The Path to 9/11 | Vanity Fair

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Path to 9/11 | Vanity Fair The Path to 9/11 | Vanity Fair https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2004/11/path-to-9-11-200411 Sign In Subscribe The Price of Failure THE PATH TO 9/11: LOST WARNINGS AND FATAL ERRORS By the time the hijackers made their way into the U.S., memos, photographs, and intercepts had sounded alarms inside the C.I.A., White House, F.B.I., and European intelligence services. Could better cooperation have stopped the attacks? Ned Zeman, David Wise, David Rose, and Bryan Burrough show how the hideous “Planes Operation” took shape as the C.I.A.’s bin Laden point man, Mike Scheuer, counterterrorism czar Richard Clarke, the F.B.I.’s John MacGaffin, and others fought—yet couldn’t work together—to prevent it. BY NED ZEMAN, DAVID WISE, DAVID ROSE, AND BRYAN BURROUGH ! " # DECEMBER 19, 2008 12:00 AM ith his salt-and-pepper hair, white shirt, and sensible shoes, Mike Scheuer, 44, looked like a rumpled academician, or maybe a consultant for one of the many defense contractors [#image: /photos/54cbf62044a199085e88c698]sprinkled around the W Washington Beltway. In reality, his job was considerably more interesting. Starting in 1996, he was the man the C.I.A. had assigned to hunt down, capture, or kill Osama bin Laden. Of all the agency’s far-flung stations—from Moscow to Prague to Beijing—Scheuer’s was unique. Known among the spooks as a “virtual station,” it was not overseas but near the C.I.A. headquarters, in Langley, Virginia, eight miles west of Washington. 3 ARTICLES LEFT Subscribe Sign In 1 of 53 11/11/18, 17:18 The Path to 9/11 | Vanity Fair https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2004/11/path-to-9-11-200411 The station was the first to target an individual rather than a country. This was not because bin Laden was perceived at the time to be the arch-enemy and mastermind of global terrorism that he is today. Back then, those few in government who even knew his name referred to him merely as “a terrorist financier.” Try Vanity Fair and receive a free tote. Join Now Still, “we had run across bin Laden in a lot of different places,” recalls Scheuer, “not personally but in terms of his influence, either through rhetoric, through audiotapes, through passports, through money—he seemed to turn up everywhere. So when we chose him [for the first virtual station], the first responsibility was to find out if he was a threat.” Watch Now: From ‘Frankenstein’ to ‘Get Out,’ How Horror Films Evolved Over Time 0:04/8:16 Although officially called Bin Laden Issue Station, everyone who worked there called it “Alec Station,” after Scheuer’s son. Many at the agency questioned the efficacy of a C.I.A. Middle East station based in suburban Virginia. Not to mention that Alec 3 ARTICLES LEFT Subscribe Sign In 2 of 53 11/11/18, 17:18 The Path to 9/11 | Vanity Fair https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2004/11/path-to-9-11-200411 were an up-and-coming C.I.A. officer,” says former C.I.A. case officer Robert Baer, “you didn’t want to get sent down there to sit around with those F.B.I. guys.” Alec Station was so low-profile it was housed “off campus,” in nearby Tysons Corner, behind an unmarked door in a nondescript office building filled with defense contractors. (Eventually, it was moved to the C.I.A.’s Counterterrorist Center, or CTC, in Langley.) There, every morning, Scheuer and his staff of 15 or so—mostly junior- grade, mostly female—toiled in their cubicles. They soon discovered that bin Laden “was much more of a threat than I had thought,” recalls Scheuer. “It became very clear very early that he was after, for example, W.M.D., and we showed conclusively at that point that he didn’t have them. But we had never seen as professional an organization in charge of procurement.” By 1998, Scheuer and his staff had become so passionate about going after bin Laden that he felt his superiors weren’t getting it. Scheuer later informed Congress that when Alec Station had obtained detailed intelligence in 1996 about attempts by bin Laden to acquire nuclear weapons, the higher-ups decided to suppress the information. Only after three officers “of the agency’s bin Laden cadre” complained and forced an internal review was the information released more fully to analysts, policymakers, and community leaders. A bunker mentality set in at Alec Station. Them against us. Up on Langley’s seventh floor, in the executive suites, the top brass started to view Scheuer as a hysteric, spinning doomsday scenarios, a sort of Kurtz-like figure. “The Manson family,” some started calling him and his staff. “The overwhelming majority of officers who worked for me were women,” Scheuer recalls. “And they don’t care for that. They don’t care for women, period, but they especially don’t care for successful women.” Yet even some of Scheuer’s supporters admit that he had become difficult. “He’s a good guy, [but] he’s an angry guy,” says John MacGaffin, a former top C.I.A. official for clandestine operations and later a senior adviser to the F.B.I. trangely, Richard Clarke, the White House counterterrorism czar, and Scheuer did not get along. “Strangely” because they were among the few 3 ARTICLES LEFT Subscribe Sign In 3 of 53 S 11/11/18, 17:18 The Path to 9/11 | Vanity Fair https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2004/11/path-to-9-11-200411 Scheuer and Clarke were, in many ways, doppelgängers: brainy, workaholic, cranky, impolitic, stubborn. Like Scheuer, Clarke had an intensely loyal staff, and he often ruffled feathers with his abrasiveness and impatience. A former C.I.A. insider says, “I can say that, among individuals that I tend to trust, Clarke was regarded as more serious about terrorism in the 1990s than just about anybody else in the U.S. government, but he was a truly painful individual to work with.” That’s exactly how Clarke views Scheuer. “Throwing tantrums and everything doesn’t help,” says Clarke. “Fine that you came to the same conclusion that we all came to, fine that you’re all worked up about it, and you’re having difficulty getting your agency, the rest of your agency, to fall in line, but not fine that you’re so dysfunctional within your agency that you’re making it harder to get something done.” For his part, Scheuer recalls that “Mr. Clarke was an interferer of the first level, in terms of talking about things that he knew nothing about and killing them.” He adds, “Mr. Clarke was an empire builder. He built the community, and it was his little toy. He was always playing the F.B.I. off against us or us against the N.S.A. [National Security Agency].” Such a relationship did not bode well for early efforts to target bin Laden. But there was worse: Scheuer and the F.B.I. agents assigned to his office didn’t get along, either. From the start, key F.B.I. officials resisted the idea of cooperating with Alec Station. Chief among them was the F.B.I.’s top counterterrorism guy, a swaggering, old-school G-man named John O’Neill (who died on 9/11 in the World Trade Center, where he had just begun a new job as chief of security). “O’Neill just fought it and fought it [cooperating with Alec Station],” MacGaffin recalls, and O’Neill and Scheuer “were at each other’s throats.” Very early on O’Neill refused to hand over to the C.I.A. a notebook taken from an al- Qaeda operative captured by the F.B.I. According to MacGaffin, O’Neill said, “Fuck you. I’ve got it. I’m keeping it. It’s mine. This is the F.B.I.’s.” Technically, the notebook was evidence in a court case, but MacGaffin, who was by this time at the F.B.I., recalls that “O’Neill said to me personally, ‘I just don’t want them to have it. I want the F.B.I. 3 ARTICLES LEFT Subscribe Sign In 4 of 53 11/11/18, 17:18 The Path to 9/11 | Vanity Fair https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2004/11/path-to-9-11-200411 that all the C.I.A.’s years of analytic experience and information in databases on these very terrorist organizations were not brought to bear on that book for a very long time.” On another occasion an F.B.I. agent at Alec Station was caught stuffing C.I.A. files down his shirt to take back up to O’Neill in New York. “So here Scheuer’s getting angry, knows he’s being had,” recalls MacGaffin. According to Scheuer, the F.B.I. did little to follow up on the intelligence from Alec Station. In his 2004 book, Imperial Hubris, which the C.I.A. required him to publish anonymously, Scheuer wrote, “The FBI officers I worked with—some of whom I managed—were ordered by their superiors to stay side-by-side with my agency.… Only one of these FBI officers … did his best to run down U.S.-based al Qaeda leads provided by my service.” Nor, Scheuer says, did the F.B.I. offer much help. In his interview with V.F., he adds, “I bet we sent 700 or 800 requests for information to the F.B.I., and we never got an answer to any of them.” ould the 9/11 attacks have been prevented if the people in charge of protecting us had cooperated better? Even at 567 densely worded, sometimes electrifying pages, the published report of the 9/11 commission studiously avoids answering that question.
Recommended publications
  • The Regime Change Consensus: Iraq in American Politics, 1990-2003
    THE REGIME CHANGE CONSENSUS: IRAQ IN AMERICAN POLITICS, 1990-2003 Joseph Stieb A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the College of Arts and Sciences. Chapel Hill 2019 Approved by: Wayne Lee Michael Morgan Benjamin Waterhouse Daniel Bolger Hal Brands ©2019 Joseph David Stieb ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Joseph David Stieb: The Regime Change Consensus: Iraq in American Politics, 1990-2003 (Under the direction of Wayne Lee) This study examines the containment policy that the United States and its allies imposed on Iraq after the 1991 Gulf War and argues for a new understanding of why the United States invaded Iraq in 2003. At the core of this story is a political puzzle: Why did a largely successful policy that mostly stripped Iraq of its unconventional weapons lose support in American politics to the point that the policy itself became less effective? I argue that, within intellectual and policymaking circles, a claim steadily emerged that the only solution to the Iraqi threat was regime change and democratization. While this “regime change consensus” was not part of the original containment policy, a cohort of intellectuals and policymakers assembled political support for the idea that Saddam’s personality and the totalitarian nature of the Baathist regime made Iraq uniquely immune to “management” strategies like containment. The entrenchment of this consensus before 9/11 helps explain why so many politicians, policymakers, and intellectuals rejected containment after 9/11 and embraced regime change and invasion.
    [Show full text]
  • 2003 Iraq War: Intelligence Or Political Failure?
    2003 IRAQ WAR: INTELLIGENCE OR POLITICAL FAILURE? A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of The School of Continuing Studies and of The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Liberal Studies By Dione Brunson, B.A. Georgetown University Washington, D.C. April, 2011 DISCLAIMER THE VIEWS EXPRESSED IN THIS ACADEMIC RESEARCH PAPER ARE THOSE OF THE AUTHOR AND DO NOT REFLECT THE OFFICIAL POLICIES OR POSITIONS OF THE U.S. GOVERNMENT, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, OR THE U.S. INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY. ALL INFORMATION AND SOURCES FOR THIS PAPER WERE DRAWN FROM OPEN SOURCE MATERIALS. ii 2003 IRAQ WAR: INTELLIGENCE OR POLITICAL FAILURE? Dione Brunson, B.A. MALS Mentor: Ralph Nurnberger, Ph.D. ABSTRACT The bold U.S. decision to invade Iraq in 2003 was anchored in intelligence justifications that would later challenge U.S. credibility. Policymakers exhibited unusual bureaucratic and public dependencies on intelligence analysis, so much so that efforts were made to create supporting information. To better understand the amplification of intelligence, the use of data to justify invading Iraq will be explored alongside events leading up to the U.S.-led invasion in 2003. This paper will examine the use of intelligence to invade Iraq as well as broader implications for politicization. It will not examine the justness or ethics of going to war with Iraq but, conclude with the implications of abusing intelligence. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thank you God for continued wisdom. Thank you Dr. Nurnberger for your patience. iv DEDICATION This work is dedicated to Mom and Dad for their continued support.
    [Show full text]
  • Location, Event&Q
    # from what/ where which how why who for MOBILE versi on click here when who who where when index source "location, event" "phys, pol, med, doc" detail physical detail political name "9/11 Truth Interactive Spreadsheet Click on dow n arrow to sort / filter, click again to undo." Top 100 / compilations entity entity detail country / state date Item .. right-click on li nk to open in new tab 1 "Francis, Stephen NFU" WTC physical Controlled demolition Explosive experts "Overwhelming evidence indicates that a combination of n uclear, thermitic and conventional explosives were used in a controlled demoliti on of the WTC on 9/11. Nanothermite contributed but does not have sufficient det onation velocity to pulverize the WTC into dust. Architects & Engineers for 9/11 Truth is leading gatekeeper trying to deflect Israel's role. See Cozen O'Connor 9/11 lawsuit." pic "9/11 Truth, anti-Zionists" Engineers / Scie ntists "U.S., Israel, SA, Britain" 2 "Francis, Stephen NFU" "WTC, Pentagon, PA" political False flag Cabal "The cabal: U.S., Britain, Saudi Arabia and Israel execu ted the 9/11 false flag attack in order to usher in a new 'war on terror' along with the Iraq and Afghanistan wars and fullfil the PNAC's 'Full Spectrum Dominan ce' of the Middle East and its resources ... all have roots that go back to Zion ist / Nazi Germany, the Cold War ... 9/11 was a planned step." lnk Intel ag encies "Cabal: US, UK, Israel & SA" Mossad / Sayeret Matkal "U.S., Israel, S A, Britain" 3 "Fox, Donald" WTC 1-2 physical "Mini Neutron, Fissionless Fusio n" Controlled demolition "VeteransToday: Fox, Kuehn, Prager, Vike n,Ward, Cimono & Fetzer on mini neutron bombs discuss all major WTC theories micr o nuke (neutron) most promising comparatively low blast effects, a quick blast o f radiation that doesn't linger, a series of shape charged mini-neutron bombs we re detonated from top to bottom to simulate a free fall collapse.
    [Show full text]
  • {TEXTBOOK} Iconic New York
    ICONIC NEW YORK PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Christopher Bliss | 144 pages | 01 Nov 2011 | teNeues Publishing UK Ltd | 9783832795764 | English | Kempen, Germany Want to buy Eddie Van Halen's iconic guitars? Ethnic and cultural. Holidays and festivals. Christmas Thanksgiving. Manhattan clam chowder New York-style cheesecake New York-style pizza New York-style bagel New York-style pastrami corned beef [4] Baked pretzels New York-style Italian ice knish eggs Benedict chopped cheese lobster Newberg Waldorf salad doughnut Delmonico steak black and white cookie bacon, egg and cheese sandwich on a roll. Some departments of his new federal government were originally located here. New York City portal Food portal. Let's Go. Retrieved May 14, Journal of Contemporary Ethnography. Retrieved 9 May Afro-Hispanic Review. Chicken a la King Inventor Dies. New York Tribune, pg. By Teressa Iezzi 1 minute Read. Design Co. Design How medieval monks helped shape the modern-day office Co. Design Why this former BMW exec is betting big on co-living. Work Life Work Life 3 simple ways to stop being a perfectionist and become more productive Work Life This simple hack may eliminate your Zoom video fatigue for good Work Life 8 tactics that will boost your chances of getting a green light on your next big idea. Hotel Wolcott New York Promos. Morningside Inn Promos. Manhattan Club Hotel Promos. Courtyard Times Square South Promos. Hotel Shocard at Times Square Promos. Search Search this site:. NYC Ballet Deals. NYC's Most Iconic Attractions & Landmarks Map With over 37, restaurants worldwide, it's safe to say McDonald's isn't going anywhere.
    [Show full text]
  • A N N U a L R E P O
    ANNUAL REPORT 2003 T ABLE OF CONTENTS Welcome ................................................................3 Chairman’s Message ..............................................4 President’s Message................................................5 Grantmaking Giving......................................................................7 Selected Grants ....................................................14 How to Apply for a Grant ........................................17 Gifts to The Trust How to Give to The Trust ........................................18 Guidelines for Attorneys ........................................23 Financial Statements Statements............................................................24 Notes ....................................................................27 Auditors’ Report ....................................................29 Investment Committee ..........................................31 Financial Highlights ................................................31 Boards and Staff Governing Body......................................................32 Suburban Divisions ................................................34 Trustee Banks ......................................................38 Staff ....................................................................39 Funds and Grants Funds in 2003 ......................................................40 Grants in 2003 ......................................................51 2 An athlete in the Row New York City program pulls to the finish. 3 WELCOME For 80
    [Show full text]
  • Total Terror Plots*
    NSA DATA COLLECTION PROGRAM: THE CHALLENGE OF ASSESING EFFECTIVENESS Item Type text; Electronic Thesis Authors DEIBEL, CHARLES LOUIS, II Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 28/09/2021 10:48:12 Item License http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/613829 NSA DATA COLLECTION PROGRAM: THE CHALLENGE OF ASSESING EFFECTIVENESS By CHARLES LOUIS DEIBEL II ____________________ A Thesis Submitted to The Honors College In Partial Fulfillment of the Bachelors degree With Honors in Political Science THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA M A Y 2 0 1 6 Approved by: ____________________________ Dr. John Tidd School of Government and Public Policy Abstract The National Security Agency (NSA) has played a key role in the United States Government’s counterterror program since September 11. Over the last 15 years, the NSA has faced considerable controversy regarding its counterterrorism data collection program and the legal authority behind it. This paper, however, is concerned with whether or not that program has been effective in preventing Islamist related or inspired terror attacks inside the United States. As NSA capabilities and authorities have expanded since 9/11, has it been effective in helping to prevent attacks in the U.S.? Definitively answering this question is extremely difficult, given significant challenges regarding the amount and quality of public information concerning NSA’s involvement in prevented terror attacks.
    [Show full text]
  • Sfy 2004-2005 Legislative Initiative Form
    SFY 2004-2005 LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVE FORM Legal Name, Address, and Telephone Number: CREATIVE ARTS TEAM, INC. 101 WEST 31ST STREET, 6TH FLOOR NEW YORK, NY 10001 (212) 652-2850 Project Title: SOCIAL-EMOTIONAL AWARENESS Funded Amount: $5,000 Purpose of Project: FUNDS WILL BE USED FOR AN ANTI-BULLYING AND ANTI-VIOLENCE PROGRAM AT IS 230, ENABLING THE STUDENTS TO LEARN ABOUT SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL AWARENESS WHILE ALSO ADOPTING ALTERNATIVES TO VERBAL ABUSE AND HARASSMENT. Project Director: GWENDOLEN HARDWICK Requested By: DENDEKKER Name of Administering State Agency: CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK SFY 2004-2005 LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVE FORM Legal Name, Address, and Telephone Number: JOHN D. CALANDRA ITALIAN AMERICAN INSTITUTE 25 WEST 43RD STREET NEW YORK, NY 10036 (212) 642-2094 Project Title: ORAL HISTORY ARCHIVAL PROJECT Administering Organization: CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK Funded Amount: $5,000 Purpose of Project: FUNDS WILL BE USED FOR THE ORAL HISTORY OF ITALIAN-AMERICAN ELECTED OFFICIALS, WHICH WILL BE CREATED, RECORDED, ARCHIVED, AND MADE AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC THROUGH WEB STREAMING AND DVD. Project Director: ANTHONY JULIAN TAMBURRI Requested By: BENEDETTO Name of Administering State Agency: CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK SFY 2004-2005 LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVE FORM Legal Name, Address, and Telephone Number: RESEARCH FOUNDATION OF THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK 695 PARK AVENUE, ROOM W1611 NEW YORK, NY 10065 (212) 772-5599 Project Title: PUBLIC SERVICE SCHOLAR PROGRAM Funded Amount: $5,000 Purpose of Project: FUNDS WILL BE USED TO SUPPORT THE PUBLIC SERVICE SCHOLAR PROGRAM, WHICH TRAINS STUDENTS FOR LEADERSHIP POSITIONS IN PUBLIC SERVICE. Project Director: ELAINE M. WALSH HUNTER COLLEGE DEPT.
    [Show full text]
  • National Endowment for the Arts Winter Award Announcement for FY 2021
    National Endowment for the Arts Winter Award Announcement for FY 2021 Artistic Discipline/Field List The following includes the first round of NEA recommended awards to organizations, sorted by artistic discipline/field. All of the awards are for specific projects; no Arts Endowment funds may be used for general operating expenses. To find additional project details, please visit the National Endowment for the Arts’ Grant Search. Click the award area or artistic field below to jump to that area of the document. Grants for Arts Projects - Artist Communities Grants for Arts Projects - Arts Education Grants for Arts Projects - Dance Grants for Arts Projects - Design Grants for Arts Projects - Folk & Traditional Arts Grants for Arts Projects - Literary Arts Grants for Arts Projects - Local Arts Agencies Grants for Arts Projects - Media Arts Grants for Arts Projects - Museums Grants for Arts Projects - Music Grants for Arts Projects - Musical Theater Grants for Arts Projects - Opera Grants for Arts Projects - Presenting & Multidisciplinary Works Grants for Arts Projects - Theater Grants for Arts Projects - Visual Arts Literature Fellowships: Creative Writing Literature Fellowships: Translation Projects Research Grants in the Arts Research Labs Applications for these recommended grants were submitted in early 2020 and approved at the end of October 2020. Project descriptions are not included above in order to accommodate any pandemic-related adjustments. Current information is available in the Recent Grant Search. This list is accurate as of 12/16/2020. Grants for Arts Projects - Artist Communities Number of Grants: 36 Total Dollar Amount: $685,000 3Arts, Inc $14,000 Chicago, IL Alliance of Artists Communities $25,000 Providence, RI Atlantic Center for the Arts, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • People with Medicare, Mark Your Calendars!
    OCTOBER 30-NOVEMBER 5 Our Town Downtown 7 EBOLA JITTERS FOR packed evening commute — it Evangeline Love was riding alley — Dean BeLer, a 68-year- she’d felt proud to hear that a honest, I don’t even want to talk seemed hard for many not to the train to her job with the city old tourist from Williamsburg, doctor from Doctors Without to people.” SOME NEW YORKERS feel a tad uneasy. Human Resources Administra- Virginia, was taking in the Borders was living there, and Outside Bellevue on Friday, CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1 On the L train — another tion. “I saw the mayor and the view. He said New York ap- was more concerned for him Suraya Yesmin felt similar line Spencer had ridden — a governor,” she said. “There’s no peared to have done a good job than for herself. fears. “Where is the man with ing through Penn Station, one group of schoolgirls in uni- need for hysteria. I’m here.” of handling things, “compared “If I get it, I get it,” said the Ebola?” asked Yesmin, of Ozone of the most crowded places form passed around a bottle of Also there: school social to the fi asco in Dallas.” 47-year-old offi ce assistant. Park, Queens. She’d brought in the city. “It’s only one con- hand sanitizer. Construction worker Alicia Clavell, 55, read- Jen Paul, 43, was taking But for Stan Malone, 45, who her 10-year-old daughter to see fi rmed case. I’m certainly not worker T.J. DeMaso, 41, said ing a newspaper story about photos.
    [Show full text]
  • America's Alleged Intelligence Failure in The
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2017 America’s Alleged Intelligence Failure in the Prelude to Operation Iraqi Freedom: A Study of Analytic Factors Cake, Timothy Cake, T. (2017). America’s Alleged Intelligence Failure in the Prelude to Operation Iraqi Freedom: A Study of Analytic Factors (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/24784 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/3688 doctoral thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY America’s Alleged Intelligence Failure in the Prelude to Operation Iraqi Freedom: A Study of Analytic Factors by Timothy Cake A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN MILITARY, SECURITY, AND STRATEGIC STUDIES CALGARY, ALBERTA APRIL, 2017 © Timothy Cake 2017 ABSTRACT In the prelude to Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), notables in the G. W. Bush administration declared Iraq to be an existential threat as it had weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and connections to transnational terrorist groups. After the 2003 invasion of that state, coalition forces engaged in a search effort that found no significant evidence of WMD.
    [Show full text]
  • Webs of Influence and Intimacy
    WEBS OF INTIMACY AND INFLUENCE: UNRAVELING WRITING CULTURE AT HARPER’S MAGAZINE DURING THE WILLIE MORRIS YEARS (1967-1971) ____________________________________________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School University of Missouri-Columbia ____________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts _____________________________________________ by REBECCA TOWNSEND Dr. Berkley Hudson, Thesis Supervisor DECEMBER 2009 The undersigned, appointed by the Dean of the Graduate School, have examined the thesis entitled: WEBS OF INTIMACY AND INFLUENCE: UNRAVELING WRITING CULTURE AT HARPER’S MAGAZINE DURING THE WILLIE MORRIS YEARS (1967-1971) Presented by Rebecca Townsend A candidate for the degree of Master of Journalism And hereby certify that in their opinion it is worthy of acceptance. ____________________________________________ Professor Berkley Hudson, PhD ____________________________________________ Professor David Brunsma, PhD ____________________________________________ Professor Michael Grinfeld, J.D. ____________________________________________ Professor Lee Wilkins, PhD This thesis is dedicated to all the writers who ever suffered for their work. And to Clyde and Jasmine, who suffered for mine. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis would not be possible without the influence –direct and indirect –of so many teachers and writers. Above all, I‘m indebted to Dr. Berkley Hudson, who welcomed me on a tour of journalism theory during my first semester as a graduate student at the University of Missouri. I appreciate Dr. Hudson‘s literary vision and patient guidance. In his work as my thesis committee chair, he enabled me to move beyond journalistic hero worship and develop a new way to explore the way writers work. A special round of thanks and appreciation is extended to the participants in Harper‟s writing culture who sat for the interviews that formed the core of this study: John Corry, Midge Decter, Jean Herskovitz, Elaine Kaufman, Bob Kotlowitz, Larry L.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Proliferation and Preventive War∗
    Nothing to Fear but Fear Itself? Nuclear Proliferation and Preventive War∗ Alexandre Debsy and Nuno Monteiroz November 5, 2010 Abstract When does nuclear counterproliferation succeed? When does it lead to preventive war? We argue that the answers to these questions hinge on the effect of nuclearization on the balance of power relative to the cost of preventive war. When it is low, threats of preventive war are not credible; proliferation continues apace and peace prevails. Such was the case during the Cold War. When it is high, threats of preventive war are credible, slowing down the rate of proliferation. At the same time, since the decision to proliferate is not perfectly observable, there is a higher likelihood of mistaken preventive wars. This characterizes the post Cold War. We trace the logic of our argument by looking at the cases of Soviet nuclear acquisition in 1949 and the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003. Keywords: deterrence, nuclear weapons, power, preventive war, proliferation. ∗We thank Jonathan Caverley, Jonathan Kirshner, Andrew Kydd, Barry Posen, Andrew Ross, Joshua Rovner, Bruce Russett, Duncan Snidal, workshop participants at Cornell, Madison, MIT, and Yale, and audiences at the ISSS/ISAC and PSS annual meetings for their comments and suggestions; and Will Bruno, Bonny Lin, and Hayden Stein for their research assistance. yDept. of Political Science, Yale University. Email: [email protected] zDept. of Political Science, Yale University. Email: [email protected] 1 1 Introduction In October 2002, pressing the case for invading Iraq, President Bush warned of terrible con- sequences should Saddam Hussein acquire nuclear weapons.
    [Show full text]