the Algerian religiosity. A link between the se four periods emerges: the quest for the national identity, to which a particular attention will be given. The goal of this thesis is then to bring out the principal events of the Algerian Islamic history in order to understand how a personal and dogmatic Islam became an ideological and political Islam in the 1980's and 1990's. Therefore, this thesis will focus on Islam as a mobilisation, protestation and resistance agent for the Algerian civil society. More precisely this thesis will analyse how and why the Algerian Islam has been "instrumentalised" either by the government and the religious leaders of the society. 3 Remerciements Mes études à l'Institut des Études Islamiques furent, pour moi, l'un des défis les plus difficiles à relever. Bien que mon attrait pour la civilisation islamique n'ait pas été un événement soudain, mes connaissances en la matière étaient relativement limitées. De plus, cette incursion dans le monde anglophone, moi qui n'était qu'unilingue francophone, fut en quelques sorte un choc brntal. Ceci n'était rien pour réduire lme timidité déjà présente chez moi, mais a fait de mon passage à l'Institut l'une des périodes les plus enrichissantes de ma vie. Mes premiers remerciements vont à mon dirécteur de thèse, le Professeur Eric Ormsby. Professeur Onnsby, je vous remercie de votre humanité, de votre délicatesse et, évidemment, pour votre aide judicieuse et sincère. Je tiens égaiement à remercier le Professeur et Directeur de l'Institut A. Üner Turgay que j'ai eu la chance d'avoir en tant que professeur tout au long de mes études et dont les cours m'ont fait voyager dans le monde islamique. Je ne pourrais passer sous silence le chaleureux et réconfortant sourire de Dawn Richard et le dévouement exemplaire d'Ann Axley pour ses étudiants. Je leur transmets mes plus sincères remerciements. L'étudiant, quelque peu égaré que j'étais, ne s'en serait peut-être pas sorti dans ses recherches à la bibliothèque sans le secours et l'aide de SaIwa Ferahian et de Wayne St. Tomas qui ont su me diriger vers ce que je ne cherchais même pas, mais dont j'avais pourtant besoin. Je leur en suis très reconnaissant. 4 Je veux également remercier mes amis, particulièrement ma grande amie Hind, qui ont su combler mon passage à l'Institut de rires et de bonheurs. Ces moments de plaisirs ont allégé le stress que je vivais parfois. Pour ces milliers de sourires que j'ai croisés au cours de mes études et pour cette aide que je n'ai jamais eu à demander deux fois, à vous tous qui constituent l'âme de l'Institut, milles merci. Puisse le jour venir où je pourrai remettre une fraction de ce que j'ai reçu à l'Institut. 5 Table des matières Résumé ....................................................................................... '" ... 2 Abstract ...............................................................................................3 Remerciements ....................................................................................... 4 Translitération ........................ ; .. '" ........................... '" ...........................6 Table des matières ............... '" ............... '" ............................................. 7 Introduction ................................. '" ....................................................... 9 1) Contexte historique ................................... , .................................... , .. .16 A. Du Maraboutisme au Réformisme : Vers une centralisation de l'Islam ........ 17 .1 le maraboutisme .2 la colonisation française et la résistance des taii~as .3 la cooptation de la religion par le régime colonial .4le réfonnisme B. L'Islam et l'État. ........................... " ............... '" .........................28 .1 le nationalisme .2 l'Algérie en guerre .3 le socialisme musulman .4 Al-Qiyam al-Islamiyya .5 la nationalisation de l'Islam .6 l'arabisation .71'islamisme des années 1970 2) L'Islam et la crise sociale algérienne ...................................................... .42 A. Les tendances islatniques ............................................................. 44 .lladjaz'ara .2 la tendance « orientaliste» .3 les prédicateurs B. La convergence de l'islatnisme ...................................................... 50 .1 octobre noir
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