Initial Environmental Examination Viet Nam: Lotus Wind Power Project

Initial Environmental Examination

June 2021

Viet Nam: Lotus Wind Power Project

Main Report – Part 1 of 3

Prepared by ERM Vietnam for the Asian Development Bank. This is an updated version of the draft originally posted in March 2021 available on http://www.adb.org/projects/54211- 001/documents.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Initial Environmental and Social Examination Report

Lien Lap Wind Power Project, Huong Hoa District, Quang Tri Province

14 May 2021

Project No.: 0552758 Power Construction JSC No. 1

The business of sustainability

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Document title Initial Environmental and Social Examination Report Document subtitle Lien Lap Wind Power Project, Huong Hoa District, Quang Tri Province

Project No. 0552758 Date 14 May 2021 Version Final Author ERM Team Client Name Power Construction JSC No. 1

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Name Date Draft 0.0 ERM Team TL HP 28.07.2020 Approved for Issuance Draft 1.0 ERM Team TL HP 18.09.2020 Approved for Issuance Draft 2.0 ERM Team TL HP 16.11.2020 Approved for Issuance Draft 3.0 ERM Team TL HP 27.11.2020 Approved for Issuance Draft 4.0 ERM Team TL HP 29.12.2021 Approved for Issuance Draft 5.0 ERM Team TL HP 05.03.2021 Approved for Issuance Draft 6.0 ERM Team TL HP 12.03.2021 Approved for Issuance Final ERM Team TL HP 17.03.2021 Approved for Issuance Final 1.0 ERM Team TL HP 26.03.2021 Approved for Issuance Final 2.0 ERM Team TL HP 14.05.2021 Approved for Issuance

www.erm.com Version: Final 14 May 2021 Project No.: 0552758 Client: Power Construction JSC No. 1

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14 May 2021

Initial Environmental and Social Examination Report

Lien Lap Wind Power Project, Huong Hoa District, Quang Tri Province

Hai Pham Partner-in-Charge

ERM Vietnam 3rd Floor, Saigon Finance Centre 09 Dinh Tien Hoang, Dakao Ward District 1, Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam

© Copyright 2021 by ERM Worldwide Group Ltd and / or its affiliates (“ERM”). All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means, without the prior written permission of ERM

www.erm.com Version: Final 14 May 2021 Project No.: 0552758 Client: Power Construction JSC No. 1 INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EXAMINATION REPORT CONTENTS Lien Lap Wind Power Project, Huong Hoa District, Quang Tri Province

CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 22

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 31 1.1 Purpose of this Report ...... 31 1.2 Project Background ...... 31 1.3 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Objective ...... 34 1.4 Scope of Baseline and Impact Assessment ...... 34 1.5 Structure of the IESE ...... 35 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 37 2.1 Project Alternatives ...... 37 2.1.1 No Project Scenario ...... 37 2.1.2 Alternatives Methods of Power Generation ...... 40 2.1.3 Wind Turbines Layout Alternative ...... 43 2.2 Project Location ...... 44 2.2.1 Wind Turbine Layout ...... 48 2.2.2 35/110 kV Huong Tan Substation ...... 48 2.2.3 35 kV Transmission Line ...... 48 2.3 Project Schedule ...... 49 2.4 Project Facilities and Components ...... 50 2.4.1 Permanent Facilities ...... 52 2.4.2 Ancillary Facilities ...... 54 2.4.3 Other Components ...... 58 2.4.4 Shared Facilities ...... 58 2.5 Project Activities ...... 60 2.5.1 Pre-construction Activities ...... 60 2.5.2 Construction Activities ...... 60 2.5.3 Operation and Maintenance ...... 65 2.5.4 Decommissioning Phase ...... 66 2.6 Unplanned Events ...... 66 2.7 Project Management ...... 66 2.8 Employment ...... 66 2.8.1 Construction ...... 66 2.8.2 Operation ...... 67 3. ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 68 3.1 Overview ...... 68 3.2 Regulatory Frameworks in Vietnam ...... 68 3.2.1 Law on Environmental Protection ...... 68 3.2.2 Environmental Regulations/ Standards ...... 68 3.2.3 Environmental Impact Assessment ...... 69 3.2.4 Law on Forestry 2017 and Law on Biodiversity 2008 ...... 71 3.2.5 National Regulations on Land Acquisition, Compensation, Support and Resettlement ...... 71 3.2.6 National Regulations on Electricity ...... 73 3.2.7 National Regulations on Grievances ...... 75 3.2.8 National regulations on Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) ...... 75 3.2.9 National Regulations on Chemicals ...... 75 3.2.10 National Regulations on Fire Prevention and Fire Fighting ...... 75 3.2.11 Regulations on Labour Rights ...... 76 3.2.12 National Regulations on Ethnic Minorities ...... 76 3.3 International Regulatory Framework ...... 76 3.3.1 Equator Principles III (2013) ...... 76

3.3.2 ADB Safeguard Policy Statement ...... 77 3.3.3 ADB Social Protection Strategy (2001) ...... 81 3.3.4 ADB Gender and Development Policy (1998) ...... 81 3.3.5 Access to Information Policy (2018) ...... 82 3.3.6 ADB Accountability Mechanism Policy (2012) ...... 82 3.3.7 JICA’s Environmental and Social Guidelines ...... 82 3.3.8 IFC’s Performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability (2012) ..... 83 3.3.9 World Bank General EHS Guidelines (2007) ...... 83 3.3.10 IFC and EBRD’s Guidance Note on Workers’ Accommodation: Processes and Standards ...... 84 3.4 International Conventions ...... 84 3.4.1 The Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change (UNFCC) ...... 84 3.4.2 The United Nations Convention on Biodiversity 1992 ...... 84 3.4.3 The Basel Convention 1989 ...... 85 3.4.4 International Union for Conservation of Natural and Natural Resources, Red List of Threatened Species ...... 85 3.4.5 The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples ...... 85 3.4.6 International Covenant on Economic, Cultural and Social Rights ...... 85 3.4.7 The International Labour Organization’s Labor Standards ...... 85 4. IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY...... 87 4.1 Introduction ...... 87 4.2 Screening...... 87 4.3 Scoping ...... 88 4.4 Project Description ...... 88 4.5 Baseline Conditions ...... 88 4.6 Stakeholder Engagement ...... 88 4.7 Impact Assessment (IA) ...... 88 4.7.1 Prediction of Impacts ...... 89 4.7.2 Evaluation of Impacts ...... 89 4.7.3 Identification of Mitigation and Enhancement Measures ...... 92 4.7.4 Residual Impact Evaluation ...... 93 4.7.5 Management, Monitoring and Audit ...... 93 4.8 Cumulative Impact ...... 93 4.9 Risk assessment for Unplanned Events ...... 96 4.9.1 Assess the Scale of Consequence ...... 96 4.9.2 Assess the Likelihood ...... 96 4.9.3 Assess the Significance ...... 97 5. IESE SCREENING AND SCOPING ...... 98 5.1 Screening Result ...... 98 5.2 Scoping ...... 101 5.2.1 Scoping Results ...... 101 5.2.2 Project Area of Influence ...... 103 5.2.3 Identification of Potential Impact ...... 107 6. STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT ...... 110 6.1 Stakeholder Engagement during EIA Process ...... 110 6.2 Stakeholder Engagement during IESE Process ...... 110 6.2.1 Stakeholder Engagement in May 2020 ...... 110 6.2.2 Stakeholder Engagement in September 2020 ...... 116 6.2.3 Stakeholder Engagement in November 2020 ...... 116 6.2.4 Stakeholder Engagement in December 2020 ...... 118 7. ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE ...... 122 7.1 Introduction ...... 122

7.2 Climate and Meteorology ...... 122 7.2.1 Temperature ...... 123 7.2.2 Relative Humidity ...... 123 7.2.3 Evaporation ...... 124 7.2.4 Fog ...... 124 7.2.5 Sun Hours ...... 125 7.2.6 Wind Regime ...... 126 7.2.7 Rainfall ...... 130 7.2.8 Natural Hazards ...... 130 7.3 Topography and Terrain ...... 133 7.4 Geology ...... 133 7.4.1 Geological Condition ...... 133 7.4.2 Geotechnical Condition ...... 134 7.5 Hydrology...... 135 7.5.1 Hydrology in Quang Tri Province ...... 135 7.5.2 Hydrology in the Project Area ...... 135 7.6 Ambient Air Quality ...... 135 7.6.1 Sampling Locations ...... 135 7.6.2 Air Monitoring Procedure ...... 136 7.6.3 Results and Discussion ...... 137 7.7 Noise Quality ...... 137 7.7.1 Sampling Locations ...... 137 7.7.2 Noise Monitoring Procedure ...... 138 7.7.3 Results and Discussion ...... 139 7.8 Groundwater Quality ...... 141 7.9 Surface Water Quality ...... 142 7.10 Soil Quality ...... 145 7.11 Biodiversity Baseline ...... 146 7.11.1 Desktop Assessment ...... 147 7.11.2 Ecoregion Description ...... 147 7.11.3 World Heritage Areas ...... 148 7.11.4 Ramsar Sites ...... 149 7.11.5 Key Biodiversity Areas ...... 149 7.11.6 Protected Areas ...... 154 7.11.7 Endemic Bird Areas ...... 157 7.11.8 Vietnam Forest Classifications ...... 160 7.11.9 Species of Conservation Interest ...... 162 7.11.10 Invasive Species ...... 169 7.11.11 Ecologically Appropriate Area for Analysis ...... 169 7.11.12 Natural Habitat and Modified Habitat ...... 172 7.11.13 Biodiversity Field Surveys ...... 182 7.11.14 Shared Data from Gelex Huong Phung Wind Power Projects ...... 218 7.11.15 Critical Habitat Assessment ...... 220 8. SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE ...... 237 8.1 Introduction ...... 237 8.1.1 Introduction to the Report ...... 237 8.1.2 Methodology ...... 238 8.2 National Context ...... 242 8.2.1 Demographic Information ...... 242 8.2.2 Institutional Context ...... 244 8.2.3 Economy and Industry ...... 245 8.2.4 Human Rights ...... 249 8.3 Provincial Context: Quang Tri ...... 250

8.3.1 Overview of Quang Tri Province ...... 250 8.3.2 Population ...... 252 8.3.3 Ethnic Minorities ...... 254 8.3.4 Religion ...... 255 8.3.5 Infrastructure and Public Services ...... 255 8.3.6 Land Use and Tenure ...... 257 8.3.7 Economic Development ...... 259 8.3.8 Education ...... 262 8.3.9 Health ...... 264 8.3.10 Vulnerability ...... 265 8.3.11 Security and Rule of Law/Governance ...... 265 8.3.12 Archaeological, Cultural Heritage and Religious Sites ...... 266 8.4 District Context: Huong Hoa ...... 266 8.4.1 Overview of Huong Hoa District ...... 266 8.4.2 Population ...... 267 8.4.3 Ethnicity ...... 268 8.4.4 Religion ...... 269 8.4.5 Infrastructure and Public Services ...... 269 8.4.6 Land Use and Tenure ...... 271 8.4.7 Economic Development ...... 272 8.4.8 Education ...... 274 8.4.9 Health ...... 275 8.4.10 Security and Rule of Law/Governance ...... 276 8.4.11 Vulnerability ...... 276 8.4.12 Archaeological, Cultural Heritage and Religious Sites ...... 279 8.5 Communal Context: Tan Lap, Tan Lien, Khe Sanh, and Huong Tan ...... 280 8.5.1 Tan Lap Commune ...... 280 8.5.2 Tan Lien Commune ...... 286 8.5.3 Khe Sanh Commune-level Town ...... 292 8.5.4 Huong Tan Commune ...... 300 8.6 Project Affected Villages ...... 309 8.7 Household Level Data Analysis ...... 315 8.7.1 Survey Sampling ...... 315 8.7.2 Demographic Information ...... 315 8.7.3 Employment and Livelihoods ...... 324 8.7.4 Income and Expenditure ...... 336 8.7.5 Land, Housing and Household Assets ...... 341 8.7.6 Health and Healthcare Issues ...... 350 8.7.7 Access to Public Services ...... 354 8.7.8 Local Perceptions about their Well-being ...... 357 8.8 Local Perceptions about the Project and Project Impacts ...... 358 8.8.1 Local Perceptions about the Project ...... 358 8.8.2 Land Acquisition and Livelihood Restoration Strategy ...... 361 8.9 Vulnerability Analysis ...... 369 8.9.1 Overview ...... 369 8.9.2 Multiple Vulnerability ...... 370 8.9.3 Vulnerability Category ...... 370 8.9.4 Income Structure of Vulnerable Households ...... 371 8.9.5 Support Circles of Vulnerable Households ...... 372 8.10 Gender Analysis ...... 372 8.10.1 Gender Equity Policies and Institutions ...... 372 8.10.2 Gender Equity Programs and Projects ...... 373 8.10.3 A Gender Baseline based on the Project’s Household Survey ...... 374 8.10.4 Intra-household Gender Relations ...... 377 8.10.5 Social Support Circle of Women Villagers ...... 380

9. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 381 9.1 Air Quality Impact Assessment ...... 381 9.1.1 Scope of Assessment ...... 381 9.1.2 Baseline Conditions ...... 381 9.1.3 Impact Assessment ...... 381 9.2 Noise Impact Assessment ...... 390 9.2.1 Scope of Assessment ...... 390 9.2.2 Baseline Conditions ...... 391 9.2.3 Impact Assessment ...... 395 9.3 Water Resource Impact Assessment ...... 412 9.3.1 Scope of Assessment ...... 412 9.3.2 Baseline Conditions ...... 414 9.3.3 Impact Assessment ...... 415 9.4 Soil Environment Impact Assessment ...... 425 9.4.1 Scope of Assessment ...... 425 9.4.2 Baseline Conditions ...... 426 9.4.3 Impact Assessment ...... 426 9.5 Electromagnetic Interference Assessment ...... 434 9.5.1 Scope of Assessment ...... 434 9.5.2 Relevant Guidelines and Criteria ...... 434 9.5.3 Assessment Methodology ...... 435 9.5.4 Impact Assessment ...... 436 9.6 Climate Change Impact Assessment ...... 442 9.6.1 Scope of Assessment ...... 443 9.6.2 Baseline Conditions ...... 443 9.6.3 Impact Assessment ...... 444 9.7 Shadow Flicker Impact Assessment ...... 450 9.7.1 Scope of Assessment ...... 450 9.7.2 Applicable Standards ...... 450 9.7.3 Receptors ...... 451 9.7.4 Shadow Flicker Analysis ...... 453 9.7.5 Model Results ...... 455 9.7.6 Impact Assessment ...... 465 9.8 Visual Impact Assessment ...... 473 9.8.1 Scope of Assessment ...... 474 9.8.2 Consideration and Assumption ...... 474 9.8.3 Assessment Methodology ...... 474 9.8.4 Visual Baseline ...... 474 9.8.5 Impact Assessment ...... 482 9.9 Biodiversity Impact Assessment ...... 490 9.9.1 Summary of Scope of Assessment ...... 491 9.9.2 Relevant Guidelines and Criteria ...... 492 9.9.3 Impact Assessment Criteria ...... 493 9.9.4 Impact Assessment ...... 496 9.10 Traffic and Transport Assessment ...... 511 9.10.1 Scope of Assessment ...... 511 9.10.2 Baseline Condition ...... 512 9.10.3 Impact Assessment ...... 514 9.11 Environmental Impact Summary ...... 519 10. SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 520 10.1 Scope of Assessment ...... 520

10.2 Impacts on Economic Displacement and Loss of Livelihoods...... 524 10.2.1 Summary of Project’s Land Use...... 524 10.2.2 Potential Impacts ...... 529 10.2.3 Existing Controls ...... 531 10.2.4 Significance of Impacts ...... 532 10.2.5 Additional Mitigation and Management Measures ...... 532 10.2.6 Residual Impacts ...... 533 10.2.7 Monitoring and Audit ...... 533 10.3 Disturbance to Agricultural Production ...... 534 10.3.1 Potential Impacts ...... 534 10.3.2 Existing Controls ...... 534 10.3.3 Significance of Impacts ...... 534 10.3.4 Additional Mitigation and Management Measures ...... 535 10.3.5 Residual Impacts ...... 536 10.3.6 Monitoring and Audit ...... 536 10.4 Impacts on Community Health, Safety and Security during Construction ...... 536 10.4.1 Potential Impacts ...... 536 10.4.2 Existing Controls ...... 537 10.4.3 Significance of Impacts ...... 538 10.4.4 Additional Mitigation and Management Measures ...... 538 10.4.5 Residual Impacts ...... 539 10.4.6 Monitoring and Audit ...... 539 10.5 Impacts Associated with Construction Workers ...... 539 10.5.1 Potential Impacts ...... 539 10.5.2 Existing Controls ...... 540 10.5.3 Significance of Impacts ...... 540 10.5.4 Additional Mitigation and Management Measures ...... 541 10.5.5 Residual Impacts ...... 542 10.5.6 Monitoring and Audit ...... 542 10.6 Benefits to Local Communities ...... 542 10.6.1 Potential Impacts ...... 542 10.6.2 Significance of Impacts ...... 543 10.6.3 Enhancement Measures ...... 543 10.7 Disturbance on Local Community during Operation Phase ...... 544 10.7.1 Potential Impacts ...... 544 10.7.2 Existing Controls ...... 544 10.7.3 Significance of Impacts ...... 544 10.7.4 Additional Mitigation Measures ...... 545 10.7.5 Residual Impacts ...... 545 10.7.6 Monitoring and Audit ...... 546 10.8 Impacts on Indigenous Peoples ...... 546 10.8.1 Potential Impacts ...... 547 10.8.2 Existing Controls ...... 551 10.8.3 Significance of Impacts ...... 551 10.8.4 Additional Mitigation and Management Measures ...... 552 10.8.5 Residual Impacts ...... 553 10.8.6 Monitoring and Audit ...... 553 10.9 Gender Impact Assessment ...... 553 10.9.1 Potential Impacts ...... 553 10.9.2 Existing Controls ...... 554 10.9.3 Significance of Impacts ...... 554 10.9.4 Additional Measures ...... 554 10.9.5 Residual Impacts ...... 555 10.9.6 Monitoring and Evaluation ...... 555

10.9.7 Gender Mainstreaming Category ...... 555 10.10 Summary ...... 556 11. UNPLANNED EVENTS ...... 557 11.1 Scope of Assessment ...... 557 11.2 Relevant Guidelines and Regulatory Requirements ...... 557 11.2.1 Vietnamese Regulations ...... 557 11.2.2 International Standards and Requirements ...... 557 11.3 Assessment of Potential Impacts ...... 558 11.3.1 During Site Preparation and Construction ...... 563 11.3.2 During Commissioning and Operation ...... 568 12. CUMULATIVE IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 577 12.1 Introduction ...... 577 12.2 Relevant Guidelines and Criteria ...... 577 12.3 Methodology ...... 577 12.3.1 Determining Spatial and Temporal Boundaries and VECs ...... 578 12.3.2 Identifying VECs and their Present Conditions ...... 578 12.3.3 Identifying Developments and External Social Stressors Affecting VECs ...... 578 12.3.4 Identification and Assessment of Impacts ...... 579 12.3.5 Development of Management, Mitigation and Monitoring Measures ...... 579 12.4 Scoping Assessment ...... 580 12.4.1 Identification of VECs ...... 580 12.4.2 Spatial Boundaries ...... 580 12.4.3 Existing and Planned Developments ...... 580 12.4.4 Scope of CIA ...... 586 12.5 Cumulative Impact on Habitat Loss ...... 586 12.5.1 Scope of Assessment ...... 586 12.5.2 Significance of Impact ...... 586 12.5.3 Mitigation and Management Measures ...... 587 12.6 Cumulative Impact on Bird Collision ...... 587 12.6.1 Scope of Assessment ...... 587 12.6.2 Significance of Impact ...... 588 12.6.3 Mitigation and Management Measures ...... 589 12.7 Cumulative Impacts on Bat Mortality ...... 589 12.7.1 Scope of Assessment ...... 589 12.7.2 Significance of Impact ...... 589 12.7.3 Mitigation and Management Measures ...... 590 12.8 Cumulative Impacts on Mammals ...... 591 12.8.1 Scope of Assessment ...... 591 12.8.2 Significance of Impact ...... 591 12.8.3 Mitigation and Management Measures ...... 592 12.9 Cumulative Impacts on Economy and Employment ...... 592 12.10 Cumulative Impacts on Community Health and Safety ...... 593 12.11 Cumulative Impact on Traffic ...... 594 12.12 Cumulative Impacts on Local Community Livelihood ...... 595 12.13 Cumulative Impacts on Infrastructure and Public Services ...... 596 12.14 Cumulative Impacts on Indigenous Peoples ...... 597 13. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 601 13.1 Introduction and Objectives ...... 601 13.2 Responsibility for ESMP Implementation ...... 601 13.2.1 Project Management ...... 602 13.2.2 Employees ...... 607

13.2.3 Training, Awareness and Competency ...... 607 13.2.4 Monitoring, Review, Audit and Reporting ...... 608 13.2.5 Project Environmental and Social Management Plan ...... 608 13.2.6 ESMP links to Other EHSS Management Plans ...... 608 13.2.7 Plans, Policies and Procedures ...... 609 13.2.8 Construction and Operation Environmental and Social Management Plan ...... 611 REFERENCES ...... 705

APPENDIX A WIND TURBINE DETAILED NOISE DATA APPENDIX B SHADOW FLICKER MAIN RESULTS APPENDIX C IBAT REPORT APPENDIX D CRITICAL HABITAT SCREENING APPENDIX E GBIF RESULT APPENDIX F EBIRD RESULT APPENDIX G LIST OF INVASIVE SPECIES APPENDIX H BIODIVERSITY FIELD SURVEY REPORT APPENDIX I LIST OF CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT APPENDIX J CUMULATIVE IMPACT ASSESSMENT SCOPING APPENDIX K NOISE BASELINE SURVEY REPORT APPENDIX L SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE REPORT APPENDIX M PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE REPORT APPENDIX N MINUTES OF MEETINGS IN MAY, SEPTEMBER, AND NOVEMBER 2020 APPENDIX O GELEX HUONG PHUNG WIND POWER PROJECTS - BIODIVERSITY FIELD SURVEY (SECONDARY DATA) APPENDIX P SHADOW FLICKER FIELD VALIDATION SURVEY APPENDIX Q DRAWING LIEN LAP SPOIL DISPOSAL SITE APPENDIX R CONSTRUCTION METHOD OF LIEN LAP DISPOSAL SITE APPENDIX S MINUTES OF MEETING AND LIST OF ATTENDEES IN DECEMBER 2020 APPENDIX T SECOND BIRD AND BAT FIELD SURVEY RESULTS APPENDIX U SEDIMENT CONTROL DESIGN FOR INTERNAL ROAD'S DRAINAGE SYSTEM APPENDIX V INVASIVE SPECIES MANAGEMENT PLAN APPENDIX W BAT PROTECTION PROTOCOL APPENDIX X WILDLIFE SHEPHERING PROTOCOL APPENDIX Y DETAILED BIRD AND BAT MONITORING PLAN APPENDIX Z INJURED WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL

List of Tables Table 1.1 Project’s Components ...... 31 Table 1.2 Scope of Baseline and Impact Assessment ...... 34 Table 1.3 IESE Structure ...... 35 Table 2.1 Comparison of Power Generation Methods ...... 41 Table 2.2 Calculated Annual Energy for Lien Lap Windfarm ...... 44 Table 2.3 Area of Land for the Project ...... 46 Table 2.4 Locations of Project’s Study Area...... 47

Table 2.5 Locations of Project’s Wind Turbines ...... 47 Table 2.6 Lien Lap Wind Power Project Schedule ...... 49 Table 2.7 Construction Milestone ...... 50 Table 2.8 Specifications of Rotor ...... 52 Table 2.9 Lien Lap Wind Farm 35kV Transmission Line’s Specification ...... 53 Table 2.10 Specification of 35/110 kV Huong Tan Substation ...... 59 Table 4.1 Impact Characteristic Terminology ...... 89 Table 4.2 Impact Type Definitions ...... 90 Table 4.3 Definitions for Likelihood Designations...... 90 Table 4.4 Impact Significance ...... 91 Table 4.5 Indicative Levels of Consequence for Potential Impacts from Unplanned Events ...... 96 Table 4.6 Risk Matrix for Potential Unplanned Events ...... 97 Table 5.1 Characteristics of the Van Kieu Ethnic ...... 100 Table 5.2 Resources/Receptors Considered during Scoping ...... 102 Table 5.3 Scoping Matrix ...... 108 Table 6.1 Summary of Stakeholder Engagement Activities with Authorities and Relevant Organisations during IESE Process ...... 110 Table 6.2 Details of FGDs ...... 111 Table 6.3 Summary of Stakeholder Engagement Activities during IESE Process...... 112 Table 6.4 Concerns from Authorities during IESE Engagement...... 113 Table 6.5 Concerns from Communities during IESE Engagement...... 114 Table 6.6 Recommendations from Stakeholder Engagement during IESE Process ...... 114 Table 6.7 Local Needs and Recommendations...... 115 Table 6.8 Engagement activities in November 2020 ...... 116 Table 6.9 Concerns about the Project’s development ...... 117 Table 6.10 Overview of NTFP Collection Activity ...... 117 Table 6.11 Project Impacts on NTFP Collection...... 118 Table 6.12 Statistics of Participants in the December 2020 Information Disclosure and Consultation Program ...... 119 Table 6.13 Impacts Raised by Affected Villagers and Measures Committed by the Project Owner ...... 120 Table 7.1 Average Monthly Wind Speed (m/s) ...... 129 Table 7.2 List of Floods in Quang Tri Province ...... 132 Table 7.3 Physico-Mechanical Properties of Soil Layers ...... 134 Table 7.4 Ambient Air Sampling Sites ...... 135 Table 7.5 Results of Ambient Air Monitoring ...... 137 Table 7.6 IFC Noise Level Guidelines ...... 137 Table 7.7 Summary of Noise Measurement Locations ...... 138 Table 7.8 Groundwater Sampling Sites ...... 141 Table 7.9 Results of Ground Water ...... 142 Table 7.10 Surface Water Sampling Sites ...... 142 Table 7.11 Results of Surface Water Monitoring ...... 144 Table 7.12 Soil Sampling Sites ...... 145 Table 7.13 Results of Soil Sample Monitoring ...... 146 Table 7.14 Critically Endangered and Endangered Species within the Ecoregion ...... 148 Table 7.15 List of Key Biodiversity Areas within 50-km Radius from Project Site ...... 150 Table 7.16 Species of Conservation Interest in Listed KBAs ...... 151 Table 7.17 Brief Information of Protected Area around the Project Area within 50 km Radius ...... 154 Table 7.18 IBAs within the Annamese Lowlands EBA ...... 159 Table 7.19 Threatened Species Predicted within the Study Area ...... 162 Table 7.20 Restricted Range Species Predicted within the Study Area ...... 164 Table 7.21 Threatened Plant Species at Bac Huong Hoa Natural Reserve as Reported by Mahood, S. P. and Tran Van Hung (2008) ...... 165 Table 7.22 Species of Conservation Interest base on GBIF Database ...... 168

Table 7.23 Candidate Species Habitat Requirements and EAAA ...... 169 Table 7.24 Natural and Modified Habitat Areas within the Study Area ...... 179 Table 7.25 Habitats and Area within EAAA ...... 179 Table 7.26 Habitats and Area within Project Footprint ...... 179 Table 7.27 Field Surveys Undertaken within the Study Area ...... 183 Table 7.28 List of Identified Flora Species in Listed IUCN Red List ...... 187 Table 7.29 List of Plant Invasive ...... 188 Table 7.30 List of Bird Species Recorded along the Terrestrial Transects ...... 189 Table 7.31 List of Bird Species Recorded during the Vantage Point Survey ...... 194 Table 7.32 Flock Size of Species (First Survey)...... 199 Table 7.33 Estimation number of bird fatal caused by collision at Lien Lap wind farm...... 200 Table 7.34 Bat Species Found within the Surveyed Sites in Lien Lap Wind Farm ...... 205 Table 7.35 Risk Classification Guide of Bat Species ...... 207 Table 7.36 Summary of Bat Calls’ Parameter Recorded along the Transects ...... 207 Table 7.37 List of Non-volant Mammals in Quang Tri Province from Interview Results ...... 215 Table 7.38 Amphibian Species Found Within the Field Survey ...... 217 Table 7.39 Reptiles Species Found Within the Field Survey ...... 218 Table 7.40 Critical Habitat Criteria (IFC PS6 Guidance Note 2012) ...... 221 Table 7.41 Species Trigger Criterion 1 ...... 223 Table 7.42 Potential Restricted-Range Species (IBAT 2020) ...... 232 Table 8.1 Administrative Units of Quang Tri Province ...... 251 Table 8.2 Statistics on Health Services in Quang Tri Province 2018 ...... 264 Table 8.3 Number of Villages “with Special Difficulties” in Quang Tri Province ...... 265 Table 8.4 Households and Population of Huong Hoa District by Ethnicity 2018 ...... 268 Table 8.5 Statistics on Health Services in Huong Hoa District 2018 ...... 275 Table 8.6 Poverty Reduction Program Implementation Results of Huong Hoa District 2019 ...... 278 Table 8.7 Demographic Information of Khe Sanh Commune-level Town ...... 293 Table 8.8 Education System in Khe Sanh Town ...... 298 Table 8.9 Demographics of Project Affected Villages ...... 311 Table 8.10 Main Livelihoods of the Affected Villages ...... 312 Table 8.11 Infrastructure and Public Services in the Surveyed Villages ...... 313 Table 8.12 Household Size of the Surveyed Villages ...... 316 Table 8.13 Length of Local Residence of the Surveyed Households ...... 317 Table 8.14 Surveyed Population by Age Group and Gender ...... 320 Table 8.15 Surveyed Labour Force by Livelihood ...... 324 Table 8.16 Surveyed Working People with Secondary Occupation ...... 325 Table 8.17 Agricultural Cultivation in the Surveyed Households by Village ...... 329 Table 8.18 Changes in Agriculture and Forestry Production in the Surveyed Villages over the Last Five Years ...... 333 Table 8.19 Livelihood Diversification of the Surveyed Households ...... 336 Table 8.20 Average Monthly Income and Expenditure per Household and per Capita ...... 336 Table 8.21 Average Monthly Expenditure per Household and Capita ...... 339 Table 8.22 Residential and Garden Land Ownership among the Surveyed Households ...... 341 Table 8.23 Agricultural Land Ownership among the Surveyed Households ...... 342 Table 8.24 Forestry Land Ownership among the Surveyed Households ...... 343 Table 8.25 Alcohol and Tobacco Use of the Surveyed Population ...... 353 Table 8.26 Place of Birth of the Youngest Members Born by Timeframe ...... 353 Table 8.27 Well-Being Ranking by FGD Group...... 358 Table 8.28 Participation of the Surveyed Households in Community Consultation ...... 361 Table 8.29 Land Compensation Payment Received by Affected Households ...... 363 Table 8.30 Livelihood Impacts by the Project ...... 365 Table 8.31 Current Livelihood Challenges of Affected Households ...... 366 Table 8.32 Concerns of Affected Households ...... 368

Table 8.33 Local Needs and Recommendations...... 368 Table 8.34 Surveyed Population by Age Group and Gender ...... 375 Table 8.35 Surveyed Population by Age Group and Gender ...... 375 Table 8.36 Gendered Labour Division and Decision Making ...... 379 Table 9.1 Scopes of Air Quality Impact Assessment ...... 381 Table 9.2 Dust Emission Magnitude ...... 383 Table 9.3 Dust Emission Magnitude for Lien Lap Site ...... 385 Table 9.4 Criteria for Assessing the Sensitivity of the Area to Dust Soiling Effects on People and Property 385 Table 9.5 Criteria for Assessing the Sensitivity of the Area to Human Health Impacts ...... 385 Table 9.6 Criteria for Assessing the Sensitivity of the Area to Ecological Impacts ...... 386 Table 9.7 Sensitivity of the Surrounding Area ...... 387 Table 9.8 Risk of Dust Impacts - Earthwork ...... 388 Table 9.9 Risk of Dust Impacts - Construction ...... 388 Table 9.10 Risk of Dust Impacts - Trackout ...... 388 Table 9.11 Risks of Impacts on Air Quality during Pre-Construction and Construction Phases ...... 388 Table 9.12 Scope of Noise Impact Assessment ...... 390 Table 9.13 List of Construction Equipment, Its Average Maximum Noise Level and Distance to be Experienced IFC Noise Level Thresholds for Both Daytime and Nighttime ...... 396 Table 9.14 Number of Allowed Equipment at One Location ...... 397 Table 9.15 Typical Equipment and Vehicles with Its Vibration Level ...... 398 Table 9.16 Predicted Vibration Level at Certain Distance during Construction Phase ...... 398 Table 9.17 Noise Impact during Construction Phase ...... 399 Table 9.18 Assessment Features, Inputs and Assumptions ...... 402 Table 9.19 Vestas V150- Reference Spectrum Used to Represent Vestas V150-4.0 MW ...... 403 Table 9.20 Representative Noise Sensitive Receptors ...... 403 Table 9.21 Predicted Operational Noise Levels at NSRs (LAeq) ...... 404 Table 9.22 Noise Impact Significance during Operation Phase ...... 411 Table 9.23 Scopes of Water Resources Assessment ...... 413 Table 9.24 Sensitivity Assessment Criteria for Water Resources ...... 415 Table 9.25 Criteria for Impact Magnitude for Water Resource Impact Assessment ...... 416 Table 9.26 Impact on Water Resource Competition ...... 419 Table 9.27 Emission factor of Domestic Wastewater Pollutants ...... 421 Table 9.28 Estimated Concentration of Pollutants in Wastewater Discharge from Workers’ Activities ...... 422 Table 9.29 Impact on Water Quality from the Construction Activities and Worker’s Activities ...... 423 Table 9.30 Scopes of Soil Environment Assessment ...... 425 Table 9.31 Sensitivity Assessment Criteria for Soil quality (Compaction, Erosion and Contamination) ...... 427 Table 9.32 Criteria for Impact Magnitude for Assessment of Impact to Soil ...... 427 Table 9.33 Impact on Soil Compaction and Erosion in the Construction Phase ...... 429 Table 9.34 Monitoring for Soil Compaction and Erosion Management ...... 431 Table 9.35 Impact on Soil Contamination in contruction phase ...... 432 Table 9.36 Impact on Soil Contamination in operation phase ...... 433 Table 9.37 Basic Restriction and Reference Levels for Exposure to 50Hz EMF at the Edge of Right of Way (ROW) ...... 435 Table 9.38 Transmission Line Parameter ...... 436 Table 9.39 EMF Impact Assessment from Overhead Transmission Line for the Operation Phase ...... 439 Table 9.40 Impacts of EMF during Operation Phase from the 35kV Underground Transmission Line ...... 440 Table 9.41 Amount of Living Biomass Before and After Land Conversion ...... 445 Table 9.42 Annual GHG Emissions from Land Clearing in the Preparation Phase ...... 445 Table 9.43 Tiers Approach for Estimation of GHG ...... 445 Table 9.44 Default Emissions Factors and Energy Content Factor for Diesel Combustion in Mobile Equipment and Vehicles ...... 446 Table 9.45 Estimated CO2 Emission from Operation of Heavy Equipment ...... 447 Table 9.46 Estimated CO2 Emission from Transportation of Materials and Equipment ...... 447

Table 9.47 Climate Change Impacts to Wind Power Production and Infrastructure ...... 449 Table 9.48 WindPRO Shadow Module Inputs (in Bold the Differences among Worst Case and Real Case Scenario) ...... 455 Table 9.49 Summarisation of Validated Shadow Flickering Receptors Based on Real-Case Scenario ...... 465 Table 9.50 Impacts of Shadow Flickering ...... 472 Table 9.51 Horizontal Field of View ...... 477 Table 9.52 Vertical Field of View ...... 477 Table 9.53 Sensitivity of Visual Receptors ...... 482 Table 9.54 Magnitude of Visual Effect ...... 483 Table 9.55 Significance of Visual Effect ...... 484 Table 9.56 Summary of Visual Impact ...... 490 Table 9.57 Potential Threats to Biodiversity Values ...... 491 Table 9.58 Scoping of Potential Impacts during Project Phases ...... 492 Table 9.59 Habitat Impact Assessment – Significance Criteria ...... 494 Table 9.60 Species Impact Assessment – Significance Criteria ...... 495 Table 9.61 Land Acquisition of the Project Footprint ...... 497 Table 9.62 Loss of Terrestrial Habitat Impact Assessment ...... 497 Table 9.63 Disturbance or Displacement Impact Assessment ...... 501 Table 9.64 Barrier Creation and Edge Effects Impact Assessment...... 503 Table 9.65 Degradation of Habitats Impact ...... 505 Table 9.66 Bird Mortality Impact Assessment ...... 507 Table 9.67 Collision Risks of Identified Bats ...... 509 Table 9.68 Bat Collision Impact Assessment ...... 510 Table 9.69 Estimated Number of Heavy Load Vehicle Movement ...... 515 Table 9.70 Impact to Traffic Congestion and Road Infrastructure Due to Increased Transportation Volume during Construction ...... 516 Table 9.71 Impact to Traffic Safety Due to Increased Transportation Volume during Construction ...... 517 Table 9.72 Summary of Environmental Impact Assessment ...... 519 Table 10.1 Summary of Potential Impacts, Receptors and Area of Influence ...... 521 Table 10.2 Land Use Area for Lien Lap Project ...... 525 Table 10.3 Summary of the CSR process for Lien Lap Wind Farm Project as of November 2020 ...... 527 Table 10.4 Summary of Project’s Affected Households ...... 529 Table 10.5 Percieved Impacts by Households with Land Acquisition for 35 kV Transmission Line and Mitigation Measures Committed by the Project ...... 531 Table 10.6 Economic Displacement and Loss of Livelihood ...... 532 Table 10.7 Disturbance to Agriculture Production due to Construction and Operation Activities ...... 534 Table 10.8 Impacts Associated with Non-Influx Issues during Construction Phase ...... 538 Table 10.9 Impacts Associated with Influx Issues during Construction ...... 541 Table 10.10 Disturbance to Local Community during Operation ...... 545 Table 10.11 Evaluation of Indigenous Peoples ...... 546 Table 10.12 Main Livelihoods of the Surveyed Working People ...... 547 Table 10.13 NTFP Collection in Project Affected Villages ...... 548 Table 10.14 Impacts on Indigenous Peoples ...... 551 Table 10.15 Gender Impacts ...... 554 Table 10.16 Summary of Social Impact Assessment ...... 556 Table 11.1 Applicable Equator Principles and IFC Performance Standards for Unplanned Events ...... 557 Table 11.2 Unplanned Events Leading to Potential Impacts ...... 558 Table 11.3 Potential Impacts from Unplanned Events and Pre-mitigation Risk Ranking ...... 560 Table 11.4 Preventative and Mitigation Measures of Leakage and Spills Incidents during Pre- Construction and Construction Phase ...... 564 Table 11.5 Preventative and Mitigation Measures of Traffic Accident ...... 566 Table 11.6 Preventative and Mitigation Measures of Fire and Explosion during the Pre-Construction and Construction Phase ...... 567

Table 11.7 Preventative and Mitigation Measures of Leakage and Spill during Commission and Operation Phase ...... 569 Table 11.8 Preventative and Mitigation Measures of Fire and Explosion during the Commission and Operation Phase ...... 570 Table 11.9 Setback Distances Adopted for Lien Lap Wind Turbines as per IFC Wind EHS Guidelines ...... 572 Table 11.10 Preventative and Mitigation Measures of Blade Ejection Failure during Commission and Operation Phase ...... 573 Table 11.11 Preventative and Mitigation Measures of Transmission Line Snapping and Transmission Pylon Collapse ...... 574 Table 11.12 Preventative and Mitigation Measures of Natural Hazards ...... 576 Table 12.1 Key Developers in the Immediate Region ...... 582 Table 12.2 Scoping Matrix ...... 584 Table 12.3 Species Occupy Predominantly Area ...... 586 Table 12.4 Loss of Terrestrial Habitat Impact Assessment ...... 587 Table 12.5 Important Bird Areas within 50 km Radius ...... 588 Table 12.6 Cumulative Impact Scoping for Economy and Employment ...... 592 Table 12.7 Cumulative Impact Scoping for Community Health and Safety ...... 593 Table 12.8 Cumulative Impact Scoping for Traffic ...... 594 Table 12.9 Cumulative Impacts Scoping for Local Community Livelihood ...... 595 Table 12.10 Details of Type of Acquired Land for Wind Project Development in Huong Hoa District ...... 596 Table 12.11 Cumulative Impacts Scoping for Infrastructure and Public Services ...... 597 Table 12.12 Affected Communes of Wind Project Development in Huong Hoa District ...... 598 Table 12.13 Cumulative Impact Scoping for Indigenous Peoples ...... 600 Table 13.1 Specific Management Plans and Policies ...... 609 Table 13.2 Timeline and Responsibilities for Implementation of ESMP Plans ...... 611 Table 13.3 Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Budget Cost during construction phase and the 1st year of operation phase...... 613 Table 13.4 Air Quality Management ...... 614 Table 13.5 Noise Effect Management ...... 618 Table 13.6 Water Resource Management ...... 623 Table 13.7 Soil Management ...... 633 Table 13.8 Electromagnetic Interference Management ...... 646 Table 13.9 Climate change impact adaption and mitigation ...... 650 Table 13.10 Shadow Flicker Management ...... 653 Table 13.11 Visual Impact Management ...... 655 Table 13.12 Biodiversity Management ...... 656 Table 13.13 Traffic and Transportation Management ...... 669 Table 13.14 Social Impact Management ...... 672 Table 13.15 Unplanned Event Management ...... 691

List of Figures Figure 0.1 Project Location ...... 22 Figure 1.1 Project Location ...... 32 Figure 1.2 Ancillary Facilities of the Project ...... 33 Figure 1.3 Laydown Area of the Project ...... 33 Figure 2.1 Progress of Primary Energy Supply between 2007 and 2017 ...... 37 Figure 2.2 Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) and RE Share in TPES across Analysed Scenarios in the Period 2020-2050 ...... 38 Figure 2.3 Evolution of Total Final Energy Consumption (TFEC) by Sector in the Analysed Scenarios in the Period 2020-2050 ...... 39 Figure 2.4 Option 1 of Project’s Wind Turbine Layout ...... 43 Figure 2.5 Option 2 of Project’s Wind Turbine Layout ...... 44

Figure 2.6 35 kV Transmission Line in Lien Lap Wind Farm ...... 49 Figure 2.7 Flow Diagram of Project’s Power Production Process ...... 51 Figure 2.8 Relationship between Project Components Funded by ADB and Other Project-Related Components ...... 52 Figure 2.9 Internal Road System of Lien Lap Wind Farm ...... 54 Figure 2.10 Access road of Lien Lap Wind Farm ...... 55 Figure 2.11 Layout of Spoil Disposal Site of No.4, No.6 and No.6A ...... 56 Figure 2.12 Layout of Spoil Disposal Site of No.8, 8A, 9,10,11,12 and 13 ...... 57 Figure 2.13 Photo of a Pre-disposed Spoil Disposal Site (taken by PCC1) ...... 57 Figure 2.14 An Example for the Current Spoil Disposal Site ...... 58 Figure 2.15 Operation House’s Layout ...... 60 Figure 2.16 Round Shaped Turbine Foundation ...... 61 Figure 2.17 Wind Turbine Installation ...... 62 Figure 2.18 Equipment Transportation Route ...... 64 Figure 2.19 Material Transportation Route ...... 65 Figure 2.20 Manpower Resource for Construction Phase ...... 67 Figure 3.1 Structure of EIA Process in Vietnam ...... 70 Figure 3.2 Land Compensation, Support and Resettlement Process Required in Vietnam ...... 73 Figure 3.3 Safety Corridor Required for Transmission Lines ...... 74 Figure 3.4 IFC Performance Standards ...... 83 Figure 4.1 Process for Producing an IESE ...... 87 Figure 4.2 IA Process ...... 89 Figure 4.3 IESE and CIA Analysis (IFC 2013) ...... 94 Figure 4.4 Six-Step Approach for CIA (IFC 2013) ...... 95 Figure 5.1 Areas of Influence of Noise and Shadow Flicker ...... 104 Figure 5.2 Areas of Influence of Blade Throw ...... 104 Figure 5.3 Areas of Influence of Community Health and Safety ...... 105 Figure 5.4 Ecological Area of Influence ...... 105 Figure 5.5 Social and Physical Environment Sensitive Receptors ...... 106 Figure 5.6 Key Protected Areas ...... 107 Figure 7.1 Locations of Meteorology and Hydrology Stations in Quang Tri Province ...... 122 Figure 7.2 Average Monthly Temperature in Huong Hoa District (1998 – 2017) ...... 123 Figure 7.3 Average Monthly Humidity in Huong Hoa District (1998 - 2017) ...... 124 Figure 7.4 Monthly Evaporation (1977 – 2017) ...... 124 Figure 7.5 Average Number of Foggy Days per Month in Huong Hoa District (2007 – 2018) ...... 125 Figure 7.6 Average Monthly Sun Hours in Huong Hoa District (2019 – 2020) ...... 125 Figure 7.7 Wind Speed (1998 - 2018) ...... 126 Figure 7.8 Wind Rose at 77m (Left) and 60m (Right) (1998 – 2018) ...... 128 Figure 7.9 Average Rainfall in Khe Sanh Town (1998 – 2018) ...... 130 Figure 7.10 Typhoons with Wind Exceeding 12 Category in Beaufort Scale in Vietnam East Sea (1990-2015) ...... 131 Figure 7.11 Topography and Drainage System ...... 132 Figure 7.12 Days of Extreme Weather in Huong Hoa District (2007 - 2018) ...... 133 Figure 7.13 Air Monitoring Locations ...... 136 Figure 7.14 Noise Monitoring Locations ...... 138 Figure 7.15 Leq, 10min (dBA) at Monitoring Site N1 ...... 139 Figure 7.16 Diagram of Leq, 10min (dBA) in Monitoring Site N2 ...... 140 Figure 7.17 Diagram of Leq, 10min (dBA) in Monitoring Site N3 ...... 140 Figure 7.18 Groundwater Sampling Locations ...... 141 Figure 7.19 Surface Water Sampling Locations ...... 143 Figure 7.20 Surface Water Sampling Locations with Drainage System ...... 144 Figure 7.21 Soil Sampling Locations ...... 146 Figure 7.22 Key Biodiversity Areas Surrounding Project Area ...... 153

Figure 7.23 Protected Areas Surrounding Project Area ...... 156 Figure 7.24 IBAs in Annamese Lowlands EBA ...... 158 Figure 7.25 The Location of Protection Forest (VNForest 2012) ...... 161 Figure 7.26 Ecologically Appropriate Area for Analysis of the Project ...... 171 Figure 7.27 Vegetation Class in Proximity to Project Area ...... 173 Figure 7.28 Land Classification within Study Area ...... 174 Figure 7.29 Satellite Imagery of Bare Land ...... 175 Figure 7.30 Satellite Imagery of Vegetation ...... 176 Figure 7.31 Satellite Imagery of Surface Water ...... 176 Figure 7.32 Satellite Imagery of Agriculture Land...... 177 Figure 7.33 Satellite Imagery of Non-Vegetated Land ...... 177 Figure 7.34 Natural and Modified Habitat Areas within Study Area ...... 181 Figure 7.35 Location of Line Transect Survey ...... 186 Figure 7.36 Vegetation Types of Project Area ...... 188 Figure 7.37 Species Accumulation Curve of Birds at Lien Lap Project ...... 192 Figure 7.38 Locations of Two Vantage Points Used in First Survey 2020 Survey ...... 193 Figure 7.39 Summary Data Records from VP Counts ...... 195 Figure 7.40 Comparison Bird Data between Two Surveys ...... 196 Figure 7.41 Bird Activities Observed in Band 2 (30-180m) in VP1 (First Survey) ...... 197 Figure 7.42 Bird Activities Observed in Band 2 (30-180m) in VP2 (First Survey) ...... 198 Figure 7.43 Major Habitat Types within and nearby Project Area...... 201 Figure 7.44 Bat Survey Locations ...... 202 Figure 7.45 Portraits of Bat Species Captured by Live-Trapping during Field Study ...... 203 Figure 7.46 Echolocation Call Structures of Bat Species Recorded by Acoustic Samplings during the Present Survey ...... 204 Figure 7.47 Seasonal Variation in Species Diversity and Relative Abundance of Local Bat Assemblage Recorded by Live-trappings ...... 209 Figure 7.48 Seasonal Variation in Species Diversity and Relative Abundance of Local Bat Assemblage Recorded by Acoustic Samplings ...... 210 Figure 7.49 Seasional Variation in Overall Activity Patterns of Bats Per Sites ...... 211 Figure 7.50 Pairwise Comparison of Average Activitiy Patterns of Bats Recorded in the Two Field Surveys . 212 Figure 7.51 Seasional Variation in Nightly Abundance of Bats at Surveyed Sites per Acoustic Samplings: I – May, 2029 and II – September, 2020 ...... 213 Figure 7.52 Non-volant Mammal Survey Transect ...... 214 Figure 7.53 Herpetofauna Survey Transect ...... 217 Figure 7.54 The locations of GELEX Huong Phung Wind Power Projects ...... 219 Figure 7.55 Burma Padauk (Pterocarpus macrocarpus) ...... 224 Figure 7.56 Locations of Two Identified Burma Padauk during Site Survey ...... 225 Figure 7.57 Saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis) ...... 226 Figure 7.58 The Distribution of Saola (Timmins 2020) ...... 227 Figure 7.59 Red-shanked Douc Langur (Pygathrix nemaeus) ...... 228 Figure 7.60 The Distribution of Red-shanked Douc Langur (Coudrat, et al. 2020) ...... 229 Figure 7.61 Pygmy Slow Loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus) ...... 230 Figure 7.62 The Distribution of Pygmy Slow Loris (Blair, et al. 2020) ...... 231 Figure 7.63 Shield-nosed Leaf-nosed (Hipposideros scutinares) (Nguyen, et al. 2010) ...... 233 Figure 7.64 The Distribution of Shield-nosed Leaf-nosed Bat ...... 234 Figure 8.1 Project Components and Locations...... 237 Figure 8.2 FGD Respondents in May 2020 by Group, Residence and Gender ...... 240 Figure 8.3 Snapshot of Vietnam ...... 243 Figure 8.4 The State System of Vietnam ...... 244 Figure 8.5 Formal Education Attainment of Commune-level Permanent Staff in Vietnam ...... 245 Figure 8.6 Vietnam’s GDP at Current Prices by Types of Ownership 2017 and 2018 ...... 246 Figure 8.7 Vietnam’s GDP at Current Prices by Kinds of Economic Activity 2017-2018 ...... 247

Figure 8.8 Vietnam’s Average Monthly Income per Capital at Current Prices 2010-2018 ...... 248 Figure 8.9 Vietnam’s Multi-Dimensional Poverty Rate by Region 2016-2018 ...... 249 Figure 8.10 Snapshot of Quang Tri Province ...... 251 Figure 8.11 Population of Quang Tri Province by District 2018 ...... 252 Figure 8.12 Population of Quang Tri Province by District and Residence 2018 ...... 253 Figure 8.13 Unemployment Rate of Labour Force at Working Age of Quang Tri Province by Gender 2010-2018 ...... 254 Figure 8.14 Religion of Quang Tri Province 2009...... 255 Figure 8.15 Land Use Structure of Quang Tri Province 2018 ...... 258 Figure 8.16 Land Area of Quang Tri Province by District 2018 ...... 258 Figure 8.17 Quang Tri Province’s Structure of GRDP 2018-2019 ...... 259 Figure 8.18 Livestock of Quang Tri Province 2010-2018 ...... 260 Figure 8.19 Forested Area of Quang Tri Province 2010-2019 ...... 261 Figure 8.20 Aquaculture Area and Fishery Production of Quang Tri Province 2010-2019 ...... 261 Figure 8.21 Number of Schools, Classes, Teachers and Pupils of Quang Tri Province in the School Year 2018- 2019 ...... 263 Figure 8.22 School Drop-out Rates of Quang Tri Province 2010-2018 ...... 263 Figure 8.23 Pilgrimage Center of Our Lady of La Vang (left) and Quang Tri Ancient Citadel (right) ...... 266 Figure 8.24 Snapshot of Huong Hoa District ...... 267 Figure 8.25 Population of Huong Hoa District by Township/Commune 2018 ...... 267 Figure 8.26 Population Sex Ratio of Huong Hoa District by Residence 2010-2018 ...... 268 Figure 8.27 Households of Huong Hoa District by Ethnic Group and Commune 2018 ...... 269 Figure 8.28 Local Road in Huong Hoa District ...... 270 Figure 8.29 Passenger and Freight Transport Volume of Huong Hoa District 2010-2019 ...... 270 Figure 8.30 Land Use Structure of Huong Hoa District 2018 ...... 272 Figure 8.31 Livestock of Huong Hoa District 2010-2019 ...... 273 Figure 8.32 Number of Schools, Classes, Teachers and Pupils of Huong Hoa District in the School Year 2018- 2019 ...... 274 Figure 8.33 Number of Villages with Special Difficulties of Huong Hoa District by Commune and Zone ...... 277 Figure 8.34 Number of Poor and Near Poor Households of Huong Hoa District 2015-2019 ...... 277 Figure 8.35 Historical and Cultural Relics in Huong Hoa District ...... 280 Figure 8.36 Snapshot of Tan Lap commune ...... 281 Figure 8.37 A Small Road in Bu Village, Tan Lap Commune ...... 282 Figure 8.38 Land Use Structure of Tan Lap Commune 2018 ...... 283 Figure 8.39 Local schools in Tan Lap Commune ...... 284 Figure 8.40 Number of Schools, Classes, Teachers and Pupils of Tan Lap Commune in the School Year 2018- 2019 ...... 285 Figure 8.41 Religious Establishments in Tan Lap Commune ...... 286 Figure 8.42 Snapshot of Tan Lien Commune ...... 287 Figure 8.43 Land Use Structure of Tan Lien Commune 2018 ...... 288 Figure 8.44 Number of Schools, Classrooms, Teachers and Pupils of Tan Lien Commune 2019 ...... 290 Figure 8.45 Local Schools in Tan Lien Commune ...... 290 Figure 8.46 Health Station of Tan Lien Commune ...... 291 Figure 8.47 The Memorial Stele House at the High Spot 689 in Tan Lien Commune ...... 292 Figure 8.48 Snapshot of Khe Sanh commune-level town ...... 293 Figure 8.49 Ethnicity in Khe Sanh Commune-level Town ...... 294 Figure 8.50 Buddhist Pagoda in Khe Sanh Commune-level Town ...... 295 Figure 8.51 Local Infrastructure in Khe Sanh Commune-level Town ...... 296 Figure 8.52 Land Use Structure of Khe Sanh Commune-level Town ...... 296 Figure 8.53 Arabica Coffee Planting in Khe Sanh Town ...... 297 Figure 8.54 Lower Secondary School (left) and Primary School (right) in Khe Sanh ...... 298 Figure 8.55 Health Station in Khe Sanh Commune-level Town ...... 299 Figure 8.56 Khe Sanh Victory Monument ...... 300

Figure 8.57 Snapshot of Huong Tan commune ...... 301 Figure 8.58 Land Use Structure of Huong Tan Commune 2018 ...... 302 Figure 8.59 Different Campuses of Huong Tan Kindergarten ...... 305 Figure 8.60 Primary and Lower Secondary Schools in Huong Tan Commune ...... 305 Figure 8.61 Number of Schools, Classes, Teachers and Staff, and Pupils of Huong Tan Commune in the 2019- 2020 School Year ...... 306 Figure 8.62 Health Station in Huong Tan Commune ...... 307 Figure 8.63 Number of Poor Households of Huong Tan Commune 2015-2019 ...... 308 Figure 8.64 Memorial Stele at Peak 689 ...... 309 Figure 8.65 Project Affected Villages ...... 310 Figure 8.66 Surveyed Households and Population by Residence ...... 315 Figure 8.67 Surveyed Population by Gender ...... 316 Figure 8.68 Surveyed Households by Ethnicity ...... 318 Figure 8.69 Scared Forests in Bu Village ...... 318 Figure 8.70 Surveyed Households by Religion ...... 319 Figure 8.71 Surveyed Population by Age Group ...... 320 Figure 8.72 Surveyed Population by Marital Status ...... 321 Figure 8.73 Surveyed Population by Educational Attainment ...... 322 Figure 8.74 Surveyed Population by Education Attainment and Gender ...... 323 Figure 8.75 Surveyed Population by Working Age ...... 323 Figure 8.76 Surveyed Labour Force by Livelihood and Gender ...... 325 Figure 8.77 Agricultural Production Area of Bu Village ...... 327 Figure 8.78 Agricultural Production Area of Tan Hao Village ...... 328 Figure 8.79 Main Agricultural Products among Surveyed Villages ...... 330 Figure 8.80 Animal Husbandry in the Surveyed Villages ...... 332 Figure 8.81 Small Business Activities in Tan Hao Village ...... 335 Figure 8.82 Average Annual Household Income by Livelihood ...... 338 Figure 8.83 Annual Household Expenditure Structure ...... 339 Figure 8.84 Financial Support Sources of the Surveyed Households ...... 340 Figure 8.85 Debt Sources of the Surveyed Households ...... 341 Figure 8.86 Number of Houses Owned by the Surveyed Households ...... 343 Figure 8.87 Different Types of Houses Owned by the Surveyed Households ...... 344 Figure 8.88 House Types in the Surveyed Villages ...... 345 Figure 8.89 Household Asset Items Owned by the Surveyed Households ...... 346 Figure 8.90 Production Facilities Owned by the Surveyed Households ...... 347 Figure 8.91 Drinking Water Sources of the Surveyed Households...... 348 Figure 8.92 Drinking Water Sources in the Surveyed Villages ...... 348 Figure 8.93 Cooking Energy Sources of the Surveyed Households ...... 349 Figure 8.94 Firewood Use in the Surveyed Villages ...... 349 Figure 8.95 Toilet Conditions among the Surveyed Households ...... 350 Figure 8.96 Frequency of Health Facilities Use over 12 Months among the Surveyed Households ...... 351 Figure 8.97 Common Diseases over the 12 Months among the Surveyed Population...... 352 Figure 8.98 Health Issues among the Surveyed Households over the Last 12 Months ...... 352 Figure 8.99 Level of Satisfaction of Surveyed Households towards Public Infrastructure and Services ...... 354 Figure 8.100 Local Roads in the Surveyed Villages ...... 355 Figure 8.101 Markets in Tan Lap Commune (left) and Tan Lien Commune (right) ...... 357 Figure 8.102 Project Information Channels ...... 359 Figure 8.103 Further Request for Project Information ...... 359 Figure 8.104 Features Affected by the Project ...... 360 Figure 8.105 Local Concerns Related to the Project Development ...... 360 Figure 8.106 Perceptions of AHs towards DMS process ...... 362 Figure 8.107 Production Land Loss of Surveyed Households ...... 364 Figure 8.108 Perceived Impact Significance on Household Livelihoods ...... 365

Figure 8.109 Use of Compensation by the Land Affected Households ...... 367 Figure 8.110 Vulnerable Households among the Surveyed Villages ...... 370 Figure 8.111 Multiple Vulnerability of Surveyed Households ...... 370 Figure 8.112 Vulnerable Households by Category ...... 371 Figure 8.113 Income Sources of Vulnerable Households ...... 371 Figure 8.114 Circles of Support by Vulnerable Group ...... 372 Figure 8.115 Surveyed Population by Education Attainment and Gender ...... 376 Figure 8.116 Surveyed Labour Force by Livelihood and Gender ...... 377 Figure 9.1 NML1 Background Noise Curve (Day-time) ...... 392 Figure 9.2 NML1 Background Noise Curve (Night-time) ...... 392 Figure 9.3 NML2 Background Noise Curve (Day-time) ...... 393 Figure 9.4 NML2 Background Noise Curve (Night-time) ...... 393 Figure 9.5 NML3 Background Noise Curve (Day-time) ...... 394 Figure 9.6 NML3 Background Noise Curve (Night-time) ...... 394 Figure 9.7 Worst-case and Operational Noise Contours of Lien Lap Project ...... 405 Figure 9.8 Predicted Wind Farm Noise Levels and Noise Assessment Criteria against (Hub Height) Wind Speed for NSR 1 (which refers to Baseline Location NML 3) ...... 406 Figure 9.9 Predicted Wind Farm Noise Levels and Noise Assessment Criteria against (Hub Height) Wind Speed for NSR 2, and NSR 3 (which refer to Baseline Location NML 2) ...... 407 Figure 9.10 Predicted Wind Farm Noise Levels and Noise Assessment Criteria against (Hub Height) Wind Speed for NSR 4 (which refers to Baseline Location NML 1) ...... 408 Figure 9.11 Noise Sensitive Receptor No. 2 ...... 409 Figure 9.12 Inside of Noise Sensitive Receptor No. 2 ...... 410 Figure 9.13 Maps of Stream Traverse the Project Site ...... 414 Figure 9.14 Schematic Representation of Transmission Tower with Power Line Arrangement (for Transmission Tower Used ACSR 300/39 Cable) ...... 437 Figure 9.15 Electric Field Distribution for the Proposed Transmission Tower at 1 m above the Ground ...... 438 Figure 9.16 Magnetic Field Distribution for the Proposed Transmission Tower at 1 m above the Ground ...... 438 Figure 9.17 Magnetic Fields Comparison from Wind Turbines and 500 kV Power Lines with Common Household Electrical Devices ...... 442 Figure 9.18 Location of Main Receptors ...... 452 Figure 9.19 Shadow Flickering Theory ...... 453 Figure 9.20 Map of Predicted Shadow Flicker (hours/year) – Worst Case Scenario ...... 457 Figure 9.21 Map of Predicted Shadow Flicker (minutes/day) - Worst Case Scenario ...... 458 Figure 9.22 Map of Predicted Shadow Flicker (hours/year) – Real Case Scenario ...... 460 Figure 9.23 Map of Predicted Shadow Flicker at Receivers No. 1966 to 1968 (hours/year) – Real Case Scenario ...... 461 Figure 9.24 Map of Predicted Shadow Flicker at Receivers No. 1969 (hours/year) – Real Case Scenario .... 462 Figure 9.25 Map of Predicted Shadow Flicker at Receivers No. 1970 (hours/year) – Real Case Scenario .... 463 Figure 9.26 Map of Predicted Shadow Flicker at Receivers No. 1392; 1393; 1395 and 1403 (hours/year) – Real Case Scenario ...... 464 Figure 9.27 Environmental Setting at Shadow Receptors No. 1392; 1393; 1395 and 1403 ...... 466 Figure 9.28 Environmental Setting at Shadow Receptor No. 1966 to 1968 ...... 467 Figure 9.29 Environmental Setting at Shadow Receptor No. 1969 ...... 467 Figure 9.30 Environmental Setting at Shadow Receptors No. 1970...... 468 Figure 9.31 Layout and Environmental Setting of the Receptor No. 1393 ...... 468 Figure 9.32 Layout and Environmental Setting of the Receptor No. 1394 ...... 469 Figure 9.33 Layout and Environmental Setting of the Receptor No. 1395 ...... 469 Figure 9.34 Layout and Environmental Setting of the Receptor No. 1403 ...... 470 Figure 9.35 Layout and Environmental Setting of the Receptor No. 1966 and 1967 ...... 470 Figure 9.36 Layout and Environmental Setting of the Receptor No. 1968 ...... 471 Figure 9.37 Layout and Environmental Setting of the Receptor No. 1969 ...... 471 Figure 9.38 Layout and Environmental Setting of the Receptor No. 1970 ...... 472

Figure 9.39 Viewshed (20 km buffer) ...... 479 Figure 9.40 Visual Sensitive Receptors Location ...... 481 Figure 9.41 Lien Lap Wind Farm Transportation Route ...... 514 Figure 10.1 Area of Influence of Social Impact ...... 520 Figure 10.2 Land Use Classification and Location of Affected Households ...... 526 Figure 10.3 National Road No. 9 (left) and Project Access Road under Construction (right) ...... 537 Figure 10.4 NTFP Collection Area of Bu Villagers...... 549 Figure 11.1 Impact Zone of Theoretical Blade Throw ...... 572 Figure 12.1 Six-step Process ...... 578 Figure 12.2 Existing and Planned Wind Power Developments in the Immediate Region ...... 581 Figure 12.3 Ethnic Proportion of Affected Communes ...... 598 Figure 12.4 Number of Villages with Special Difficulties of Affected Communes ...... 599 Figure 12.5 Current Number of Poor and Near-Poor Households of Affected Communes ...... 599 Figure 13.1 Structures of PCC1 Management for Three Wind Farms (Lien Lap, Phong Huy and Phong Nguyen) at Corporate Level, Site Level and Subcontractors in Construction Phase ...... 606 Figure 13.2 Structures of PCC1 Management for Three Wind Farms (Lien Lap, Phong Huy and Phong Nguyen) at Corporate Level, Site Level and Subcontractors in Operation Phase ...... 607

Acronyms and Abbreviations Name Description AoI Area of Influence BaU Business as Usual CMS Central Monitoring System

CO2 Carbon Dioxide CSR Compensation, Support and Resettlement DMS Detailed Measurement Survey DoNRE Department of Natural Resources and Environment DWT Deadweight tonnage EAAA Ecological Appropriate Area for Analysis EHS Environmental, Health and Safety EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EOR Energy Outlook Report EPC Engineering, Procurement, and Construction EPFIs Equator Principle Financial Institutions EPP Environmental Protection Plan EPs Equator Principles ERM Environmental Resources Management ESMP Environment and Social Management Plan, Health and Safety FGD Focused Group Discussion GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse Gas GIIP Good International Industry Practice Hz hertz IA Impact Assessment IESE Initial Environmental and Social Examination IFC International Finance Corporation IFC PS International Finance Corporation – Performance Standard ISO International Organisation for Standardisation IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature kg kilogram km kilometre kV Kilovolt LEP Law on Environment Protection m metre m/s metre per second m2 square metre MoNRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment MW megawatt

OHS Occupational Health and Safety POP Persistent Organic Pollutants RE Renewable Energy SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment SPS Safeguard Policy Statement TCFD Task-force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures TPES Total Primary Energy Supply UNFCC United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change VNRB Vietnam Red Data Book WPP Wind Power Project

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This Initial Environment and Social Examination (IESE) presents an assessment of the potential environment and social impacts of a proposed 48MW wind power development in Tan Lap and Tan Lien Communes, Huong Hoa District, Quang Tri Province, Vietnam. Lien Lap Wind Power Project will be developed and operated by Lien Lap Wind Farm Joint Stock Company (hereafter as “Lien Lap JSC”). PCC1 is the major shareholder who contributes 55% of total investment to Lien Lap JSC. The location and components of the Project is shown in the figure below:

Figure 0.1 Project Location The Project comprises twelve (12) 4 MW wind turbine generators (WTGs) with total installed capacity of 48MW and associate infrastructure including: 10,330m overhead and underground 35kV transmission line. The construction of the Project has been commenced in May 2020 and expected to commence its commercial operation in Quarter 3 of 2021. Lien Lap Wind Power Project has received approval for Feasibility Study and the local Environmental Protection Plan (EPP) in 2020. The IESE aimed to assess the Project-related impacts regarding to environmental and social aspect against ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (ADB SPS, 2009), ADB Social Protection Strategy (2001), ADB Gender and Development Policy (1998), JICA’s Environmental and Social Guidelines and associated World Bank Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines. The IESE is prepared based on: (i) information provided by Client such as Feasibility Study, Site Investigation Report, Wind Measuring report, local EPP; (ii) desktop review of reliable sources; and (iii) additional primary baseline survey to collect data from socio-economic surveys of affected communities, noise and physical environmental baseline monitoring within and around the

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Project area and biodiversity surveys (including bird, bat, terrestrial fauna and flora surveys). The outcomes of the IESE, including mitigation measures and monitoring are summarized in the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). The ESMP will combine the mitigation and monitoring requirements identified in the local EPP and the IESE to provide an overview of future environmental and social commitments of this Project. The IESE is comprised of three volumes (herein 13 chapters), including: Volume 1: Introduction to describe the Project Description with detailed information of its component and area; Project Alternatives to discuss alternatives in term of power generation type, site selection and technology; applicable regulations and international standards, methodology used for the impact assessment and the scope of the IESE report. Volume 2: Baseline Information to provide adequate environmental, biodiversity and socio-economic baseline information to identify key issues, and to present the outcomes of the stakeholder engagement process during the initial IESE development. Volume 3: Impact Assessment to assess the potential impacts and consequences related on each of the key receptors within the area. The assessment also identifies the significance of impacts based on the existing controls in place and recommends additional mitigation measures and monitoring to satisfy ADB SPS and other International Guidelines.

Project Categorization Environment Environmental impacts of the Project during the construction phase will increase noise level, changes in air quality, impacts on water quality, impacts on soil erosion, terrestrial ecology, community health and safety, occupational health and safety, etc. and operational impacts on water quality that relates mainly on residual impacts from construction, impacts from shadow flicker, traffic impacts, birds/ bats impacts. Most of these impacts are limited to the wind farm components and their immediate vicinity and can be minimized through application of mitigation measures as proposed in the ESMP. As such the environmental impact of the Project is categorized as B. Involuntary Resettlement The resettlement of the Project is government-led and involuntary process with gaps against ADB Safeguard Requirement (SR) 2. A Land Acquisition Audit report was conducted for the Project to identify and analyse the gaps. Total number of economically affected households by the Lien Lap Project is 100 households; in which the number of households losing 10% production land or more is 22 households (120 people). It was also confirmed that there was no physical displacement for this Project. The Project is classified as Category B as per ADB SPS SR 2 for Involuntary Resettlement. Indigenous Peoples The Project is assessed to have limited impacts on Indigenous Peoples (Van Kieu people), i.e. Category B. As such, as required by ADB, a Livelihood Restoration and Ethnic Minorities Development Plan (LREMDP) was developed to address the gaps associated with the involuntary resettlement and the and the adverse and beneficial impacts on Indigenous Peoples.

Environmental Context Lien Lap Wind Power Project is located in the Western and North-western part of Quang Tri province and situated in low-hilly areas that are sloping from Southwest to Northeast. The area has an elevation from 450 – 520 m above sea level. Ta Nong stream traverses the Project site that joins the Tan Tai stream, meandering south of the Project area. Baseline monitoring of physical environment condition showed that ambient environmental quality (air, noise, fresh water ground water, sediment, and soil) is relatively within the allowable standards of Vietnamese National Technical regulations.

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The Project footprint is located in modified habitat including agricultural land (41.6%) and bare land of production forest (58.4%). The density of vegetation is considered low that is dominated mainly by mixed plantation area and acacia hybrid plantation. Only a small portion of the the 35 kV transmission line footprints outside of the Project’s boundary footing passes through the protection forest.

Social Context The Project’s main components are located in the two communes of Tan Lap and Tan Lien of Huong Hoa District, Quang Tri Province, Vietnam. This is a mountainous area with low population density. Agriculture and forestry land comprise nearly 80% of the land use in the district. At the time of the IESE development, land at the Project site area are mainly utilized for agricultural production, including annual crops (coffee, cassava, rice, and banana) and perennial crops (acacia). No households are located on the Project site. The directly affected communes are home to two ethnic grou ps including Kinh and Van Kieu people. Based on the social assessment, the Van Kieu ethnic minority meets the criteria in ADB’s SPS SR 3 to be considered as Indigenous Peoples.

Impact Assessment A summary of the outcomes of the impact assessment for each environmental and social aspect identified in the Scoping Study are summarized in table below. A brief description of each aspect is provided hereafter.

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Key Impacts ADB Applicable Phase Significance of Impacts Standards Before Mitigation With mitigation

Environmental Impacts

Air quality SR 1 Construction Low risk / Medium risk Minor

Noise SR 1 Construction Moderate Minor

Operation Minor Negligible

Water resource competition SR 1 Construction Minor Minor

Water quality SR 1 Construction Moderate Minor

Soil Compaction and Erosion SR 1 Construction Moderate Minor

Soil Contamination SR 1 Construction Minor Minor

Operation Moderate Minor

Direct Loss of Terrestrial habitat SR 1 Construction Moderate Minor

Disturbance of displacement impacts on terrestrial fauna SR 1 Construction Minor Minor species

Barrier creation, fragmentation and edge effects - SR 1 Construction Minor/ Moderate Minor Terrestrial

Degradation of Habitat impacts SR 1 Construction Moderate Minor

Mortality impacts - birds SR 1 Operation Minor Minor

Mortality impacts - bats SR 1 Operation Minor Minor

Impacts of Project’s activities to Climate change SR 1 Construction Not significant Negligible

Impacts of Climate change to the Project SR 1 Operation Moderate Minor

Traffic Density and Road Infrastructure SR 1 Construction Minor Minor

Traffic Safety SR 1 Construction Moderate Minor

Electromagnetic Interference (Overhead Line) SR 1 Operation Minor Negligible

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Key Impacts ADB Applicable Phase Significance of Impacts Standards Before Mitigation With mitigation

Electromagnetic Interference (Underground Line) SR 1 Operation Minor Negligible

Electromagnetic Interference (Wind turbine) SR 1 Operation Negligible Negligible

Shadow flicker impacts SR 1 Operation Moderate Minor

Visual impacts SR 1 Operation Negligible/ Minor/ Moderate Minor

Social Impacts

Economic displacement and Loss of Livelihoods SR 2 Construction Moderate Minor

Disturbance to agriculture production SR 2 Construction/ Operation Minor Negligible

Community Health, Safety and Security impacts during SR 1 Construction Moderate Minor Construction

Impacts Associated with Construction Workers SR 1 Construction Moderate Minor

Benefit to local community Construction/ Operation Positive Positive

General disturbance to local community SR 2 Operation Minor Negligible

Gender ADB Gender and Construction/ Operation Minor Minor Development Policy (1998); ADB SPS

Indigenous Peoples SR 3 Construction/ Operation Moderate Minor

Unplanned Event (Risk Assessment)

Leakage and spill Construction (Worker and Moderate Minor Communities)

Construction (Environment) Moderate Minor

Operation (Communities Moderate Minor and Environment

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Key Impacts ADB Applicable Phase Significance of Impacts Standards Before Mitigation With mitigation

Traffic Accidents Construction (Workers and Major Major Communities)

Fire and explosion Construction (Workers and Major Minor Communities/Environment)

Operation (Workers and Major Minor Communities)

Operation (Environment) Moderate Minor

Transmission line snapping and transmission pylon Operation (Workers and Major Moderate collapse Communities)

Blade throw Operation (Workers and Major Major Communities)

Operation (Environment) Moderate Minor

Natural Hazards Construction/Operation Major Moderate (Workers and Communities/ Environment)

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 Ambient Air: Air emission from land clearing and preparation, construction of access road and internal road, turbine foundations, transmission line pylons, traffic movement for material transport during construction phase have low risk on human health impact and medium risk on ecological impact on the project area and surrounding area. With implementation of recommended mitigation measures, air emission impacts will be reduced to minor.

 Noise: The noise impacts during the construction phase are assessed to be Moderate given noise level from construction equipment/ heavy-duty vehicle and traffic to the nearest receptor is met the criteria threshold of international and national guidelines. Construction noise levels will be reduced to Minor with the successful implementation of mitigation measures such as ensuring equipment in good condition, movements of vehicles are optimised and restricting night-time construction. Whilst the approach to assessing the operational noise is using noise model to predict wind farm noise levels at sensitive receptors that is based on ISO 9613-2:1996. During operation phase with the results of predicted noise level generated by the proposed wind turbine model merely equals to background noise at monitored receptors at normal wind breeze (6 m/s), however, the modelling results indicated that nighttime noise may exceed IFC EHS General Guidelines at wind speed above 8 meters per second, this operational noise effect is considered as Minor as it is not expected to occur frequently based on the wind data available. Vesta’s also has sound optimizing mode function to reduce noise level, and risks to be Negligible.

 Shadow Flicker Impact: The impact of shadow flicker during operation phase is considered to be Moderate as the Project locates at close proximity with residential areas. Based on real case scenario modelling, out of nine receptors, there are five dwellings were identified and will experience shadow flickering from nearest turbines. However, given the building structure and existing surrounding vegetation of such receptors including periodical monitoring, engagement and assessment as part of mitigation measures, the impact is likely to be reduced to be at acceptable level. The five affected households were offered to be relocated but chose to stay in their current dwellings. The relocation option will remain to be available to them in case they choose to relocate once operations starts.

 Water resource: The assessment has considered the potential effects of the Project on surface and ground water resources. There is one natural stream traverses through the Project site, namely Ta Nong stream. Ta Nong stream also supports the local community as a source of water supply. However, the Project will source water by procuring water from Khe Sanh Water Supply Company to supply 30 m3 of water per day. The worker’s domestic water requirement will be sourced from groundwater. The impact on water resource conflict caused by Project’s activities is considered as Minor. Regarding water quality, the social baseline survey identified that the water quality of stream/creeks have recently affected by agricultural activities with pesticides and their residues. It is predicted that Project construction activities will result in impact on water quality such as pollution incidents, erosion and sedimentation. The impact on water quality is considered as Moderate. Through the adoption of mitigation measures on site mentioned in ESMP, the potential effects on the water environment will be mitigated and reduced to Minor impact.

 Soil environment: The assessment has considered the potential effects of the Project’s activities on soil environment in term of soil compaction, erosion and soil contamination. Soil erosion is predicted as Moderate of impact significance due to large amount of excavated soil, of which only 6.0% will be reused for ground levelling. Improper management of excavated materials might potentially result in increased sediment in surface runoff and localised soil erosion to downstream water bodies and farms nearby the Project. Regarding Soil contamination, there is potential impact on changes in soil quality due to accidential fuel spill/leaks and worker’s activities such as disposal of waste material and domestic effluents on soil of the surrounding area. With effective control in place such as portable toilets installation and effective waste collection and management, the impact of soil contamination due to improper waste disposal and leaks/spills is Minor. Through the adoption of mitigation measures on site mentioned in ESMP, the potential effects on the soil environment will be mitigated and reduced to Minor impact for both.

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 Traffic and Transport: The assessment has considered the potential effects of construction traffic on the road network within the vicinity of Lien Lap Wind Farm. The assessment is based on the number of daily movements of heavy and non-heavy good vehicles. With the amount of equipment, materials and fuel needed to transport, around eight movements per day is anticipated. The main transportation route is National Road No. 9, which is currently lightly trafficked. Given good practice and existing/ in-place control measures, Project impacts to traffic density and road infrastructure as a result of increased vehicle movement during the construction phase were assessed as being Minor. In addition, considering substantially higher truck traffic volumes and oversized loads could result in hazards for residents and drivers who are unaccustomed to slow manoeuvring of oversize vehicle in mountainous area. The impact on traffic safety is considered as Moderate. Prior to the commencement of construction, a detailed Traffic Management Plan (TMP) will be developed which provides details on a range of traffic management measures including timing and routeing of vehicles movements with the aim of reducing the effect of construction to be Minor for both traffic safety and traffic density and road infrastructure.

 Avifauna: the operation of wind turbines potentially poses the collision risk to various bird and bat species, especially whose flights took place in Rotor Swept Zone (RSZ) (30m-180m). All bird species recorded in RSZ are listed as Least Concern in IUCN Red List and Not Listed in Vietnam Red Data Book. There are no restricted-range species and the EAAA appears not to support globally significant concentrations of migratory species. The mortality risks of birds due to collisions is considered Moderate as 49% of the birds recorded, of LC status, have flight heights which fall within the RSZ. Turbines will be prevented from freewheeling during operations to reduce risk for these species. Regarding bat, interview and survey indicated that small colonies of frugivorous insectivorous bats can roost in a few huts or hollow trees/foliage in orchid gardens/plantations. Shield-nosed Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros scutinares) [IUCN VU] was detected during field survey that is restricted-range species with Extent of Occurrence has been estimated approximately 39,000km2. The species appears to fly and forage under the canopy. Furthermore, the collision risk of this species is considered Low. Non-volant mammal and herpetofauna found within the Project area are not species of conservation interest. The project is unlikely to adversely affect these species. The wind turbines will be equipped with monitoring and deterrent system to reduce impacts.

 The Ecologically Appropriate Area for Analysis (EAAA) does not contain Critical Habitat. The flora species were found within the Project area is common excepting for three individuals of Burma Padauk (Pterocarpus macrocarpus) which is listed as Endangered in IUCN Red List and Vietnam Red Data Book.The ESMP includes measures to minimize impact to these individuals. These have not been included in the vegetation cleared for the project.

 Land Acquisition and Economic Displacement: The Project development required production forest and agriculture land from organization, households and individual from Bu, Tan Thuan and Tan Tai villages of Tan Lap commune, Tan Hao village of Tan Lien commune, Tan Vinh village of Huong Tan commune, and Residential Group No. 7 of Khe Sanh Town. 100 households were identified as economically displaced by the Project, among whom, 22 households with 120 people lose from 10% of their production land. No physical displacement occurred. Land acquisition followed the Government-led process. Key impacts are associated with the land-based livelihood of the displaced households and assessed as Moderate. Short-term disturbance to agriculture production in the neighbourhood is also expected at Minor significance. In order to mitigate these impacts, a Livelihood Restoration and Ethnic Minority Development Plan (LREMDP) and Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) including Community Grievance Mechanism have been developed. With implementation of the recommended mitigation measures, the residual impacts are expected to remain Minor and Negligible, respectively.

 Community health and safety: the Project is likely to employ approximately 92 workers, at the peak time of the construction phase. Of which, only 18% of construction workers are local labourers Half of migrant construction workers are expected to stay offsite in either temporary worker

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accommodation or local boarding houses. This is predicted to result in potential conflict and tension due to the difference in culture and living style between two groups. Therefore, the impacts on the community health and safety are considered moderate during construction but they will be reduced to minor with implementation of mitigation measures including Labor Management Plan.

 Economic Impacts: Positive economic impacts are expected to local employment and procurement during the construction phase, and impacts on the local economy relating to tax revenue, local employment and tourism development during operation phase. With the application of measures to optimise these benefits such as adopting specific procurement policies and hiring protocols and priorities, the positive impacts on local people in Huong Hoa district will be enhanced.

 Indigenous Peoples: Potential impacts on the Van Kieu ethnic minority include the loss of livelihood and income from land, and potential for social conflicts among the community as a result of influx of labor and other economic migrants. Although the scope of land acquired from the Van Kieu people is quite limited, the ethnic minority is assessed as dependant on land-based livelihood, hence the impact is of moderate significance. An LREMDP was developed and will be implemented as a key mitigation measure and as a means to enable IPs to access Project benefits.

 Gender: Project will likely pose negative impacts on women’s livelihoods and health condition due to their more vulnerable status than men. Such impacts will be most significant during the construction phase, and its consequence will last for long-term. Gender impacts on the Van Kieu ethnic minority women is assessed as of higher significance than the Kinh. Gender mainstreaming measures were emphasized in all of the Project’s social management plans to ensure women’s participation and benefits from all of Project’s activities. The project is also classified as effective gender mainstreaming and a separate Gender Action Plan was prepared.

 Unplanned events: Unplanned events such as Leakage and Spill incidents, Traffic accidents, Fire and Explosion, Blade Ejection Failure, Transmission Line snapping and Transmission Pylon Collapse, Natural Hazards will have potential impact ranging from Major to Minor on the environment and community upon their likelihood of occurrence and consequence. While these events are infrequent, mitigation measures have been identified and recommended accordingly.

 Cumulative impacts: Cumulative impacts associated with existing and near future neighbouring projects will likely be experienced during the construction and operation phases of the Project, including Noise impacts, Bird and Bat strike and habitat loss; Economy and employment; Local Community Livelihood; Community health and safety; Infrastructure and public services; Traffic; and Indigenous Peoples. Cumulative environmental impacts on migratory birds in the area will become a concern when additional wind farms are developed in the area. The cumulative impacts on visual amenity unlikely generate, so it is considered as Minor. Cumulative social impacts are mostly considered as Small scale negative. In conclusion, the construction and operation of the Project will have environmental and social impacts of Minor to Moderate significance prior to mitigation. With implementation of the mitigation measures, the residual impacts are considered to be reduced to Negligible to Minor. To manage and mitigate such impact, the ESMP has been prepared. The ESMP should be read with reference to this IESE. As part of this report, a range of measures including specific environmental, health safety and social management plans have been developed to reduce the overall impacts to acceptable levels and as low as reasonably practicable to ensure compliance with Project Applicable Standards.

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose of this Report This Initial Environmental and Social Examination (IESE) presents an assessment of the potential environmental and social impacts associated with the proposed Lien Lap Wind Power Project in Vietnam. ERM Vietnam (ERM) was commissioned by Power Construction JSC No.1 (hereinafter as “PCC1” or “Client”) to undertake an IESE of the Lien Lap Wind Power Project. The purpose of the IESE is to inform PCC1 and their Project partners of the environmental and social impacts associated with the Project and in particular the extent to which the Project aligns with the expectations of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) Environmental Assessment Guidelines and associated World Bank Group Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines. The IESE assesses the environmental and social impacts based on the agreed scope of baseline data collection and impact assessment and preludes the preparation of an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP).

1.2 Project Background Power Construction JSC No.1 (hereinafter as ”PCC1”) was established in 1963, experienced more than 50 years of construction and development in a number of different sectors such as power construction, energy investment, industrial manufacturing, consultancy and services. PCC1 has already commissioned three wind power projects located in Quang Tri Province with a total capacity of 144MW. For the execution and operation of three wind power projects, PCC1 established three organizations which are known as “Lien Lap Wind Farm Joint Stock Company”, “Phong Huy Wind Farm Joint Stock Company” and “Phong Nguyen Wind Farm Joint Stock Company”. Lien Lap Wind Power Project will be developed and operated by Lien Lap Windfarm Joint Stock Company (hereafter as “Lien Lap JSC”). PCC1 is the major shareholder who contributes 55% of total investment to Lien Lap JSC. The other shareholders are Renova contributing 40% of total investment and the minor shareholders contributing about 5% of total investment. The Project turbine area is located in Tan Lien and Tan Lap Communes, Huong Hoa District, Quang Tri Province. The Project has been approved and supplemented into the Provincial’s development plans under Decision No. 4939/QD-BCT dated 27th December 2018 by Ministry of Industry and Trade as well as got the Approval of Intention of Investment as stated in Decision No. 254/UBND-CN dated on 02 Feb 2021 by Quang Tri Province People’s Committee (PPC). Lien Lap JSC completed Feasibility Study Report in 2020. According to the Project’s various technical documents and confirmation by Lien Lap JSC, the Project’s study area1 will cover an area of 424 ha. The Project’s key components are presented in Table 1.1 and Figure 1.1.

Table 1.1 Project’s Components

No. Facilities Number Total Capacity/ Length (m)/ Area (ha)

Permanent Facilities

1 Wind Turbine Generator 12 48 MW

2 35 kV Transmission line 1 10,330 m

1 Project’s study area/ project area means all land within the Specific Plan boundary that is: (1) owned by Developer or in which Developer has an equitable interest, and (2) owned by Province/ City that will be transferred to Developer. Meanwhile, project footprint means the limits of all grading and ground disturbance, including landscaping, associated with a project and undeveloped areas inside the Project’s boundaries.

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No. Facilities Number Total Capacity/ Length (m)/ Area (ha)

3 Internal road 1 7,284 m

Ancillary Facilities

1 Laydown area and Crane installation area 13 14.4 ha

2 Worker camp during the construction 2 50 people

3 Batching plant 2 60 m3/hr

4 Spoil disposal site 10 11.14 ha

1,018 m; Access road - Existing road to be upgraded 5 1 Required land area for the expansion: and expanded 1ha

Shared Facilities

Shared with Huong Tan and Tan Linh 1 35/110kV Huong Tan substation 1 projects owned by Phu Dien JSC

3.5 km 2 110kV Transmission line 1 Shared with Huong Tan project

3 Operation house 1 Shared with Phong Nguyen Project

Figure 1.1 Project Location

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Figure 1.2 Ancillary Facilities of the Project

Figure 1.3 Laydown Area of the Project

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According to Letter No. 1412/UBND-KT&HT dated 16 November 2020, the existing inter-village road (1,018 m length) is proposed to expand as per the commune’s New Rural Development Program2. This access road expansion is also going to serve the Lien Lap Project, as such, Lien Lap JSC proposed to provide financial support for this access road expansion. From ADB’s perspective and consistent with guidance from ADB’s Environment Sourcebook, the access road is considered as an ancillary facility of the project because its expansion is necessary in order to bring in equipment and construction materials and will be actively used by Lien Lap project during the construction phase. This route is chosen after an alternatives analysis because it provides benefit to both the Project and the communities. It is a much-awaited community infrastructure, which will promote the economic development of the Tan Lap commune. It should be noted, however, that from the project’s perspective:

 The access road is expanded for the main purpose of socio-economic development support in Tan Lap commune;

 This access road will still be expanded even without the Project;

 This access road will be handed over and will be fully managed by the government once the expansion is completed. Regarding the 35/110kV Huong Tan substation, Lien Lap JSC signed a Lease Contract with Phu Dien JSC. for the 110 kV transmission line and 35/110 kV Huong Tan substation usage. Lien Lap JSC does not involve in any development activities of the 110 kV transmission line and 35/110 kV Huong Tan substation. As such, these facilities are supposed to be scope out of the IESE.

1.3 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Objective The objective of this IESE is to assess potential impacts of the wind power project on the environment, cultural heritage and socio-economic development of affected areas, and to propose measures in order to avoid, reduce or mitigate negative impacts against the applicable standards to support PCC1’s application for finance from International Lenders.

1.4 Scope of Baseline and Impact Assessment

Table 1.2 Scope of Baseline and Impact Assessment

Topic Scope of Impact Assessment

Baseline survey

Flora and fauna species Undertake desktop assessment and terrestrial flora and fauna surveys to map survey the distribution and composition of vegetation and species. Flora and fauna surveys will be conducted over a single season.

Seasonal vantage point and Undertake two seasonal land-based vantage point bird surveys and bird transect survey for avifauna transect survey

Bat screening and field Undertake a comprehensive desktop study and two seasonal field surveys of survey the likely presence, abundance and distribution of bat species to systematically assess the information on chiropteran fauna in the study area.

Socio-economic Baseline Complete primary data collection and analysis. Data to be collected during Studies Socio-economic Baseline surveys includes socio-economic conditions in the Project area, identify and understand the perceptions and concerns of stakeholders (local authorities and local communities who might be affected by the Project’s construction and operation activities);

2 Decision No. 1600/QD-TTg dated 16 August 2016 on approval of the National New Rural Development program in 2016-2020 (https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/van-hoa-xa-hoi/Quyet-dinh-1600-QD-TTg-chuong-trinh-muc-tieu-quoc-gia-xay-dung-nong- thon-moi-2016-2020-320132.aspx)

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Topic Scope of Impact Assessment Undertake stakeholder engagement; and Complete a household survey.

Noise Screening Study and Determine the baseline noise level of the project area in comparison with the Assessment Noise Level Guidelines in IFC EHS Guidelines; Develop project-specific operational noise models to calculate ISO 9613:2 wind farm noise levels; and Compare resultant noise levels with project-specific criteria, identify any levels that exceed thresholds and limits, and qualify the magnitude and extent of any impacts.

Physical Environmental Undertake field survey and sampling of air, surface water, groundwater, soil. Baseline Compare analytical results with national technical regulation of air, surface water, groundwater and soil, identify any levels that exceed thresholds and limits, and quantify the magnitude and extent of any impacts.

Impact Assessment

Air quality Emissions of NOx, SOx, PM, CO

Water resources Assess impacts on changes to physical, chemical or biological quality of surface water bodies and changes in habitat quality, abundance, diversity

Soil Environment (Soil Assess impacts on Changes to physical and chemical soil properties compaction and Soil Contamination)

Biodiversity Assessment Determine the presence of IUCN Endangered or Critical Endangered species and endemic or restricted range species; Undertake an assessment of natural and modified habitats; Determine key biodiversity values; and Note any existing key threats to habitats and species.

Shadow Flicker Potential impacts on health of project-affected people (eyes, vision) and vegetation growth

EMF Assess Impacts of potential of electromagnetic interference (EMI) which may occur from the Project development

Visual Amenity Changes in the landscape, visual amenity in the presence of the Project

Social Impact Assessment Assess Impacts on Physical/ Economical Displacement, Economy and Employment, Occupational and Community Health and Safety, Infrastructure and Public services, Indigenous Peoples, Gender

Traffic Safety Changes in traffic volume contribute to increase risks of traveller safety, especially the Project is located in a mountainous area.

1.5 Structure of the IESE The structure and contents of the IESE are as follows:

Table 1.3 IESE Structure

Volume Chapter Chapter Title

Executive Summary

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Volume Chapter Chapter Title

1 1 Introduction

2 Project Description

3 Administrative Framework

4 Impact Assessment Methodology

5 IESE Screening and Scoping

6 Stakeholder Engagement

2 7 Environmental Baseline

8 Social-economic Baseline

3 9 Environmental Impact Assessment

10 Social Impact Assessment

11 Unplanned Events

12 Cumulative Impact Assessment

13 Environmental and Social Management Plan

Appendices

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2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 Project Alternatives The ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS, 2009) requires that the IESE shall identify and analyse alternatives, including but not limited to project site location, design, technology and no project alternative (which assumes that the Project development does not happen). This section provides an analysis of certain alternatives to the Project development in relation to: (i) the Project layout design and (ii) the alternatives for power generation.

2.1.1 No Project Scenario Vietnam has large reserves of primary energy resources, such as coal, oil, natural gas, and water for hydropower generation. It also has a high potential for renewable energy resources, such as biomass, solar, and wind. During the period 2007-2017, Vietnamese total primary energy supply (TPES) grew at 4.7 % per annum. Hydropower experienced the highest growth at 14.5 % per annum, followed by coal at 11.3 % per annum. The share of coal increased from the third largest fuel source in 2007 to the largest in 2017. Meanwhile, the share of biomass fell from being the largest contributor in 2007 to the third largest in 2017. Oil, growing at a rate of 4.3 % per annum, is the second largest fuel source. Solar and wind have historically only contributed to a very small share in TPES. An overview of the progress of the primary energy supply mix from 2007 to 2017 is presented in Figure 2.1.

Source: Vietnam Energy Outlook Report, 20193

Figure 2.1 Progress of Primary Energy Supply between 2007 and 2017 Figure 2.2 shows the predicted power generation make-up of Vietnam by fuel type to 2050. While this shows a heavy reliance on coal fired power generation, it also shows the growth in supply by renewables such as hydropower to remain relatively stable over that period.

3 https://ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/Globalcooperation/vietnam_energy_outlook_report_2019.pdf (Accessed on 9 April 9, 2020)

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Source: Vietnam Energy Outlook Report, 2019

Figure 2.2 Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) and RE Share in TPES across Analysed Scenarios in the Period 2020-2050 The revised National Power Development Plan in the period 2011-2020 with the vision to 2030 and the Renewable Energy (RE) Development Strategy together set relatively concrete directions for the development of the power sector in the coming years. Regarding the primary energy mix per fuel type, coal still covers the major part but tends to be stable in the following years of the planning period at the proportion of 37.3 % in 2025 and 38.4 % in 2035. This is a result of applying low carbon policies to promote RE development. Hydro power experiences a significant reduction while gasoline and oil products cover over 20-22 % and natural gas accounts for about 11-13 % of the total primary energy. The Energy Outlook Report (EOR) 2019 showed that the RE shares in TPES have a slightly decreasing trend in future years, primarily due to a large increase in fossil fuel consumption. With the proposed scenarios, the share of RE in the total primary energy supply could reach 21% in 2030, then increase to 24% in 2050. This ratio is remarkably higher than the one under the Business as Usual (BaU) scenario, but still fails to meet the required target in the RE Development Strategy (32% in 2030 and 44% in 2050).

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Source: Vietnam Energy Outlook Report, 2019

Figure 2.3 Evolution of Total Final Energy Consumption (TFEC) by Sector in the Analysed Scenarios in the Period 2020-2050 Figure 2.3 shows that wind and solar shares significantly increase across the scenarios, as they have low operation and maintenance costs and no fuel costs. Additional analysis in EOR2019 showed that with increasing wind and solar shares, the total energy system cost slightly increases while capital cost increases rapidly. Therefore, in the transition from conventional power production to wind and solar, it should take consideration of access to capital cost, even considering the expectation that the investment costs of wind and solar will decrease drastically in the coming 30 years. Financing of clean energy investments is a booming market, including in Vietnam. After 2030, with the fossil fuels’ increasing price tendency, the investment cost of fossil fuel power sources will increase due to stricter environmental standards while the power production cost of RE sources will fall as a result of technology improvement. As a result, RE could be able to compete with traditional power sources. Should the Project not proceed, power supply will continue to be met by other sources, however as noted and the country continues to rely on fossil fuel generated power, particularly coal. In addition, should the project not move forward, the significant positive economic and environmental benefits would not be realized. Some benefits would be included in the following:

 Producing clean energy that contributing energy security through development of local energy resources and decreasing dependency on traditional energy sources;

 The clean energy produced from renewable energy resources contributes to decrease global warming due to the fact that it produces no greenhouse gas emission and reduces some types of air pollution.

 During the construction and operation phase, the Project is expected to generate local employment opportunities with approximately 20% local recruitment prioritising Van Kieu ethnic minority. However, the local labours need to meet skill requirements from the Project. As such, this is

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expected, to a certain extent, to subsequently enhance the socio-economic conditions and standards of living of local community where the project will be developed.

 In the case of this Project, it is crucial to take consideration of positive environmental and social impacts incurred from the project development, against negative impacts that anticipated at the site-specific level. However, it could be concluded that the “no project” is not a preferable option.

2.1.2 Alternatives Methods of Power Generation This section discussed several alternatives besides the development of a wind farm project. This mainly includes other renewable energy alternatives suitable in general as well as other alternatives for power generation such as conventional thermal power plants. There are a range of power generation options potentially available and a summary of the advantages and disadvantages of these options are provided in Table 2.1. Compared to most other traditional power generation method, the wind power projects have a limited reversible impact on the environment and contributing to reducing the production and use of energy from fossil fuels, which causes the increase of greenhouse gas level and impacts on climate change. With a purpose to improve national electricity demand in the coming years, the wind power method is selected for producing electricity to meet the supply-demand balance of power resource. The Project is currently consistent with the Vietnamese National Power Development Plan for the period 2011 – 2020 with the vision to 2030 (under Decision No. 428/QD-TTg, dated 18 March 2016), which mostly focused on the renewable power development. The revised Power Development Plan VII outlined a master plan for power source development, in which renewable energy (wind energy, solar energy, bio energy) will be prioritized, so as to gradually increase the proportion of electricity generated from Renewable energy sources. The key objective of the Project is to meet the supply-demand balance of power resource by exploiting potential wind power for producing electricity in contribution to increase environmental efficiency.

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Table 2.1 Comparison of Power Generation Methods

System Advantage Disadvantage Supercritical Thermal ■ Large-scale production potential ■ High fossil fuel consumption Power ■ Moderate gestation period Wider distribution potential ■ Large quantities of water required for cooling ■ Provides cheap electricity to the consumer ■ High volume of emission from the operation ■ Provide stable output and reliable electricity on the grid ■ Accumulation of fly ash (in case of coal powered installations) ■ Easily accessible and well established technology ■ Upstream impact from mining and oil exploration ■ Requires less land per Megawatt

Ultra Supercritical Thermal In addition to the above advantages: As above. Power ■ Improved efficiency by reaching higher pressure and temperatures compared to supercritical boilers. ■ Reduced emissions, particularly of CO and mercury. ■ The general rule of thumb is that each percentage point of efficiency improvement yields 2–3% less CO. ■ Potentially lower operating costs Hydropower ■ GHG emission estimated as low ■ Site specific, dependent on reservoir/ river ■ Do not create any waste by-products during the conversion process ■ Long gestation period ■ Some hydropower facilities can quickly go from zero power to maximum ■ Alteration of river flow regime output. Because hydropower plant can generate power to the grid ■ Adverse social and ecological impacts due to inundation immediately, they provide essential back-up power during major electricity and downstream effects outages or disruptions Solar power ■ Pollution levels are insignificant ■ Large land requirement ■ Inexpensive power generation ■ Site-specific, dependent on solar insolation ■ Inexhaustible solar resource ■ Expensive installation ■ GHG emissions estimated as low

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System Advantage Disadvantage ■ GHG emissions estimated as low as 8.2 g Ceq/kWh for the production chain. Wind power ■ Pollution levels are insignificant ■ Large land requirement ■ Inexpensive power generation ■ Site-specific, dependent on wind pattern ■ Inexhaustible wind resource ■ Expensive installation ■ GHG emissions estimated as low ■ Impacts to Avifauna. ■ GHG emissions estimated as low as 2.5g Ceq/kWh for the production chain Nuclear power ■ GHG emissions estimated as low ■ Availability of fuel source ■ Low fuel cost ■ Hazards associated with radioactive material ■ The production of electric energy is continuous. A nuclear power plant ■ High cost of project generates electricity for almost 90% of annual time. It reduces the price ■ Disposal waste is expensive, as wastes are radioactive volatility compared to other fuels in nature ■ Do not emit smoke particles or gases ■ Long gestation period ■ Risk of fallout and meltdown scenarios and its impacts on the local population and environment

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2.1.3 Wind Turbines Layout Alternative Based on the Feasibility Study Report, wind turbine layout was firstly identified optimal location by using Optimize module in WindPro application. It also suggest that for safety, the minimum distance among wind turbines is generally limited ranging from more than 2.5 times of rotor diameter (approximately 375 m) and shielding performance of 90% or more. Then, Project’s topographical map with a scale of 1:500 will be used to reconsider and rearrange turbine layout associate to the existing condition, transportation routes to reach the highest annual energy production. The Feasibility Study presented two alternatives of wind turbine layout. The option 1 of wind turbine layout is presented in Figure 2.4 where the minimum distance of each turbine is about 417 m, while the option 2 is designed with a turbine distance is at least 331 m (Figure 2.5). These two layouts are compared in terms of electricity generation and efficiency which are calculated by WindPro Model (Table 2.2) to ensure that:

 Maximize the Plant’s power output;

 Utilize the prevailing wind direction, wind speed, topography, geology and traffic in the areas; and

 Comply with Circular No. 32/2012/TT-BCT that requires plant efficiency to be above 90%.

Figure 2.4 Option 1 of Project’s Wind Turbine Layout

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Figure 2.5 Option 2 of Project’s Wind Turbine Layout

Table 2.2 Calculated Annual Energy for Lien Lap Windfarm

Company Power Output Coefficient of Efficiency (MWh/year) Performance (%)

Option 1 182,539.2 39.0 92.4

Option 2 201,072.3 43.0 92.3

Considering the results of calculated annual energy for Lien Lap Windfarm, the selected wind turbine layout would be Option 2 due to some main reasons:

 Higher Coefficient of Performance (43.0%) than that of the Option 1

 Meet the requirement in Circular No. 32/2012/TT-BCT, which requires at least 90% wind efficiency; and

 Shorter distance between wind turbines means the smaller area of land acquired for the Project and shorter transmission lines between turbines.

2.2 Project Location The Project’s footprint is located within a 39.71 ha area mainly in Tan Lap and Tan Lien Commune, Huong Hoa District, Quang Tri Province (Figure 1.1). See Table 2.3 for the land area of the Project’s components. The area is mainly high-mountainous with the elevation from 150 – 1000 masl. Construction areas are located in the mountainous area to the west of Quang Tri province with the elevation ranging from 450 – 520 masl. The Project is located in onshore area with high density residential zone at the northeast to southeast section of the project area. Nearest residential zone is

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approximately 300m away east of the project boundary. The Project’s component is connected to National Road 9. Land use in the Lien Lap Wind Power Project is dominantly agricultural land and bareland of production forest. The total land area acquired for the development of the Project was presented in Table 2.3.

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Table 2.3 Area of Land for the Project

S/N Facilities per Tenurial Instrument Land use type (ha)

Total Bare land (Production Agricultural Area Bare land (Protection Forest) Forest)

I Fixed-term Land Use 11.64 4.5 7.102 0.038

1 Turbine foundation 1.8 1.2 0.6 -

2 TL 35KV tower 0.6 - 0.562 0.0384

3 Internal roads 9.24 3.3 5.94 -

II Temporary Land Use 14.4 10.5 3.9 -

1 Laydown area and Crane installation area 14.4 10.5 3.9 -

Subtotal of acquired land area (I+II) 26.04 15.0 11.002 0.038

III Rental land

1 Batching plant 0.9 0 0.9 -

2 Worker camp 0.63 0 0.63 -

3 Spoil disposal sites 11.14 0 11.14 -

Subtotal of rented land 12.67 0 12.67 -

IV Negotiated land transaction

1 Access road 1 0 1 -

2 Operational house (shared facilities) (area reflected in PN IESE) – 0.94

Subtotal of negotiated land 1 0 1 -

Grand Total 39.71 15.0 24.672 0.038

4 There are five 35kV tower footings inside the protection forest area

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The physical surrounds of the Project are described below:

 To the North: Project is adjacent to Ri hill, Tan Lien commune area and located approximately 4km from Phong Huy Wind Farm Project to northwest;

 To the East: Project is adjacent to Tan Lien commune;

 To the West: Project is adjacent to Tan Long commune and 5 km to the Vietnam – Laos border; and

 To the South: Project is adjacent to Tan Lap commune. The location of the Project area studied for this IESE, as well as the locations of its twelve wind turbines, are presented in Table 2.4 and Table 2.5 respectively, as well as shown in Figure 1.1.

Table 2.4 Locations of Project’s Study Area

Landmark Coordinates (WGS 84)

Latitude (m) Longitude (m)

1 16.63864989 106.7028510

2 16.63075978 106.7065502

3 16.62292041 106.6884301

4 16.61762042 106.6972398

5 16.61360007 106.6963101

6 16.61625968 106.6839198

7 16.62049013 106.6829404

8 16.62068021 106.6806201

9 16.62424992 106.6770703

10 16.63476734 106.6857579

Source: EPP for Lien Lap Wind Farm, 2020

Table 2.5 Locations of Project’s Wind Turbines

Turbines Coordinates (WGS 84)

Latitude (m) Longitude (m)

LL01 16.63358749 106.6982862

LL02 16.63164225 106.7018871

LL03 16.63491531 106.6894964

LL04 16.63211547 106.6926400

LL05 16.62934888 106.6928126

LL06 16.62778279 106.6953670

LL07 16.62521028 106.6783234

LL08 16.62333963 106.6805659

LL09 16.62105977 106.6820082

LL10 16.61987302 106.6846035

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Turbines Coordinates (WGS 84)

Latitude (m) Longitude (m)

LL11 16.61843189 106.6929136

LL12 16.61647198 106.6950052

Source: EPP Lien Lap Wind Farm, 2020

2.2.1 Wind Turbine Layout All of the Project’s components, including the twelve wind turbines, are expected to be built on a mountainous area in which two turbines are located in Tan Lien commune and the rest in Tan Lap commune (approximately 4.5 km northwest of Khe Sanh town). The base elevation of the proposed wind turbine locations ranges from 450 masl to 520 masl (see Figure 1.1).

2.2.2 35/110 kV Huong Tan Substation 35/110kV Huong Tan substation is located in Huong Tan commune, Huong Hoa district, Quang Tri province (approximately 2.7 km north of the Project’s turbine area) (Figure 1.1). In the construction area of the substation, terrain is relatively flat, hence, it is favourable for construction and materials transportation. The substation was built by Phu Dien JSC and shared by three wind farms of Huong Tan, Tan Linh and Lien Lap. Therefore, this substation is not included in the IESE scope of Lien Lap Wind Power Project.

2.2.3 35 kV Transmission Line According to the Technical Design, the 9,130 m 35 kV overhead transmission line will be connected via towers to the 1,200 m 35kV underground cables that connect all turbines. The details of 35 kV transmission line system are described below:

 The 35 kV 1-circuit transmission line will be divided into three (3) segments. The 366 m segment will connect two (2) turbines LL01 and LL02. The 658 m segment will connect two (2) turbines LL03 and LL04. The 2,091 m segment will connect six (6) turbines LL07, LL08, LL09, LL10, LL11, and LL12 inline;

 The 1,893 m 35 kV 2-circuit transmission line will connect the 658 m 35 kV 1-circuit segment and the 35 kV 3-circuit transmission line heading to Huong Tan substation. It also directly connects two (2) turbines LL05 and LL06;

 The 4,122 m 35 kV 3-circuit transmission line will lead to Huong Tan substation; and

 All turbines will be connected by 1,200 m 35 kV 3-circuit underground cables (100 m for each turbine).

 The number of towers/ pylons which used for 35 kV overhead transmission line are 61 pylons of which 46 and 15 towers/ pylons are located within and outside the project boundary, respectively. Total length of the 35 kV transmission line outside of the project boundary is 3,511m.

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Figure 2.6 35 kV Transmission Line in Lien Lap Wind Farm The 35 kV overhead transmission line will run parallel to the internal road system which mostly passes through plantation forest land, agricultural land, and a small protection forest land area. There are 15 35 kV overhead transmission line pylons located outside the project boundary, in which there are five pylons locating in bare land in protection forest land area managed by Dakrong Huong Hoa Protection Forest Management Unit. Ten others are located in agricultural land.

2.3 Project Schedule The Project started its construction in May 2020 and is expected to obtain Commercial Operation Date (COD) in the Quarter 3 of 2021. The Project has been completed 28.26% of overall work by the end of September 2020 and therefore a separate environmental and social compliance audit was prepared for the Project in compliance with ADB SPS requirements. Accomplishments include completion of 50% of T1-N1 route construction; 42.5% of N3-N6 route construction; and 20.8% of construction of turbine foundation No.1, No.2, No.3. The schedule for Project Implementation is shown in Table 2.6.

Table 2.6 Lien Lap Wind Power Project Schedule

No. Timeframe Activity 1 February 2020 ■ Survey, set up Technical Design report and basic accounts. – October 2020 ■ Approve the Technical Design report (e.g. turbine foundation, technical systems: transportation, electricity, water) of the Project. ■ Complete legal procedures, acquire licenses, investment. 2 April 2020 – ■ Register land use rights and land compensation. October 2020

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No. Timeframe Activity ■ Approve and announce land compensation method. ■ Conduct land acquisition process and preparation of livelihood restoration and ethnic minority development plan. 3 May 2020 – ■ Construct infrastructure. July 2021 ■ Import equipment and transport to site. ■ Construct the foundations of the wind turbines; ■ Install wind turbines. 4 May 2021 – ■ Commissioning. August 2021 5 August 2021 ■ Full operation

Source: Total Progress – Lien Lap Wind Farm Report, 2020

Table 2.7 Construction Milestone

No. Activity Timeframe Status as of 17 December 2020

1 Wind turbine foundation September 2020 – On-going construction December 2020

2 Internal and access roads May 2020 – On-going and crane yard construction December 2020

3 Construction of Apartment September 2020 – On-going of Operational Management January 2021 Workers, including warehouses and garden

4 Construction, installation, December 2020 – Not yet commenced and calibration for the 35 kV February 2021 transmission line

5 Turbine installation March 2021 – Not yet commenced August 2021

2.4 Project Facilities and Components A process flow diagram of the Project indicating the main components is provided in Figure 2.7.

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Figure 2.7 Flow Diagram of Project’s Power Production Process Figure 2.8 illustrates the relationship between project’s components funded by ADB and project-related components funded by other project owners.

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Figure 2.8 Relationship between Project Components Funded by ADB and Other Project- Related Components

2.4.1 Permanent Facilities

2.4.1.1 Wind Turbines There are twelve wind turbine towers to be built, one for each turbine. The Project already signed the turbine supply contract with Vestas. Detailed technical specifications of wind turbines are shown below. For the wind turbines layout, refer to Section 2.2.1 and Figure 1.1.

2.4.1.1.1 Rotor

Table 2.8 Specifications of Rotor

Specifications Vestas V150-4.0MW

Turbine height (hub height including foundation) 105 m

Rotor Diameter 150 m

Tip Height 180 m

Number of wings 3

Rotor starts at wind speed 3 m/s

Wind speed reaches the rated capacity 20 m/s

Rotor stops (after 10 minutes) when wind speed reaches 24.5 m/s

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2.4.1.1.2 Generator

Specifications

The rated power 4.0 MW

No. of WTGs 12

Total capacity 48 MW

Frequency 50/60 Hz

2.4.1.2 35 kV Transmission Line The Project’s overhead 35 kV transmission line is newly built to connect 12 turbines to 110 kV Huong Tan substation with a total of 61 towers/ pylons. Fifteen (15) towers/ pylons are located outside the project boundary. The Huong Tan substation will be invested and built by Phu Dien JSC. The 35 kV transmission line design is described in Section 2.2.3 and the total acquired land area for the transmission line towers is presented in Table 2.3. The specification of 35 kV transmission line is described as below table.

Table 2.9 Lien Lap Wind Farm 35kV Transmission Line’s Specification

Specifications

Length 9,130 m 35 kV overhead transmission line and 1,200 m for underground cables connected from 35 kV transmission line system to 12 turbines

Type Overhead and underground cables system

Application standards ICE 61089 or ASTM B498-98

No. of circuits 1 and 3

Diameter (mm) 9.1

Sheath for cable PVC

Installation Cables will be built on bearing frame, or inside siphon

2.4.1.3 Internal Road System The 7,284 m bitumen internal road system within the Project area, connecting to turbine towers will be newly built with the minimum width of 5.5 m; designed speed of 30 km/h5. In addition, the drainage system will be built parallel with the internal road system. The run-off then enters the drainage system and is discharged eventually to the nearby creeks. The drainage system will not discharge to surrounding farms to prevent clogging these farms. Sediment controls will be installed to collect sedimentand ensure that no sediment will be discharged to the creeks. Independent advisor will review of the sediment controls’ design before the implementation. Total volume of excavation needed for disposal of spoil, road and drainage system is 780,000 m3. The internal road is going to be used by both the Project and the communities. The internal road system’s maintenance will be under the Project owner’s responsibility. Design drawings of sediment controls can be referred to Appendix U.

5 Lien Lap Wind Project Accessed and Internal Road Design

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Figure 2.9 Internal Road System of Lien Lap Wind Farm

2.4.2 Ancillary Facilities

2.4.2.1 Access Road System Access to the Project site will be reached via inter- village road from National Road No.9 with the total length of 1,018m. The existing inter-village road is a 2m – 3m width incomplete concrete road, mostly red-earth road and currently being used by local farmers for transporting of agricultural products. This existing inter-village road is being widened to 6m – 8m for serving the Lien Lap Project in the construction phase then transfer to local authority (Tan Lap Commune) to fully manage once the access road expansion is completed. Figure 2.10 shows the access road.

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Figure 2.10 Access road of Lien Lap Wind Farm

2.4.2.2 Concrete Batching Plant The turbine foundation will be constructed in steel reinforced concrete. There are two batching plants with a capacity of 60 m3/hour each. Duration of the batch plant operation is four months and it will require 15 liters of water per each cubic meter of concrete. Each turbine foundation needs an amount of 600 m3 concrete and each cubic metre of concrete needs 200 kg cement. Hence, total cement needed for each turbine foundation is 120 tonnes. The cement and the aggregates needed for concrete manufacture will be provided by local suppliers and be delivered to site by road.

2.4.2.3 Laydown Area and Crane Installation Area The Project has acquired through the government-led land acqsuition process a total of 14.4 ha of land for laydown area which is used for the receipt, temporary storage, and the assembly of construction equipment and other supplies. There is one laydown area located in Tan Tai village, Tan Lap commune with the area of 5,300 m2 and twelve (12) other laydown areas correspondingly located at twelve turbines where turbine components such as turbine blades and tower are laid down for wind turbine installation. The locations of laydown areas are presented in Figure 1.3.

2.4.2.4 Worker Accommodation for the Construction Phase There are two (2) worker accommodation areas which currently accommodates 50 people. This is located near the outside laydown area where subcontractors (i.e. Song Da 5 and No. 384) companies’ workers stay during the construction phase. For more details about the location of worker camp relative to the Project, see Figure 1.2.

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2.4.2.5 Spoil Disposal Sites Spoil disposal sites are areas where excavated soil are stockpiled. Portion of this soil is re-used for backfilling in underground cable and turbine foundation construction activities while the rest will be kept in the disposal area and rehabilitated or use for other purpose. There are ten (10) spoil disposal sites in the Project site located along the internal road with total area of 11.14 ha. For details of the location of spoil disposal sites, see Figure 1.2. These spoil disposal sites are located in the leased land areas of 19 land users in Bu, Tan Thuan, Tan Tai villages of Tan Lap Commune and Tan Hao village of Tan Lien Commune. Land lease contracts were developed and signed between the Project and the land users. According to Method Statement and design drawings for dumping sites, mitigation measures for erosions (e.g. having a cut slope for every 6-8 m of height and provide a sediment fence and storm water drains on dumping sites) and health and safety controls. The contractors are required to prepare and submit the design drawing and construction method of the spoil disposal sites. Refer to Figure 2.11 and Figure 2.12 for layouts of ten (10) Spoil disposal sites at the Project. Details of Design Drawings of Lien Lap spoil disposal site are described in Appendix Q.

Figure 2.11 Layout of Spoil Disposal Site of No.4, No.6 and No.6A

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Figure 2.12 Layout of Spoil Disposal Site of No.8, 8A, 9,10,11,12 and 13

Figure 2.13 Photo of a Pre-disposed Spoil Disposal Site (taken by PCC1) The drainage system on the surface of disposal site is designed with road and berm drainage ditches along the toe of embankments. Sediment ponds are being installed to reduce runoff flow and control sediment particles. Construction method for spoil disposal areas is described in Appendix R. A photo of the existing spoil disposal site which was taken by the Project Sponsor in November 2020 is presented below.

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Figure 2.14 An Example for the Current Spoil Disposal Site

2.4.3 Other Components

 Wind monitoring system with meteorological sensors (speed, wind direction);

 Anti-lightning system;

 Earthing system;

 Communication system;

 Control system;

 Electricity metering system;

 Fire protection equipment for fire prevention; and

 Warning lights system. Figure 1.2 shows the ancillary facilities of the Project.

2.4.4 Shared Facilities6

2.4.4.1 35/110 kV Huong Tan Substation Specification of the 35/110 kV Huong Tan substation for Lien Lap Wind Farm is presented in Table 2.10.

6 Shared facilities are not Project’s components therefore outside of the scope of this IESE.

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Table 2.10 Specification of 35/110 kV Huong Tan Substation

No. Item Specification

1 Capacity at 40 0C 63 MVA

2 Frequency 50Hz

3 Maximum operating voltage 123kV

4 Variable ratio 115±9 x 1.78% / 23/11kV

5 Balance roll 11kV/12MVA

6 Reactance ≥12.5%

7 Increase in wire temperature 65K

8 Increase in oil temperature 60K

9 Withstanding impulse voltage (1.2/50µs)

9.1 High pressure 550 kV

9.2 Low pressure 95 kV

9.3 Balanced pressure 75 kV

9.4 High-pressure neutral porcelain 230 kV

10 Withstanding impulse voltage (1min)

10.1 High pressure 230 kV

10.2 Low pressure 38 kV

10.3 Balanced pressure 28 kV

10.4 High-pressure neutral porcelain 115 kV

Source: Lien Lap Wind Power JSC, 2020. The 35/110kV Huong Tan substation will be built by Phu Dien JSC and shared for three wind farms of Huong Tan, Tan Linh and Lien Lap. Therefore, this substation is not included in the IESE scope of Lien Lap Wind Power Project.

2.4.4.2 110kV Transmission Line The 110 kV transmission line connected from 35/110 kV Huong Tan substation to 220 kV Lao Bao substation is approximately 3.5 km and under construction, operation, and management of Huong Tan Wind Farm Project; therefore, it is scoped out of this IESE.

2.4.4.3 Operation House The operation house for Lien Lap project will be shared with Phong Nguyen and Phong Huy projects. Phong Nguyen JSC already successfully negotiated with one land user in Cua village, Huong Tan Commune, Huong Hoa District to receive the land use right transfer in August 2020, according to the land use right transfer contract No. 35/HD-MB dated 15th August 2020. According to that, Phong Nguyen JSC received the fully land use right of 9,407 m2 of land from a local land user. As confirmed by the representatives of Lien Lap, Phong Huy and Phong Nguyen JSCs, the operation house will serve for the operation phase of Lien Lap, Phong Huy, and Phong Nguyen Wind Farm projects.

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Figure 2.15 Operation House’s Layout

2.5 Project Activities

2.5.1 Pre-construction Activities The Pre-construction phase would include the following activities:

 Conduct some field surveys such as geotechnical survey, socio-economic survey, and environmental survey;

 Preparation of the detailed design and layout of wind turbines within the Project site and other infrastructure (substation, transmission lines, operation and maintenance facility, auxiliary works, etc.);

 Land acquisition for clearance, by coordinating with local authorities to develop an appropriate compensation plan;

 Geographic and topographic survey, geotechnical investigations and clearance of unexploded ordnance (UXO); and

 Site clearance and levelling the ground.

2.5.2 Construction Activities The construction phase will include the following activities:

 Construction/establishment of the cement batching plant;

 Construction of internal road to facilities and worksites; and

 Construction of turbine foundations and 35 kV transmission line; - Transportation of wind turbines, construction material and machines;

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- Installation of turbines, overhead transmission line/grid connection and underground cables; - Installation of the communication system and SCADA; - Upgrading, widening and strengthening of access road; - Construction and installation of water supply and drainage system, power supply system and fences; and - Completion of internal electrical connections.

2.5.2.1 Wind Turbine Construction

2.5.2.1.1 Turbine Foundation The turbine foundation will be the round shaped shallow mat type foundation. The foundation will include the basement, the mat and the central pillar, which being poured concrete B35 (M450); gravel 1x2, and bearing steels type CIII. The thickness of the concrete layer that protects steel against water resistant should be 8.0 cm. The area of each turbine foundation is estimated at about 1,500 m2. During the construction phase, construction drawing is necessary, and piles installation is not allowed to apply on the strongly weathered granite layer. Formwork will be installed, braced and reinforced prior to concrete being poured into the foundation. Formwork can be made of wooden planks. Formwork must be erected and tightened before concreting begins.

Figure 2.16 Round Shaped Turbine Foundation7

 Concreting approach: - Concrete is mixed at the batching plant with an electronic weighing system to ensure the exact quantity and quality of batches; - Concrete trucks are specialized types to ensure that concrete is not stratified, dehydrated or wasted in transportation; - Concrete is put into the foundation by concrete pumps truck;

7 Photo was refered from page: Wind Turbine Foundation: 5 Foundation Types Explained (steelwindtower.com) – Accessed on 11 March 2021.

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- Get concrete samples (directly from concrete trucks) to measure the slump of concrete and use this concrete sample as test samples before concreting (pouring concrete into pumps to pump up construction site ); - Pumping concrete into the foundation by a pump. - Compact concrete by electric batons ensures that the concrete slurry mixture becomes solid, concrete does not exist pores, the outside surface is not porous and the concrete adheres to the reinforcement.

 Maintenance work: - Use jute sacks soaked in water to cover the surface of the foundation to avoid quick evaporation of water causing cracks; - Concrete is moistened by watering during the curing and shock-proof period to ensure a curing process; - The maintenance of concrete is conducted continuously for 04 days from the date of pouring.

2.5.2.1.2 Turbine Installation After completing construction of the wind turbine foundation, the next steps will be to assemble the wind turbine components. Lifting works will begin with the lowest tower subsections. Complete nacelles, with gearboxes and generators already installed, will be lifted onto the tower tops. The rotor blades will be fixed to the hub before being lifted and connected to the nacelle. It is noted that the installation of some components cannot occur when the wind speed is greater than 10 m/s due to safety constraints of the cranes. An example photo for WTG installation is presented in Figure 2.17.

Figure 2.17 Wind Turbine Installation8

8 Referred from page: How to construct wind turbines? (industrycrane.com) ( Accessed on 11 March 2021)

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2.5.2.2 Transmission Line The construction of the transmission lines includes but is not limited to the following activities:

 Building the transmission pylons foundation, including: - Soil excavation; - Installing the cast-in place reinforced concrete foundation by concreted stone 2x4, compression strength of B15 (M200) and precast reinforced concrete foundation concreted stone 1x2, compression strength of B15 (M200)

 Assembling the pylons: Using centrifugal concrete column of 12m; 14m and 16m of height.

 Installation of insulation and accessories;

 Straining of rope to measure deflection;

 String power lines; and

 Grounding installation work. The underground cables installation process includes:

 Soil excavation and trenching;

 Laying the cables in the middle of the trench;

 Laying the protective tile just above the sand bed;

 Backfilling the excavated soil leaving 300 mm from the ground level; and

 Lay the Cable warning tape and again back-fill the remaining portion of the trench up to the ground level.

2.5.2.3 Power Supply According to Basic Design Report, power for the construction phase will be supplied from self-powered transformer TD42 22/0.4kV- 250KVA, which taken from national grid. The power for batching plant will also be taken from national grid. There are mobile two generators with capacity 500kVA each which will be used for lighting provided for each turbine foundation construction. Demand fuel volume is estimated around 3.6 m3 for whole construction phase. Fuel for generator will be purchased from the nearest gas station in Khe Sanh Town (1.5 km to the site) and be transported by dedicated trucks. As observed from Site visit in November 2020, there are two small temporary fuel storage areas approximately 40 m2 with capcity of 2x 25 m3 and 1x50 m3. The temporay fuel storage area is served for road construction activities which is managed by 384 subcontractor (384 Company).

2.5.2.4 Water Supply According to the Basic Design Report, water demand for the construction activities will be sourced from piped water supply system in Khe Sanh. The Project owner signed a water supply contract with the Khe Sanh water supply company to supply 30m3 of water per day. The water demand for the construction activities is estimated around 25 m3 per day at the peak time (in which 16m3 per day for road watering on sunny days and around 9 m3 per day for the batching day9). As such, the water supply contract is able to ensure the water supply for the construction activities. For workers’ domestic water usage, groundwater from two (2) existing wells at the worker camps. The total water requirements for construction phase is estimated about 4 m3 per day for totally 50 workers who are accommodated at worker camp in peak period of the construction.

9 Batching day means the turbine foundation construction day which is required to be completed in one day to ensure the concrete quality. The Project will construct the turbine foundation one by one.

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2.5.2.5 Transportation of Equipment and Material Transportation of equipment Major equipment will be imported at Hon La port (Quang Binh province) being 230 km away to the Project site. These equipment will be transported through sea and then unloaded at Hon La port. Equipment will be transported to the Project site via the route as follows:

 Hon La port  National Road 1A at Km600 – Km754 milestone  National Road 9 at Km0 – Km63 milestone  gathering area of Lien Lap Wind Farm construction.

Figure 2.18 Equipment Transportation Route

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Transportation of material In term of sourcing the construction material, it is understood that some materials (levelling sand, brick, stone, iron, steel materials) can be purchased directly from local suppliers in Khe Sanh Town, Quang Tri province and its vicinity. The average length of the material transport route is 12km. Refer to Figure 2.19 illustrating the construction material transportation route.

Figure 2.19 Material Transportation Route

2.5.3 Operation and Maintenance Activities that will be carried out during the operation and maintenance phase includes:

 Commissioning tests of the wind farm which usually involves inspection of wind measurement (wind speed, wind direction, air density, etc.), standard electrical tests and civil engineering quality within the first month of wind turbines’ operation phase. Careful testing at this stage is extremely crucial to assess whether a good quality wind farm can be delivered and maintained. Generally, commissioning of an individual turbine can take more than two days with experienced staff. Some parameters need to be tested during commissioning tests including wind speed, wind direction, air density, turbine rounds per minutes, adjusted angle, turbine control system, SCADA, etc.

 Routine inspection of all Wind Turbine Generators (WTGs) as per supplier’s specifications

 Scheduled maintenance activities at each WTG location as per the supplier’s Guidance on Operation and Maintenance;

 Operations and maintenance of ancillary facilities such as yards, stores, Central Monitoring System (CMS) building facilities;

 Inspection and maintenance of transmission lines; and

 Inspection and maintenance of intra-site pathways.

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2.5.4 Decommissioning Phase Decommissioning plan is not available at the moment, therefore Lien Lap Wind Power JSC shall conduct the impact assessment for the decommissioning activities prior to any decommissioning activities.

2.6 Unplanned Events There is the potential for unplanned events to occur during the construction, operation or decommissioning phase of the project. Examples of unplanned events include:

 Environmental incidents such as leakage and spill incident

 Vehicle, vessel accidents;

 Natural disaster such as land slide, erosion;

 Fire or explosion;

 Medical emergencies such as injury, illness, or fatalities.

2.7 Project Management Some key agencies involve in project management, including:

 Project owner: Lien Lap JSC

 Equipment Supplier: Vestas

 Construction unit: PCC1

 Operation and Maintenance: Lien Lap JSC.

 See Section 13.2 for the description on the organisation chart with role and responsibilities for environmental and social management during the construction and operation phases.

2.8 Employment The Project plans to recruit at least 20% of labour force from the locals (with priority to Van Kieu first before other locals in the district and commune) with subject to the availability and interest of candidates from the community. The Project owner confirmed that they will prioritise local labor force for the Project with the commitment to be at least 20%. For the construction phase, unskilled labour (e.g. construction workers) can be supplied from the local labour force. For the operation phase, at least 20% of employment for unskilled works, such as cleaner, security guards will be allocated. For other positions, a target of at least 20% of local recruitment will be adopted but subject to the availability of candidates with required skills and experience.

2.8.1 Construction The main labour source for the construction phase included (i) local labour supplied by domestic construction company; (ii) Foreign consultant and project manager. The Project’s manpower resources for each month during the construction phase is presented in Figure 2.20. During construction, the EPC contractor and subcontractors will arrange for workers to live in nearby rented accommodation and in two worker’s camps. See Section 2.4.2.4 for the worker accommodation site arrangement. Project implementation manpower consisted of management personnel from the Project Owner, consultants and personnel from EPC contractor, including sub-contractors and material, equipment vendors. During construction expected personnel employment will be as follows:

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 Number of working day/year: 365 days

 Construction period: 15 months

 Working hours: 8 hours, 7 days per week

 Number of shift/day: 1 shift/day

Figure 2.20 Manpower Resource for Construction Phase

2.8.2 Operation The Project Owner will employ the operator to operate and maintain the wind farm under agreed O& M contract during the Project Life cycle (50 years). The total employees during the Operation and Maintenance Phase would be up to 20 persons (1 manager, 16 operational officers, 3 support staffs, i.e. cleaner, driver, and guard), 3 shifts per day for the total of 365 days.

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3. ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

This chapter provides legal and regulatory framework, covering national requirements as well as applicable international treaties, guidelines and standards. The intent of this Chapter is to discuss the regulatory context, which is directly related to environmental compliance, which must be adhered to by all parties involved in the Project throughout the planning, construction and operation.

3.1 Overview There are two levels of regulatory provisions applicable to the Project. The first is the Vietnamese assessment and approvals process, which must be followed to achieve environmental approval by regulators. Secondly, as the Project proponent seeks to meet international standards, the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (2009). The primary means of the ADB expectations into the construction and operations phases of the Project is through the preparation of this IESE. The Project has obtained regulatory approval for its regulatory Environmental Protection Plan (EPP) which is a simplified type of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), however, in applying international standards to the Project there are additional international standards and expectations which the Project will be required to fulfil throughout the construction and operation phases. While some synergies exist between Vietnamese regulatory EIA and IESE, there are also some key differences which have necessitated the preparation of this IESE. The regulatory EIA and IESE processes and their relevance to the Project are described in detail below.

3.2 Regulatory Frameworks in Vietnam The various regulatory frameworks that will be adopted for this Project are detailed below.

3.2.1 Law on Environmental Protection The Law on Environmental Protection (LEP) No. 55/2014/QH13, dated 23 June, 2014 is the main piece of environmental legislation currently in force in Vietnam. The law assigns national responsibility to environmental strategy, the drafting of regulations and standards and all monitoring to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE), and the Vietnam Environment Protection Agency (VEPA). Responsibility for implementation of environmental policy at the local level is assigned to the provincial assemblies through their Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DoNRE).

3.2.2 Environmental Regulations/ Standards

 Decree No. 38/2015/ND-CP dated 24 April, 2015 on waste and scrap management;

 Decree No. 40/2019/ND-CP dated 13 May, 2019 amending a number of articles of decrees that guiding the implementation of the Law on Environmental Protection;

 Decree No. 80/2014/ND-CP dated 06 August, 2014 on the drainage and treatment of wastewater;

 Circular No. 31/2016/TT-BTNMT dated on 14 October 2016 on environmental protection for industrial clusters, concentrations of businesses, service providers, trade villages, and production, commercial and service establishment;

 Circular No. 36/2015/TT-BTNMT dated 30 June, 2015 on hazardous waste management;

 Circular No. 04/2015/TT-BXD Providing guidance on a number of articles of the government Decree No. 80/2014/ND-CP dated 06 August, 2014 on drainage and wastewater treatment;

 Circular No. 08/2017/TT-BXD dated 16 May, 2017 on construction waste management;

 QCVN 03-MT:2015/BTNMT - National Technical Regulation on the allowable limits of heavy metals in the soils;

 QCVN 05:2013/BTNMT - National Technical Regulation on Ambient Air Quality;

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 QCVN 06:2009/BTNMT - National Technical Regulation on Hazardous Substances in Ambient Air;

 QCVN 07:2009/BTNMT - National Technical Regulation on Hazardous Waste Thresholds;

 QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT - National Technical Regulation on Surface Water Quality;

 QCVN 09-MT:2015/BTNMT - National Technical Regulation on Ground water Quality;

 QCVN 14:2008/BTNMT - National Technical Regulation on Domestic Wastewater;

 QCVN 40:2011/BTNMT - National Technical Regulation on Industrial Wastewater;

 QCVN 26:2010/BTNMT - National Technical Regulation on Noise.

3.2.3 Environmental Impact Assessment The LEP states that all enterprises, as prescribed by the Government within the law, shall conduct a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) or Environmental Protection Plan (EPP) and obtain approval prior to the development and operation of a facility. The key EIA regulations are given below:

 LEP 2015;

 Decree No. 40/2019/ND-CP dated 13 May, 2019 amending a number of articles of decrees that guiding the implementation of the Law on Environmental Protection;

 Decree No. 18/2015/ND-CP dated 14 February, 2015 on environmental protection planning, SEA, EIA and EPP;

 Decree No. 19/2015/ND-CP dated 14 February, 2015 detailing the implementation of a number of articles of the law on environmental protection;

 Circular No. 27/2015/TT-BTNMT dated 29 May, 2015 on SEA, EIA and EPP; and

 Circular No. 26/2015/TT-BTNMT dated 28 May, 2015 on regulating detailed environmental protection projects, simple environmental protection projects. Vietnam’s regulatory EIA process is shown in Figure 3.1 below.

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Source: EIA, 2019

Figure 3.1 Structure of EIA Process in Vietnam

3.2.3.1 Public Consultation Under Decree No. 40/2019/ND-CP, public consultation is required to be conducted during EIA preparation. The Decree requires that project owners consult with People’s Committees (PCs) of the communes, wards and towns located within proximity of the project area, as well as local organisations and the communities directly affected by the project. Information gleaned through research and community feedback mechanisms must be meaningfully considered in order to minimise the negative effects of the project on the natural environment, biodiversity and community health.

 The PC of the commune where the project is expected to be located and organisations under direct impact of the project shall be consulted as per the following procedures:

 The project owner shall send EIA reports to the PC and organisations directly affected by the project, together with a written request for opinions;

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 Within 15 working days from the date on which the EIA reports are received, the PC and organisations under the direct impact of the project shall send their response if they have concerns regarding the project. Consultation with the community under the direct impact of the project shall be carried out in the form of community meeting co-chaired by the project owner and the relevant PC, together with the participation of representatives from the Vietnamese Fatherland Front of communes, socio-political organisations, socio-professional organisations, neighbourhoods and villages, and convened by the relevant PC. All opinions of delegates attending the meeting must be adequately and honestly recorded in the meeting minutes.

3.2.3.2 Information Disclosure As required by the Decree No. 40/2019/ND-CP, the EIA shall be implemented with guidance of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. The project proponent shall develop a plan to manage any environment affected by the project, based on the EIA report’s recommendations, and have the plan available at the project site.

3.2.4 Law on Forestry 2017 and Law on Biodiversity 2008 The Law on Forestry 2017 regulates the rights and obligations of the forest owners’10 organisations who are allocated forest in Vietnam for management. They must manage, protect, develop and use the forest sustainably in compliance with forest management regulations, provisions stated herein and other regulations required by relevant law. Those regulations stipulate that forest owners must:

 Comply with regulations on inspection of forest development;

 Return the forest that the State appropriates according to provisions stated herein;

 Conserve forest biodiversity, forest plants and animals;

 Ensure forest fire safety, prevent and eliminate forest pests;

 Facilitate management, inspection or actions against violations carried out by a competent state authority; and

 Fulfil financial obligations and other obligations.

3.2.5 National Regulations on Land Acquisition, Compensation, Support and Resettlement The Land Law No. 45/2013/QH13, dated November 29, 2013 is the existing supreme legal regulation prescribing land use rights and land management in Vietnam, including those of land acquisition, compensation, support and resettlement.

3.2.5.1 National Level Regulations

 Law on Land No. 45/2013/QH13 (Land Law 2013);

 Decree No. 01/2017/ND-CP dated January 6, 2017 on Amendments to Decrees on the Implementation of the Land Law 2013;

 Decree No. 47/2014/ND-CP dated May 15, 2014 of the Government on regulating CSR Policies when land is acquired by the government;

 Decree No. 43/2014/ND-CP dated May 15, 2014 of the Government detailing a number of articles of the Land Law 2013;

10 “forest owner” may be an organisation, household, individual or community that is allocated or leased out a forest by the State; allocated or leased out land for afforestation, forest regeneration or development; receives transfer of the forest, receives the forest as a gift or inherits the forest according to regulations of law

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 Decree No. 44/2014/ND-CP dated May 15, 2014 of the Government prescribing Land Prices;

 Circular No. 30/2014/TT-BTNMT dated June 02, 2014 of MoNRE regulating documents on land allocation, land lease, land use change and land acquisition;

 Circular No. 37/2014/TT-BTNMT dated June 30, 2014 of MoNRE detailing CSR policies when land is acquired by the government;

 Decree No. 45/2014/ND-CP dated May 15, 2014 of the Government, regulating the collection of land-use fee;

 Decree No. 35/2015/ND-CP dated 13 April 2015 by the Government on use and management of paddy land;

 Circular No. 36/2014/TT-BTNMT dated June 30, 2014, detailing the land valuation method; building and adjustment of specific land prices and consultation for land-price valuation;

 Decree No. 104/2014/ND-CP dated November 14, 2014 of the Government on land price bracket;

 Circular No. 23/2014/TT-BTNMT dated May 19 2014 providing for certificate of land use right, house ownership and other properties associated with the land;

 Circular No. 02/2015/TT-BTNMT dated 27 January 2015 by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment on detailing a number of articles of Decree No. 43/2014/ND-CP and Decree No. 44/2014/ND-CP;

 Circular No. 33/2017/TT-BTNMT dated September 29, 2017 of MoNRE stipulating details on compensation, support, resettlement and land acquisition procedures, handing-over land, and leasing land of Decree No. 01/2017/ND-CP;

 Decree No. 61/2015/ND-CP dated July 07, 2015 regulating policies on assistance in job search and the National Employment Funds;

 Decision No. 63/2015/QD-TTg dated December 10, 2015 on Assistance in Vocational Training and Job Search for People Whose Land is Withdrawn by The State; and

 Decision No. 46/2015/QD-TTg dated September 28, 2015 on Support for Basic Training Courses and Short-Term Training Courses.

3.2.5.2 Provincial Level Regulations

 Decision No. 31/2017/QD-UBND dated 20 November 2017 of Quang Tri Province People’s Committee on regulating Compensation, Support and Resettlement Policies upon land expropriation by the State in Quang Tri Province;

 Decision No. 16/2018/QD-UBND dated 28 August 2018 of Quang Tri Province People’s Committee on amendment and supplement of a number of articles related to Compensation, Support and Resettlement Policies upon land expropriation by the State in Quang Tri Province regulated in Decision No. 31/2017/QD-UBND dated 20 November 2017 of Quang Tri Province People’s Committee;

 Decision No. 49/2019/QD-UBND dated 20 December 2019 of Quang Tri Province People’s Committee on issuing the list of land price in Quang Tri Province which is applied for 5 years (2020- 2024);

 Decision No. 01/2013/QD-UBND dated 20 January 2013 of Quang Tri Province People’s Committee on issuance of unit price for assets are house, architecture and plants applied in Quang Tri Province;

 Decision No 1061/QĐ – UBND dated 10 May 2019 of Quang Tri Province People’s Committee on Land Use Plan in 2019 of Huong Hoa District;

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 Decision No. 2746/QĐ-UBND, dated 11 October, 2017 of Huong Hoa District People’s Committee on adjusting Land Use Plan towards 2020 of Huong Hoa District;

 Document No. 63/HĐND-KTNS dated 15 Mar 2019 by Quang Tri Provincial People’s Council, approving for land acquisition and changing land use purpose for the development of wind and solar farms in the province

 Decision 3759/QĐ-UBND dated 31 Dec 2019 by Quang Tri Provincial People’s Committee on authorizing the approval of specific land price for some cases;

 Notification Letter No. 16/TB-UBND dated 11 Feb 2020 by Huong Hoa District People’s Committee on notifying the land acquisition for Lien Lap Wind Farm Project;

 Decision No. 462/QD-UBND dated 24 Mar 2020 by Huong Hoa District People’s Committee on approval of General Compensation, Support and Resettlement Plan for Lien Lap Wind Farm Project; and Decision 798/QD-UBND dated 28 Apr 2020 by Huong Hoa District People’s Committee on amendments to some articles in the Decision No. 462/QD-UBND;

 Decision No. 645/QD-UBND dated 1 Apr 2020 by Huong Hoa District People’s Committee on approving specific land price for the land acquisition for Lien Lap Wind Farm Project; A typical land compensation, support and resettlement process that complies with Vietnamese regulation includes the following main steps.

Figure 3.2 Land Compensation, Support and Resettlement Process Required in Vietnam Note: Inventory of Loss (IOL) and Detailed Measurement Survey (DMS) are conducted under the presence of members of the CSR Council and affected household’s representative(s). IoL and DMS results will be disclosed to the Project affected persons (PAPs) for review and signature. All DMS results will be collected and sent back to the PC at provincial or district level who is tasked with the CSR process for signing and stamping.

3.2.6 National Regulations on Electricity The Law on Electricity No. 28/2004/QH11 was approved by the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam at its 6th session on December 03, 2004, Decree No. 14/2014/ND-CP dated February 26, 2014 stipulates in detail the implementation of The Law on Electricity, especially regarding electricity safety and Decree No. 51/2020/ND-CP dated April 21, 2020 amending a number of articles

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of the Decree No. 14/2014/ND-CP dated February 26, 2014 stipulates in detail the implementation of The Law on Electricity, especially regarding electricity safety. Its key regulations are as follows: According to Article 12 of Decree No. 14/2014/ND-CP, for any 110kV lines outside cities and towns the distance from the highest point of the trees vertically to the height of the lowest conducting line at the state of maximum deflection must not be less than 3m. In addition, for any 35kV lines outside cities and towns, distance from the highest point of the trees vertically to the height of the lowest bare conducting line and covered conducting line at the state of maximum deflection must not be less than 2m and 0.7m, respectively. In any case where the trees are outside the safety corridor of overhead conducting lines and outside cities, towns etc., the distance from any part of tree when the tree falls to any part of 110kV line and 35kV line must not be less than 1m and 0.7m, respectively. Rice, crops and plants must be planted at least 0.5m from the pole foundation and sleeper; and According to Article 13 of Decree No. 14/2014/ND-CP and Article 1 of Decree No. 51/2020/ND-CP, houses and constructional works are permitted to exist within the safety corridor of overhead conducting lines with voltage up to 110kV if they meet the following conditions: 1) Roof and walls must be made of non-combustible materials; 2) There must be no obstruction of the entry or exit of the house or works during testing, maintenance and replacement of parts of the transmission line; 3) The distance from any part of the house or works to the nearest conducting line when the line is at the state of maximum deflection must not be less than 4m (for conducting line of 110kV) and 3m (for conducting line up to 35kV); 4) The electric field intensity must be less than 5kV/m at any point outside the house or works, and one meter from the ground and less than or equal to 1kV/m at any point inside the house and one meter from the ground.

Figure 3.3 Safety Corridor Required for Transmission Lines Other regulations on electricity in Vietnam include:

 Circular No. 31/2014/TT-BCT dated October 02, 2014 regulating details on electrical safety;

 QCVN 25:2016/BYT – National Technical Regulation on Industrial Frequency Electromagnetic Fields – Permissible Exposure Level of Industrial Frequency Electromagnetic Fields in the Workplace; and

 QCVN 21:2016/BYT – National Technical Regulation on High Frequency Electromagnetic - Permissible Exposure Level of High Frequency Electromagnetic Intensity in the Workplace.

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3.2.7 National Regulations on Grievances Community grievances mechanisms in Vietnam are regulated by the Law on Grievance 2011. Generally, it stipulates that if a person has a grievance they must first submit it to local authorities at the lowest level (commune PC). If their grievance cannot be solved at that level, they are entitled to a second and third submission to authorities of higher administrative levels (i.e., district PC/Court and then provincial PC/ Court).

3.2.8 National regulations on Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Law No. 84/2015/QH13 on occupational safety and hygiene dated June 25, 2015, deals with occupational hygiene and safety assurance, policies and benefits for victims of occupational accidents and occupational diseases (hereinafter referred to as victims), the rights and obligations of organisations or individuals relating to occupational hygiene and safety, and the roles of regulatory agencies in occupational hygiene and safety. In addition to this law, a number of Decrees, Circulars, Decisions and Standards have been issued relating to, health, sanitation and safety. Particularly, Decree No. 39/2016/ND-CP, dated May 15, 2016 and Decree No. 44/2016/ND-CP, dated May 15, 2016 provide guidance on implementation of the Law on Occupational Safety and Hygiene. The employer has the responsibility to fully provide employees with the technical equipment required for labour safety and labour sanitation and to improve their working conditions wherever possible. The employee must follow regulations on labour safety, labour sanitation and the labour regulations of the business. Under the above Decrees, Circular No. 07/2016/TT-BLDTBXH dated May 15, 2016, Circular No. 08/2016/TT-BLDTBXH dated May 15, 2016, Circular No. 19/2016/TT-BYT dated June 20, 2016, etc. were issued to provide instruction on implementation of those Decrees. All organisations and individuals associated with labour and production must observe national legislations on labour safety, labour sanitation and environmental protection.

3.2.9 National Regulations on Chemicals Law No. 06/2007/QH12 sets national requirements on the classification, labelling, packaging, transportation, storage and use of chemicals. For any projects where chemicals listed in Appendix IV of Decree No. 113/2017/ND-CP are used onsite, the project owners are required to i) develop and implement chemical-related incident prevention and response plans and establish safety distances; or ii) develop and implement chemical-related incident prevention and response measures. A list of chemicals subject to conditional production or trading, chemicals restricted from production or trading, as well as banned chemicals were provided in Decree No. 113/2017/ND-CP dated October 09, 2017. Circular No. 32/2017/TT-BCT dated December 28, 2017 under this Decree guides project owners on labelling, packaging, storage and usage of chemicals.. The Stockholm Convention was signed on 22/5/2001 and entered into force on 17/5/2004 with the aim of protecting human health and the environment from the risks of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Vietnam ratified the Stockholm Convention on 22/7/2002 and was the 14th party to the Convention. To implement the Stockholm Convention, Vietnam issued the National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention, under Decision No. 184/2006/QD–TTg dated August 10, 2006 pertaining to safety management, minimisation and eventual elimination of POPs in Vietnam. The Decision meets both the requirements of the Stockholm Convention and Vietnam’s goal of sustainable development.

3.2.10 National Regulations on Fire Prevention and Fire Fighting Law No. 27/2001/QH10 on Fire Prevention and Fighting mandates that every entity has responsibilities in fire prevention and firefighting and that the heads of agencies, organisations and households must support the organisation and regularly inspection of fire prevention and firefighting activities, within the ambit of their respective responsibilities. Fire prevention and firefighting plans for all developments listed in Annex IV of Decree No. 79/2014/ND-CP dated July 31, 2014 of the Government must be prepared,

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appraised, and approved by the relevant authorities before project construction. To have a fire prevention and firefighting plan approved, a dossier must be prepared and submitted to the Fire Police for appraisal and approval, as specified in Article 15 of Decree No. 79/2014/ND-CP.

3.2.11 Regulations on Labour Rights The main legislation in Vietnam relating to labour rights, health and safety is the Labour Code No. 10/2012/QH13 by the Vietnamese National Assembly, effective from 1 January 2021. It stipulates that everyone has the right to work without discrimination based on sex, nationality, social background, beliefs or religion. Maltreatment of an employee and forced labour in any form are strictly forbidden. The government protects workers through its relevant legislation on employment, apprenticeship, labour contracts, collective labour accord, salary, work and break time, labour discipline, material liability, specific provisions for female workers, minors and other types of workers (elderly workers, disabled workers, highly-skilled professionals and technically-skilled workers, employees working for foreign organisations and individuals in Vietnam, foreigners working in Vietnam and Vietnamese employees working abroad, as well as other types of labour), social insurance, trade unions, and settlement of labour disputes.

3.2.12 National Regulations on Ethnic Minorities

 Resolution No. 22/NQ-TW dated 27 November 1989 the Politburo of the Central Committee Communist Party of Vietnam on guidelines and master policies on socio-economic development of mountainous regions;

 Resolution No. 24-NQ/TW by IX Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam dated 12 March 2003 on ethnic minority issues;

 Conclusion No. 65-KL/TW dated 30 October 2019 by the Politburo of the Central Committee Communist Party of Vietnam on continued implementation of Resolution No. 24-NQ/TW;

 Resolution No. 88/2019/QH14 dated 18 November 2019 by the National Assembly on approving the Master Plan of socio-economic development of ethnic minority and mountainous regions in 2021-2030; and

 The Government is formulating the National Target Program of Socio-Economic Development of Ethnic Minority and Mountainous Regions in 2021-2030.

3.3 International Regulatory Framework The Applicable International Standards that will be adopted for this Project are as follows.

3.3.1 Equator Principles III (2013) The Equator Principles (EPs) refer to the environmental and social risk management framework voluntarily adopted by 83 member financial institutions (Equator Principle Financial Institutions (EPFIs)). They are primarily intended to provide a minimum standard for due diligence to support responsible risk decision-making. The EPs were developed by private-sector banks and launched in June 2003. They were first revised in July 2006 and new revisions, known as EP III, took effect on June 4, 2013. The EPs establish voluntary principles for addressing environmental and social risks and issues in global project finance transactions, including adherence to IFC PS. The EPs are designed to serve as a benchmark for the financial industry to manage social and environmental risks in project financing. They apply to all new project financings with total project capital costs of USD10 million or more, across all industry sectors. The Principles (EPs 1 to 10) are:

 Principle 1: Review and Categorisation;

 Principle 2: Environmental and Social Assessment;

 Principle 3: Applicable Environmental and Social Standards;

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 Principle 4: Environmental and Social Management System and Equator Principles Action Plan;

 Principle 5: Stakeholder Engagement;

 Principle 6: Grievance Mechanism;

 Principle 7: Independent Review;

 Principle 8: Covenants;

 Principle 9: Independent Monitoring and Reporting; and

 Principle 10: Reporting and Transparency. The EP III can be found on the Equator Principles website11. Principle 1: Review and Categorisation: the Project is categorised to ensure that the required level of environmental and social due diligence is commensurate with the nature, scale and stage of the Project, and with the level of environmental and social risks and impacts. The categories are:

 Category A – Projects with potential significant adverse environmental and social risks and/or impacts that are diverse, irreversible or unprecedented;

 Category B – Projects with potential limited adverse environmental and social risks and/or impacts that are few in number, generally site-specific, largely reversible and readily addressed through mitigation measures; and

 Category C – Projects with minimal or no adverse environmental and social risks and/or impacts. Principle 2: Environmental and Social Assessment: all Category A and Category B Projects are required to conduct an assessment process to address the relevant environmental and social risks and impacts of the proposed Project. Principle 3: Applicable Environmental and Social Standards: requires that the Project comply with relevant host country laws, regulations and permits that pertain to environmental and social issues. The principle also brings into consideration compliance with the IFC PS on Environmental and Social Sustainability and the World Bank EHS Guidelines. Principles 4 to 7 and Principles 9 and 10 apply to all Category A and, as appropriate, Category B Projects. Principle 8 applies to all Category A and Category B Projects.

3.3.2 ADB Safeguard Policy Statement In July 2009, ADB’s Board of Directors approved the Safeguard Policy statement (SPS) governing the environmental and social safeguards of ADB’s operation. The SPS builds upon ADB’s previous safeguard policies on the Environment, Involuntary Resettlement, and Indigenous Peoples, and brings them into one consolidated policy framework with enhanced consistency and coherence, and more comprehensively address environmental and social impacts and risks. The SPS also provide platform for participation by affected people and other stakeholders in the Project design and implementation. ADB adopts a set of specific safeguard requirements that are required to address environmental and social impacts and risks:

 Safeguard Requirements 1: Environment;

 Safeguard Requirement 2: Involuntary Resettlement;

 Safeguard Requirement 3: Indigenous Peoples; and

 Safeguard Requirements 4: Special Requirements for Different Finance Modalities.

11 https://equator-principles.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/equator_principles_III.pdf (Accessed on April 9, 2020)

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3.3.2.1 General Requirements The Policy Delivery Section (Chapter VB, paras.53-64) lists general requirements that the ADB is obliged to follow in regard to: project screening and classification, information disclosure, consultation and participation, due diligence, monitoring and reporting, local grievance redness mechanism and the Bank’s Accountability Mechanism.

 Project screening and classification: The Policy stipulates that the ADB will undertake project screening as early as possible to i) determine the significance of adverse impacts; (ii) identify the level of assessment and institutional resources required; (iii) determine disclosure requirements (para.50)

 Information disclosure: In line with the ADB’s Access to Information Policy, environment Category A projects’ draft environmental impact assessment must be posted on the ADB’s website 120 days before project approval. For draft environmental assessment and review frameworks, draft resettlement frameworks and/or plans and draft Indigenous Peoples planning frameworks and/or plans, the Policy only stipulates that these documents must be provided by the borrower/client and posted on ADB’s website before project appraisal, as follows: (i) final or updated environmental impact assessments and/or initial environmental examinations, resettlement plans, and Indigenous Peoples plans upon receipt (by the ADB) and ii) environment, involuntary resettlement and Indigenous Peoples monitoring reports submitted by borrowers/clients during project implementation upon receipt (by the ADB).

 Consultation and participation: The Policy states that the ADB “is committed to working with borrowers/clients to put processes of meaningful consultation and participation in place”. Meaningful participation is defined as: (i) beginning early in the project preparation stage and being carried out on an ongoing basis throughout the project cycle; (ii) providing timely disclosure of relevant and adequate information that is accessible to affected people; (iii) being free of intimidation and coercion; (iv) being gender inclusive and responsive; and v) enabling the incorporation of all relevant views of affected people and other stakeholders in decision making (para.54)

 Due diligence and review of safeguard assessments and plans: Due diligence refers to the ADB’s process of assessing safeguard issues through field visits and desk reviews as well as through examining relevant safeguard documents (such as environmental impact assessments, resettlement plans, Indigenous Peoples plans). Through its due diligence processes, the ADB confirms that all potential environmental and social risks are identified. If they cannot be avoided, it ensures that appropriate mitigation measures are identified (SPS, para.56)

 Monitoring and reporting: The monitoring obligations are merely required to be “commensurate with the project’s risks and impacts”. For highly complex and sensitive projects, the ADB requires the borrower/client to engage an independent advisory panel” (SPS, para.57)

 Local grievance redress mechanisms: The Policy requires the borrowers/ client to set up and maintain a grievance redress mechanism at project level (SPS, para.59). This mechanism does not replace the ADB’s accountability mechanism, but is intended to solve grievances at the local level. Affected people can also take complaints to the ADB’s Accountability Mechanism. The Accountability Mechanism Policy merely requires complainants to demonstrate that they have sought to address their complaint with management.

3.3.2.2 Environmental Requirements The main Environmental Safeguard requirements are the followings:

 Categorization and Information disclosure: The Policy uses a categorization system to reflect the significance of a project’s potential environmental impacts. “A project’s category is determined by the category of its most environmentally sensitive component, including direct, indirect, cumulative

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and induced impacts in the project’s area of influence” (SPS, para.50). The following categories exist: - Category A: A proposed project is classified as category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area larger than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. An environmental impact assessment (EIA), including an environmental management plan (EMP), is required. - Category B: A proposed project is classified as category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts are less adverse than those of category A projects. These impacts are site-specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for category A projects. An initial environmental examination (IEE), including an EMP, is required. - Category C: A proposed project is classified as category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. An EIA or IEE is not required, although environmental implications need to be reviewed. - Category FI: A proposed project is classified as category FI if it involves the investment of ADB funds to, or through, a financial intermediary.

 Assessment process: Environmental impacts must be determined in consultation with affected people and concerned non-government organizations (NGOs). For category A projects, the borrower/client is required to undertake an assessment of options that looks at alternatives to the project’s location, design, technology and components. The options assessment will also examine the “no project” alternative. The borrower/client must present the rationale for selecting the particular project details, including a cost-benefit analysis that takes into account environmental costs and benefits of the various alternatives considered (SPS, Appendix 1, para. 4).

 Type of impacts: The types of impacts related to the environment include physical, biological and socioeconomic impacts. These can relate to occupational health and safety; community health and safety; vulnerable groups; gender issues; and impacts on livelihoods and physical cultural resources (SPS, Appendix 1, para. 5).

 Project site/scope: The project site covered by the environmental safeguard provisions in the Policy is defined as: “the primary project site(s) and related facilities that the borrower/client (including its contractors) develops or controls, such as power transmission corridors, pipelines, canals, tunnels, access roads, borrow pits and disposal areas, and construction camps”. This definition also includes: associated facilities that are not funded as part of the project, but “whose viability and existence depends exclusively on the project”; “areas and communities potentially affected by cumulative impacts from further planned development of the project”; and predictable impacts caused by the project “that may occur later or at a different location” (SPS, Appendix 1, para. 6).

 Transboundary impacts: The environmental assessment process must identify potential transboundary effects, such as air pollution and increased use or contamination of international waterways. It must also identify global impacts, such as the impact of greenhouse gases and impacts on endangered species and habitats (SPS, Appendix 1, para. 7).

 Environmental planning and management: If environmental impacts are identified, the borrower/ client is required to prepare an environmental management plan describing how potential impacts and risks will be addressed (SPS, Appendix 1, para. 12).

 Consultation and participation, grievance mechanism: The consultation process and grievance mechanism process follows the same provisions as laid out in the general requirements (see above) (SPS, Appendix 1, paras. 19 and 20).

 Reporting and monitoring: The Policy states that "the extent of monitoring activities will be commensurate with the project’s risks and impacts" (SPS, Appendix 1, para. 21). For Category A

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projects, the borrower/client is required to retain qualified external experts or qualified NGOs to verify its monitoring information. The minimum requirements are semi-annual reports during construction for Category B projects, and quarterly monitoring reports during construction for Category A reports. For projects with likely ongoing impacts during operation, annual monitoring is required. Monitoring reports must be posted in a location accessible to the public (SPS, Appendix 1, paras. 21 & 22).

 Unanticipated environmental impacts: If unanticipated impacts occur during project implementation, the borrower/client is required to update the environmental assessment and environmental management plan or prepare a new assessment and plan (SPS, Appendix 1, para. 23).

 Biodiversity conservation and sustainable natural resource management: This section (SPS, Appendix 1, paras. 24 – 49) contains requirements regarding the following issues: modified habitats; natural habitats; critical habitats; legally protected areas; invasive alien species; management and use of renewable resources; pollution prevention and abatement (resource conservation, energy efficiency, waste, hazardous materials, pesticide use and management, greenhouse gas emissions); health and safety (occupational health and safety and community health and safety); and physical cultural resources (SPS, Appendix 1, para. 24).

3.3.2.3 Involuntary Resettlement Requirements The involuntary resettlement impacts of an ADB – supported project are considered significant if 200 or more persons will be physically displaced from home or lose 10% or more of their productive or income- generating assets For those involving involuntary resettlement, a resettlement plan is prepared that is commensurate with the extent and degree of the impacts: the scope of physical and economic displacement and the vulnerability of the affected persons. The ADB Safeguard Policy identified Project categories in term of Involuntary Resettlement is summarized below:

 Category A: A proposed project is classified as Category A if it is likely to have significant involuntary resettlement impacts. A resettlement plan, which includes assessment of social impacts, is required.

 Category B: A proposed project is classified as Category B if it includes involuntary resettlement impacts that are not deemed significant. A resettlement plan, which includes assessment of social impacts, is required.

 Categories C: A proposed project is classified as Category C if it has no involuntary resettlement impacts. No further action is required.

 Categories FI: A proposed project is classified as Catergory FI if it involves the investment of ADB funds to, or through, a financial intermediary.

3.3.2.4 Indigenous Peoples Requirements The impacts of an ADB-supported project on Indigenous peoples is determined by assessing the magnitude of impact in terms of

 Customary rights of use and access to land and natural resources;

 Socioeconomic status;

 Cultural and communal integrity;

 Health, education, livelihood and social security status; and

 The recognition of indigenous knowledge; and

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 The level of vulnerability of the affected Indigenous Peoples community The ADB Safeguard Policy identified Project categories in term of Involuntary Resettlement is summarized below:

 Category A: A proposed project is classified as Category A if it is likely to have significant impacts on Indigenous Peoples. An Indigenous Peoples plan (IPP), including assessment of social impacts, is required.

 Category B: A proposed project is classified as Category B if it is likely to have limited impacts on Indigenous Peoples. An IPP, including assessment of social impacts, is required.

 Category C: A proposed project is classified as Category C if it is not expected to have impacts on Indigenous Peoples. No further action is required.

 Category FI: A proposed project is classified as Catergory FI if it involves the investment of ADB funds to, or through, a financial intermediary.

3.3.3 ADB Social Protection Strategy (2001) The Social Protection Strategy was approved by ADB on September 13, 2001. It is defined as the set of policies and programs designed to reduce poverty and vulnerability by promoting efficient labour markets, diminishing people's exposure to risks, and enhancing their capacity to protect themselves against hazards and interruption/ loss of income. The SPS spells out the scope of social protection and commitment of the ADB to develop priority interventions in five major elements:

 labour market policies and programs designed to generate employment, improve working conditions and promote the efficient operations;

 social insurance programs to cushion the risks associated with unemployment, ill health, disability, work-related injury and old age;

 social assistance and welfare service programs for the vulnerable groups with inadequate means of support, including single mothers, the homeless, or physically or mentally challenged people;

 micro and area-based schemes to address vulnerability at the community level, including micro insurance, agricultural insurance, social funds and programs to manage natural disasters; and

 child protection to ensure the healthy and productive development of children

3.3.4 ADB Gender and Development Policy (1998) ADB Gender and Development Policy, which was approved in 1998, is the guiding framework for gender and development activities. The Policy adopts gender mainstreaming as the key strategy for promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment across the full range of ADB operations—from country partnership strategies to the design and implementation of gender-inclusive projects and programs. The key elements of ADB’s policy will include gender sensitivity, gender analysis, gender planning, mainstreaming, and agenda setting. To operationalize the policy, ADB’s focus of activities will be to:

 provide assistance to its developing member countries (DMCs) in the areas of policy support, capacity building, GAD awareness, and formulation and implementation of policies and programs directed at improving the status of women;

 facilitate gender analysis of proposed projects, including program and sector loans, and ensure that gender issues are considered at all the appropriate stages of the project cycle, including identification, preparation, appraisal, implementation, and evaluation;

 promote increased GAD awareness within ADB through training workshops and seminars, development of suitable approaches, and staff guidelines to implement the policy on GAD;

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 assist the DMCs in implementing commitments made at the Beijing World Conference on Women; and

 explore opportunities to directly address some of the new and emerging issues for women in the region

3.3.5 Access to Information Policy (2018) The policy aims to promote stakeholder trust in ADB and to increase the development impact of ADB activities. It reflects ADB’s commitment to transparency, accountability, and participation by stakeholders in ADB-supported development activities in Asia and the Pacific. It also recognizes the right of people to seek, receive, and impart information about ADB’s operations. The policy applies to documents and information that ADB produces, requires to be produced by its borrowers or clients, or are produced and provided to ADB by other parties in the course of ADB operations.

3.3.6 ADB Accountability Mechanism Policy (2012) ADB’s Accountability Mechanism provides a forum where people adversely affected by ADB – assisted projects can voice and seek solutions to their problems and report alleged noncompliance with ADB’s operational policies and procedures. It consists of two separate but complementary functions: the problem solving function and the compliance review function. The objective of the Accountability Mechanism Policy (2012) is to be accountable to people for ADB- assisted projects as a last resort mechanism.

3.3.7 JICA’s Environmental and Social Guidelines The latest Environmental and Social Guidelines of Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) were issued on April 01, 2010 and came into effect from July 01, 2010. The guidelines were consolidated from different guidelines for environmental and social considerations used by former Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) and JICA. The objectives of the guidelines are to encourage Project proponents to have appropriate consideration for environmental and social impacts and examination of environmental and social considerations are conducted accordingly. The guidelines outline JICA’s responsibilities and procedures, along with its requirements for project proponents in order to facilitate the achievement of these objectives. In doing so, JICA endeavours to ensure transparency, predictability, and accountability in its support for and examination of environmental and social considerations. In these guidelines, JICA has created clear requirements regarding environmental and social considerations that the project proponents must meet. In particular, the project is required to incorporate the output of environmental and social considerations studies into project planning and decision-making processes. The following is seven principles that are considered very important by JICA:

 A wide range of environmental and social impacts must be addressed;

 Measures for environmental and social considerations must be implemented from an early stage to a monitoring stage;

 Accountability and transparency must be ensured when implementing cooperation projects;

 Stakeholder opinions must be included into decision-making processes regarding environmental and social considerations;

 JICA itself discloses information on environmental and social considerations in collaboration with project proponents in order to ensure accountability and to promote the participation of various stakeholders;

 JICA makes efforts to enhance the comprehensive capacity of organizations and operations in order for project proponents to have appropriate and effective consideration for environmental and social factors at all times; and

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 JICA addresses request of acceleration for the prompt implementation of projects while undertaking environmental and social considerations

3.3.8 IFC’s Performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability (2012) In April 2006, the IFC, a member of the World Bank Group, released a set of Performance Standards (PS) based upon the original World Bank Group Safeguard Policies, which recognised further the specific issues associated with private sector projects. The IFC PS have been broadened to include issues such as greenhouse gases, human rights, community health, and safety and security. A revised set of PS came into force on January 1, 2012. The complete list of IFC PS is provided in Figure 3.4 and more details can be found on the IFC website12.

Source: IFC, 2019

Figure 3.4 IFC Performance Standards

3.3.9 World Bank General EHS Guidelines (2007) Supplementing the IFC PS are the General EHS Guidelines that were released in April 2007. The EHS Guidelines are technical reference documents with general and industry-specific examples of Good International Industry Practice (GIIP). They are categorised by environment, occupational and community health and safety, and construction and decommissioning. The General EHS Guidelines are designed to be used together with the relevant Industry Sector EHS Guidelines, which provide guidance to users on EHS issues within specific industry sectors.

3.3.9.1 World Bank EHS Guidelines for Electric Power Transmission and Distribution (2007) The EHS Guidelines for Electric Power Transmission and Distribution include information relevant to power transmission between a generation facility and a substation located within an electricity grid, in addition to power distribution from a substation to consumers located in residential, commercial, and industrial areas.

12http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/Topics_Ext_Content/IFC_External_Corporate_Site/IFC+Sustainability/Sustainability+Fra mework/Sustainability+Framework+-+2012/Performance+Standards+and+Guidance+Notes+2012/ . The Guidance Note of PS6 is the basis of the Critical Habitat Assessment for this project.

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The EHS Guidelines for Electric Power Transmission and Distribution are organised in the following sections:

 Section 1.0 — Industry-Specific Impacts and Management

 Section 2.0 — Performance Indicators and Monitoring

 Section 3.0 — References and Additional Sources

 Annex A — General Description of Industry Activities

3.3.9.2 World Bank EHS Guidelines for Wind Energy The EHS Guidelines for Wind Energy include information relevant to environmental, health, and safety aspects of onshore and offshore wind energy facilities. It should be applied to wind energy facilities from the earliest feasibility assessments, as well as from the time of the environmental impact assessment, and continue to be applied throughout the construction and operational phases.

3.3.10 IFC and EBRD’s Guidance Note on Workers’ Accommodation: Processes and Standards This guidance was issued by IFC and EBRD to provide specific and practical guidance on appropriate policies and standards relating to workers’ accommodation, which is required in IFC Performance Standard 2 and EBRD Performance Requirement 2. The Guidance Note on Workers’ Accommodation is organised in the following sections:

 Section I: Planning and assessing requirements for workers’ accommodation. This section provides guidance on assessing the need for workers’ accommodation, assessing potential impacts of workers’ accommodation on communities, and types of workers’ accommodation; and

 Section II: Standards for and management of workers’ accommodation. This section provides instruction on standards applicable to a project, including national/ local standards as well as international standards and good practices on general living facilities; sanitary facilities; canteen, cooking and laundry facilities; and nutrition and food safety.

3.4 International Conventions

3.4.1 The Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change (UNFCC) Vietnam became a signatory to the UNFCC in 1998 with full accession in 2002. This obligates Vietnam to assure that future development in the country meets the conditions of the Convention. Relevant to this project are the requirements associated with the potential generation of greenhouse gas. Further conditions of relevance include:

 Enhancement of energy efficiency in relevant sectors;

 Protection and enhancement of sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases;

 Promotion of sustainable forest management practices, afforestation and reforestation;

 Promotion of sustainable forms of agriculture;

 Implementation of measures to limit and/ or reduce emissions of greenhouse gases; and

 Limitation and/ or reduction in methane emissions.

3.4.2 The United Nations Convention on Biodiversity 1992 This Convention seeks to conserve biodiversity and promote its sustainable use. It requires the identification and monitoring of the biodiversity in an area and adopting the necessary conservation measure. Vietnam became party to this Convention in 1994.

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3.4.3 The Basel Convention 1989 This was developed under the auspices of the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) in response to the growing worldwide awareness of the problem of international traffic in hazardous waste. The Basel Convention 1989 is the first and foremost global environmental treaty that strictly regulates the trans-boundary movement of hazardous wastes. It obligates parties to ensure environmentally sound management, especially during the disposal process. The objectives of the Convention are to:

 Ensure that waste is disposed of as near as possible to the place or source of its generation;

 Reduce trans-boundary waste and where it cannot be avoided, to be disposed of in an environmentally sound and efficient manner; and

 Provide assistance to developing countries in the management of hazardous waste and the generation.

 The Convention places a ban on the export of hazardous waste from Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries to non-OECD countries.

3.4.4 International Union for Conservation of Natural and Natural Resources, Red List of Threatened Species The IUCN Red List, in 1964, was founded in order to provide a comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species, and to set of precise criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. These criteria are applicable to all species and all regions of the world. Following the guidelines of the IUCN Red List, Vietnam’s Red List was produced in 1992, updated in 2007, and has been an effective guideline for conservation of extinction species in Vietnam.

3.4.5 The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples was adopted on September 13, 2007. Currently, the Declaration is the most comprehensive international instrument on the rights of Indigenous Peoples. It establishes a universal framework of minimum standards for the survival, dignity and well-being of the Indigenous Peoples of the world and it elaborates on existing human rights standards and fundamental freedoms as they apply to the specific situation of Indigenous Peoples.

3.4.6 International Covenant on Economic, Cultural and Social Rights The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights is a multilateral treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 16, 1966 and came in force from 3 January 1976. It commits its parties to work toward the granting of economic, social, and cultural rights, including labour rights and the right to health, the right to education, and the right to an adequate standard of living.

3.4.7 The International Labour Organization’s Labor Standards The international labour standards developed and adopted by The International Labour Organization (ILO) sets out basic principles and rights at work. They are conventions which are legally binding international treaties that may be ratified by member states. The eight fundamental Conventions of ILO are:

 Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948;

 Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949;

 Forced Labour Convention, 1930;

 Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957;

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 Minimum Age Convention, 1973;

 Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999;

 Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951; and

 Discrimination Convention, 1958. Vietnam has been a member of ILO since 1994. Afterwards, labour management regulations in Vietnam have also been developed, updated and issued to ensure the alignment with requirements of the above convention. Therefore, local regulations on labour management, together with above conventions are requirements applicable to a project developed in Vietnam

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4. IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY

4.1 Introduction This section presents the methodology used to conduct this IESE, which follows the approach illustrated in Figure 4.1. This IESE has been undertaken following a systematic process that: evaluates the potential impacts the Project could have on aspects of the physical, biological, social/socio-economic and cultural environment; identifies preliminary measures that the Project will take to avoid, minimise/reduce, mitigate, offset or compensate for potential adverse impacts; and identifies measures to enhance potential positive impacts where possible.

Source: ERM, 2019

Figure 4.1 Process for Producing an IESE This section also details the methodology used for the collection and analysis of primary and secondary data used in this report. Primary and secondary information from the Project Owner, government sources, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and other Project-related stakeholders have been collected to support the preparation of this report.

4.2 Screening At the initial stage of this IESE, preliminary information was provided to aid in the determination of what legal and other requirements should be applied to the Project. This step was completed utilising a high- level description of the Project and its associated facilities.

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4.3 Scoping Scoping has been undertaken to delineate the potential Area of Influence for the Project (and thus the appropriate Study Area), and to identify potential interactions between the Project and resources/receptors in the Area of Influence (i.e., identifying the potential impacts that could result from these interactions). It also helps in developing and selecting alternatives to proposed action and in identifying the issues to be considered in this IESE. The content of this IESE report has been prepared according to the output from the scoping process, which is further detailed in Chapter 5.

4.4 Project Description In order to set out the scope of the Project features and activities, with particular reference to the aspects which have the potential to impact the environment, a Project Description has been prepared. Details of the Project facilities’ design characteristics, as well as planned and possible unplanned Project activities, are provided in Chapter 2 of this IESE Report.

4.5 Baseline Conditions To provide the context within which the impacts of the Project can be assessed, a description of physical, biological, social/socio-economic and cultural conditions that would be expected to prevail in the absence of the Project is presented. The Baseline includes information on all resources/receptors that were identified during scoping as having the potential to be significantly affected by the Project. The baseline characterisation is reported in Chapter 7 and Chapter 8 of this IESE Report.

4.6 Stakeholder Engagement An effective IESE Process requires engagement with relevant stakeholders throughout the key stages. This assists in understanding stakeholder views on the Project and in identifying issues that should be taken into account in the prediction and evaluation of impacts. Details of the Stakeholder Engagement activities undertaken for this Project to date are presented in Chapter 6 of this IESE Report.

4.7 Impact Assessment (IA) Impact identification and assessment starts with scoping and continues throughout the remainder of the IESE Process. The main IESE steps are summarised below and comprise of: Potential Impact Identification: to determine what could potentially happen to resources/receptors as a consequence of the Project and its associated activities; Impact Evaluation: to evaluate the significance of the predicted impacts by considering their magnitude and likelihood of occurrence, and the sensitivity, value and/or importance of the affected resource/receptor; Management and Mitigation Enhancement Measures: to identify appropriate and justified measures to mitigate potential negative impacts and enhance potential positive impacts; and Residual Impact Evaluation: to evaluate the significance of potential impacts assuming effective implementation of mitigation and enhancement measures.

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Source: ERM, 2019

Figure 4.2 IA Process

4.7.1 Prediction of Impacts Prediction of impacts is essentially an objective exercise to determine what is likely to happen to the environment as a consequence of the Project and its associated activities. From the potentially significant interactions identified during the Scoping phase, the impacts to the various resources/receptors are elaborated and evaluated. The diverse range of potential impacts considered in the IESE Process typically results in a wide range of prediction methods being used, including quantitative, semi-quantitative and qualitative techniques.

4.7.2 Evaluation of Impacts Once the identification of potential impacts is complete, each potential impact is described in terms of its various relevant characteristics (e.g. type, scale, duration, frequency, extent). The terminology and designations used to describe impact characteristics are shown in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1 Impact Characteristic Terminology

Characteristic Definition Designations

Type A descriptor indicating the relationship of the Direct potential impact to the Project (in terms of cause Indirect and effect). Induced Extent The “reach” of the potential impact (e.g., confined to Local a small area around the Project footprint, projected Regional for several kilometres, etc.). International Duration The time period over which a resource / receptor is Temporary potentially affected. Short-term Long-term

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Characteristic Definition Designations Scale The size of the potential impact (e.g. the size of the [no fixed designations; intended to be a area with the potential to be damaged or impacted, numerical value or a qualitative the fraction of a resource that could potentially be description of “intensity”] lost or affected, etc.) Frequency A measure of the constancy or periodicity of the [no fixed designations; intended to be a potential impact. numerical value or a qualitative description]

The definitions for the type designations are shown in Table 4.2. Definitions for the other designations are resource/receptor-specific, and are discussed in the resource/receptor-specific IA chapters presented later in this IESE.

Table 4.2 Impact Type Definitions

Type Definition

Direct Potential impacts that result from a direct interaction between the Project and a resource/receptor (e.g. between occupation of a plot of land and the habitats which are affected).

Indirect Potential impacts that follow on from the direct interactions between the Project and its environment as a result of subsequent interactions within the environment (e.g. viability of a species population resulting from loss of part of a habitat as a result of the Project occupying a plot of land).

Induced Potential impacts that result from other activities (which are not part of the Project) that happen as a consequence of the Project (e.g. influx of camp followers resulting from the importation of a large Project workforce).

The above characteristics and definitions apply to planned and unplanned events. An additional characteristic that pertains only to unplanned events is likelihood. The likelihood of an unplanned event occurring is designated using a qualitative scale, as described in Table 4.3.

Table 4.3 Definitions for Likelihood Designations

Likelihood Definition

Unlikely The event is unlikely but may occur at some time during normal operating conditions.

Possible The event is likely to occur at some time during normal operating conditions.

Likely The event will occur during normal operating conditions (i.e., it is essentially inevitable).

Once impact characteristics are defined, the next step in the IA phase is to assign each potential impact a ‘magnitude’. Magnitude is typically a function of some combination (depending on the resource/receptor in question) of the following impact characteristics:

 Extent;

 Duration;

 Scale;

 Frequency; and

 Likelihood (for unplanned event). Magnitude essentially describes the intensity of the change that is predicted to occur in the resource/receptor as a result of the potential impact. The magnitude designations themselves are universally consistent, but the definitions for these designations vary depending on the resource/receptor. The universal magnitude designations are:

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 Positive;

 Negligible;

 Small;

 Medium; and

 Large. In the case of a potential positive impact, no magnitude designation (aside from ‘positive’) is assigned. It is considered sufficient for the purpose of the IESE to indicate that the Project is expected to result in a potential positive impact, without characterising the exact degree of positive change likely to occur. In the case of potential impacts resulting from unplanned events, the same resource/receptor-specific approach to concluding a magnitude designation is utilised. However, the ‘likelihood’ factor is considered, together with the other impact characteristics, when assigning a magnitude designation. In addition to characterising the magnitude of impact, the other principal impact evaluation step is definition of the sensitivity/vulnerability/importance of the impacted resource/receptor. There are a range of factors to be taken into account when defining the sensitivity/vulnerability/importance of the resource/receptor, which may be physical, biological, cultural or human. Other factors may also be considered, such as legal protection, government policy, stakeholder views and economic value. As in the case of magnitude, the sensitivity/vulnerability/importance designations themselves are universally consistent, but the definitions for these designations vary on a resource/receptor basis. The sensitivity/vulnerability/importance designations used herein for all resources/receptors are:

 Low;

 Medium; and

 High. Once magnitude of impact and sensitivity/vulnerability/importance of resource/receptor have been characterised, the significance can be assigned to each impact. Impact significance is designated using the matrix shown in Table 4.4.

Table 4.4 Impact Significance

Sensitivity/Vulnerability/Importance of Resource/Receptor

Low Medium High

Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible

Small Negligible Minor Moderate

Medium Minor Moderate Major

Large Moderate Major Major Magnitude Impact of

The matrix applies universally to all resources/receptors, and all impacts to these resources/receptors, as the resource/receptor-specific considerations are factored into the assignment of magnitude and sensitivity/vulnerability/importance designations that enter into the matrix. The context for what the various impact significance ratings signify is presented in the box below. It is important to note that impact prediction and evaluation take into account any embedded controls (i.e., physical or procedural controls that are already planned as part of the Project design, regardless of the results of the IESE Process). This helps avoid a situation where an impact is assigned a magnitude based on a hypothetical version of the Project that considers none of the embedded controls.

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4.7.4 Residual Impact Evaluation Once mitigation and enhancement measures are declared, the next step in the IESE Process is to assign residual impact significance. This is essentially a repeat of the IA steps discussed above, considering the implementation of the proposed mitigation and enhancement measures.

4.7.5 Management, Monitoring and Audit The final stage of the IESE Process is defining the basic management and monitoring measures that are needed to identify whether: a) impacts or their associated Project components remain in conformance with applicable standards; and b) mitigation measures are effectively addressing impacts and compensatory measures and offsets are reducing effects to the extent predicted. A Register of Commitments, which is a summary of all actions the Project Proponent has committed to executing, with respect to environmental/social/health performance for the Project, is also included as part of this Report. The Register of Commitments includes mitigation measures, compensatory measures and offsets, and management and monitoring activities.

4.8 Cumulative Impact According to IFC 2013, “Cumulative impacts (CI) are those that result from the successive, incremental, and/or combined effects of an action, project, or activity when added to other existing, planned, and/or reasonably anticipated future ones”. According to the IFC (IFC 2013), the assessment and management of cumulative impacts is necessary when the Project and other developments under consideration could contribute to generating cumulative impacts on valued environmental and social component. In order to gain an understanding of the projects overall contribution to impacts, a cumulative impact assessment (CIA) was undertaken. Whilst total cumulative impacts due to multiple projects within a given area should be identified within government- led spatial planning efforts, the Project owner needs to determine the degree to which it is contributing to these overall cumulative impacts. In this regards, the objectives of the CIA are twofold:

 Determine if the cumulative impacts caused by the Project and other existing or predictable future projects would threaten the sustainability of valuable environmental component (VEC) in the area; and

 Develop mitigation measures to prevent unacceptable conditions of VECs. The measures could include additional mitigation measures for Project and also additional mitigation measures for other existing or predictable future projects in the area. The IESE and CIA are prepared based on similar logical framework, analytical process and tools. Unlike the IESE that centres on the Project as a source of impacts, the CIA focuses on VECs under influence from different projects (Figure 4.3). In a CIA, the overall resulting condition of the VEC and its related viability are assessed. This CIA closely follows the six (6) steps of the IFC Guidance (IFC 2013), as shown in Figure 4.4. IFC Guidance takes into consideration the limitations that a private developer may face carrying out a CIA as part of an IESE, or difficulties encountered in compiling such information. The limitations applicable to this CIA include:

 Incomplete information about other projects and activities (e.g. the information is not available in the public domain);

 Uncertainty with respect to the implementation of future projects; and

 Difficulty in establishing thresholds or limits of acceptable change for VECs, and therefore the significance of cumulative impacts.

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IESE: Project-Centred Perspective CIA: VEC-Centred Perspective

Figure 4.3 IESE and CIA Analysis (IFC 2013)

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Figure 4.4 Six-Step Approach for CIA (IFC 2013)

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4.9 Risk assessment for Unplanned Events To evaluate potential impacts from unplanned events, a risk-based approach is used to define: 1) the most likely unplanned events leading to environmental, social and/or community health impacts; and 2) those unplanned events with the most significant potential environmental, social and/or community health impacts overall. Impact significance for unplanned events is therefore determined by evaluating the combination of likelihood and consequence.

4.9.1 Assess the Scale of Consequence Indicative levels of consequence for potential impacts from unplanned events can be defined for the physical, biological, and social environment as provided below.

Table 4.5 Indicative Levels of Consequence for Potential Impacts from Unplanned Events

Incidental Minor Moderate Major Severe

Physical Impacts such as Impacts such as Impacts such as Impacts such as Exceedance of Environment localised or short widespread, widespread, long- significant, widespread environmental term effects or short-term term effects on and persistent standards and environmental impacts to environmental changes in fine/ media, meeting all environmental media, meeting all environmental media prosecution environmental media, meeting environmental OR standards all standards Exceedance of environmental environmental standards standards

Biological Impacts such as Impacts such as Impacts such as Impacts such as Impacts such Environment localised or short localised, long localised but significant, widespread as persistent term effects on term irreversible habitat and persistent reduction in habitat or species degradation of loss or changes in habitat or ecosystem sensitive habitat widespread, long- species function on a or widespread, term effects on landscape scale short-term habitat or species or significant impacts to disruption of a habitat or sensitive species species.

Social Slight, temporary, Temporary (<1 Adverse specific Adverse long-term, Adverse long- Environment adverse impact on year), adverse impacts on multiple impacts at a term, varied a few individuals impacts on multiple individuals community level, but and diverse community that can be restoration possible. impacts at a which are within restored in <1 year OR community level international or higher – OR One or more severe health standards restoration injuries to a member One or more unlikely. OR of the public including injuries, not permanently disabling Fatalities of severe. injuries. public.

4.9.2 Assess the Likelihood For the purposes of assessment, the likelihood of an unplanned event occurring can be classified as follows: 1 - Remote, not known in the industry;

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2 - Very unlikely, known of in the industry; 3 - Unlikely, may occur once or more in life of the Project; 4 - Likely, may occur once or twice per year; 5 - Expected, may occur more than twice per year.

4.9.3 Assess the Significance The consequences and likelihood of potential unplanned events are combined to determine the overall impact significance using the risk matrix shown in Table 4.6. For potential impacts that are determined to have an impact significance of Moderate or Major, risk reduction measures are identified; these can include measures that reduce the likelihood of the event from occurring (i.e. preventive barriers), those that reduce the consequences on sensitive receptors/resources if the event were to occur (i.e. mitigation or recovery measures), and those that affect the likelihood and consequence.

Table 4.6 Risk Matrix for Potential Unplanned Events

Likelihood of Occurrence

1 2 3 4 5

Incidental Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible

Minor Negligible Minor Minor Minor Moderate

Moderate Minor Minor Moderate Moderate Major

Major Moderate Moderate Major Major Major

Consequence Severe Major Major Major Major Major

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5. IESE SCREENING AND SCOPING

5.1 Screening Result At the initial stage of the IESE process, preliminary information was provided to support in the determination of the legal and other requirements apply to the Project. This step was conducted utilizing a high level description of the Project. The screening process involved the following:

 Reviewing of applicable regulatory framework for the Project;

 Reviewing of available Project related activities and their impacts on various components of environment;

 Collection and compilation of available secondary baseline data from different sources; and

 Categorization of Project as per ADB Safeguard Policy.

 For the screening step, ERM undertook discussion with the Project team and review the available documents provided by Client. The following Project categorization by ADB Safeguard Policy was presented in this section below. Environment ADB uses a classification system to reflect the significance of a project’s potential environmental impacts. A project’s category is determined by the category of its most environmentally sensitive component, including direct, indirect, cumulative, and induced impacts in the project’s area of influence. Each proposed project is scrutinized as to its type, location, scale, and sensitivity and the magnitude of its potential environmental impacts. Projects are assigned to one of the following four categories: Category A. A proposed project is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area larger than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. An environmental impact assessment (EIA), including an environmental management plan (EMP), is required. Category B. The proposed project’s potential adverse environmental impacts are site-specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for category A projects. An initial environmental examination (IEE), including an EMP, is required. Category C. A proposed project is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. An EIA or IEE is not required, although environmental implications need to be reviewed. Category FI. A proposed project involves the investment of ADB funds to or through a financial intermediary. The financial intermediary must apply and maintain an environmental and social management system, unless all of the financial intermediary's business activities have minimal or no environmental impacts or risks. Project category justification From the impact assessment chapter below, Environmental and social impacts of the Project during the construction phase will increase noise level, changes in air quality, impacts on water quality, impacts on soil erosion, terrestrial ecology, community health and safety, occupational health and safety, etc. during the construction phase and operational impacts on water quality that relates mainly on residual impacts from construction, impacts from shadow flicker, traffic impacts, birds/ bats impacts. Most of these impacts are limited to the wind farm components and their immediate vicinity and can be minimized through application of mitigation measures as proposed in the ESMP. As such the environmental impact of the Project is categorized as B. Involuntary Resettlement The involuntary resettlement impacts of an ADB-supported project are considered significant if 200 or more persons will be physically displaced from home or lose 10% or more of their productive or income- generating assets. Projects are classified into the following four categories:

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Category A. A proposed project is likely to have significant involuntary resettlement impacts. A resettlement plan, which includes assessment of social impacts, is required. Category B. A proposed project includes involuntary resettlement impacts that are not deemed significant. A resettlement plan, which includes assessment of social impacts, is required. Category C. A proposed project has no involuntary resettlement impacts. No further action is required. Category FI. A proposed project involves the investment of ADB funds to or through a financial intermediary. The financial intermediary must apply and maintain an environmental and social management system, unless all of the financial intermediary's business activities are unlikely to generate involuntary impacts. Project category justification Land acquisition for the Project was government-led and involuntary process with gaps against ADB SPS Safeguard Requirement (SR) 2. A Land Acquisition Audit report was conducted for the Project to identify and analyse the gaps. Total number of economically affected households by the Lien Lap Project is 100 households; in which the number of households losing 10% production land or more is 22 households (120 people). It was also confirmed that was no physical displacement for this Project. Therefore the Project is classified as Category B as per ADB SPS SR 2 for Involuntary Resettlement. Indigenous Peoples The impacts of an ADB-supported project on Indigenous Peoples is determined by assessing the magnitude of impact in terms of customary rights of use and access to land and natural resources; socioeconomic status; cultural and communal integrity; health, education, livelihood, and social security status; and the recognition of indigenous knowledge; and the level of vulnerability of the affected Indigenous Peoples community. Projects are classified into the following four categories: Category A. A proposed project is likely to have significant impacts on Indigenous Peoples. An Indigenous Peoples plan (IPP), including assessment of social impacts, is required. Category B. A proposed project is likely to have limited impacts on Indigenous Peoples. An IPP, including assessment of social impacts, is required. Category C. A proposed project is not expected to have impacts on Indigenous Peoples. No further action is required. Category FI. A proposed project involves the investment of ADB funds to or through a financial intermediary. The financial intermediary must apply and maintain an environmental and social management system, unless all of the financial intermediary's business activities unlikely to have impacts on Indigenous Peoples. The social impact assessment conducted by ERM in June-August 2018 has, in consultation with ethnic minority communities (EM) in project areas, identified the project-affected EM and identify potential impacts of the proposed project on them. ADB SPS SR 3 defines Indigenous Peoples as a distinct social and cultural group possessing the following characteristics in varying degrees:

 Self-identification as members of a distinct indigenous cultural group and recognition of this identity by others;

 Collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories in the project area and to the natural resources in these habitats and territories;

 Customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions that are separate from those of the mainstream society or culture; and

 A distinct language or dialect, often different from the official language or languages of the country or region in which they reside.

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Observations from the survey and background research to date specific to these characteristics are described in the below table. The four characteristics are evaluated independently, and no characteristic weighs more than the others.

Table 5.1 Characteristics of the Van Kieu Ethnic

No Characteristics The Van Kieu ethnic group Determined (Yes/No)

1 Self- Van Kieu people have their own language, scripts and unique culture Yes identification although they have integrated well to the larger Kinh community. Van Kieu ethnic group has particular ethnic features and their identity is normally recognized by other ethnic groups.

2 Collective Van Kieu ethnic group is one of three indigenous ethnic minorities Yes attachment residing in the mountainous areas of Quang Tri and Thua Thien Hue provinces. In the past, the Bru people had settled in the Central Laos. Later, due to historical changes, they had to migrate to other places, including some to the east to settle down in the West of Quang Tri province where they set up their villages around the mountain called Van Kieu, which popularly pronounced as Van Kieu. According to the interview with local authorities at commune level, the Van Kieu people have inhabited and attached to the mountainous area of Quang Tri province for approximately 10 generations.

3 Customary Van Kieu people have distinct cultural practices such as community Yes institutions organization, including the patriarch system, house style, ceremony and festival, belief (Sacred Forest) and blowing rituals as described in sections above.

4 Distinct Van Kieu people have their own language and scripts which is different Yes language from the official language of Vietnam. Though they are also proficient in official language, they often interact with each other in their language.

Conclusion From the above analysis, it is concluded that the Van Kieu people is considered as IPs as this ethnic minority group fulfils all four characteristics mentioned in ADB SPS SR 3.

Project category justification Van Kieu People has lived in this area for a long time and they are identified as a forest/natural resource and land dependant community. Through the observation and interview with the local people and local authority during the site survey, it is recognized that this People rely very much on the natural resources for subsistence, medicine and livelihoods. Disaggregating the main livelihood structure by ethnicity shows that that land-based livelihoods are predominant in the Van Kieu group with 93.6% of surveyed people being farmers while Kinh people are engaged in diverse livelihoods. Agriculture production contributes to more than 60% of their household income). Construction and operation activities of the project (e.g., site clearance, transportation route, air pollution, noise and dust, and shadow flicker) were also assessed to cause limited adverse impacts to the Van Kieu ethnic minorities. The project will also entail positive impacts as it will open up socioeconomic opportunities and improve community infrastructure. The Project is therefore classified as Category B. As such, as required by ADB, an IPP, including assessment of social impacts and resource requirements for addressing impact, is required.

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Gender Mainstreaming The projects of ADB have four gender mainstreaming categories:

 Category I: gender equity as a theme (GEN);

 Category II: effective Gender mainstreaming (EGM);

 Category III: some gender elements (SGE); and

 Category IV: no gender elements (NGE).

 Project Gender Mainstreaming Category Justification The Project is classified as Effective Gender Mainstreaming. The socio-economic baseline included:

 review of current gender policies, institutions and programs;

 gender analysis in labour division, household decision making and community participation;

 gender disaggregated data;

 men and women’s participation and voices; and

 vulnerable women. Gender sensitive issues were highlighted in the impact assemments, and gender designed measures were proposed in developing environmental and social management plans. To facilitate and ensure women's participation and access to project benefits, specific gender design features were included in project outputs and/or components, such as the LREMDP and CDP. A Gender Action Plan was prepared, including the following: (i) targets for female workers during construction and operation; (ii) increase in the proportion of female managers; (iii) development of an anti-sexual harassment policy; (iv) training of staff on the new anti-sexual harassment policy; and (v) inclusion of women from the local community, for the first time, in the company’s vocational training on wind power operation and management.

5.2 Scoping Scoping has been undertaken to identify the potential Area of Influence, potential interactions between the Project activities and environmental and social resources or receptors in the Area of Influence. This was based on (i) the project information currently available at the time of the IESE preparation process and it should be noted that the project description in Chapter 2 remains the most up to date outline of the project activities; (ii) the baseline information collected at the scoping time and (iii) the experience gained in similar projects constructed in similar environmental and socioeconomic contexts. The IESE covers the following project elements which have been described in details in Chapter 2, including:

 Site preparation (site clearance, excavation and levelling), fencing, and civil works

 Wind turbine transportation and construction;

 Construction of Wind turbine foundation, transmission line pylons, internal road;

 Wind turbine installation;

 Wind turbine operation, maintenance and decommissioning; and

 Supporting facilities such as the concrete batching plant and auxiliary works.

5.2.1 Scoping Results The scoping exercise is intended to ensure that the IA focuses on those issues that are most important for design, decision-making and stakeholder interests. Table 5.2 presents the resources/receptors considered during scoping.

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Table 5.2 Resources/Receptors Considered during Scoping

Resources/Receptors Impacts

Environmental

Terrestrial vegetation Changes to vegetation population, health, species abundance and diversity and impact on endangered and economic species, food chain effects

Avifauna species Impacts on endangered and economic species, food chain effects

Air Emissions of NOx, SOx, PM, CO.

Water resource (Surface Changes to physical, chemical or biological quality of rivers, lakes, and other water and Groundwater) surface water bodies. Introduction of exotic species; changes in habitat quality, abundance, diversity. Effluent discharge. Contamination of shallow or deep groundwater resources. Change in groundwater resource Change in water resources availability, impacts on demands of surface water uses.

Soil Changes to physical and chemical properties and soil ecology

Noise Changes in noise level

Visual Amenity Potential impacts of the Project on specific views and on the general visual amenity experienced by people.

Shadow Flicker Potential impacts on health of project-affected people (eyes, vision) and vegetation growth

EMF Potential of electromagnetic interference (EMI) may occur from the Project development.

Social / Socio-economic

Economy and employment Change in national/local economy, employment, standard of living, occupations

Economic and physical Temporary or permanent restriction for accessing or using land, changes in displacement livelihood activities based on land-based resources; changes in ownership of such resources.

Infrastructure and public Improvement or pressure on existing urban/rural infrastructure or services e.g. services transportation, power, water, sanitation, waste handling facilities

Community Health and Safety

Environmental change Potential degradation in air quality (e.g. NOx, SOx, VOC, CO, PM), contamination of surface water and potable ground water, increased vibration and noise, increased night time light beyond acceptable limits, changes to the visual environment.

Communicable and non- Change in incidence and /or prevalence of communicable and non- communicable diseases communicable diseases or disease causing factors

Vector borne diseases Changes in the incidence and or prevalence of vector borne diseases, the density of these vectors and their breeding grounds

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Resources/Receptors Impacts

Sexually Transmitted Changes in the incidence and /or prevalence of STDs and the factors that Diseases (STDs) contribute to this (e.g. external workforce, transport routes)

Health care/recreational Changes in availability of and access to health care and recreational facilities facilities including green space

Occupational Health and There is the potential for occupational health and safety incidents throughout Safety the life cycle of the project; the risk is particularly high during construction phases (Using of heavy equipment and cranes, fall, exposure to dust, noise, hazardous materials, electrical hazards from the use of tools and machinery, working at height, overwater, EMF) and during the operation phase (blade throw, electrical hazards, etc.)

Traffic Safety Changes in traffic volume contributes to increase risks of traveller safety, especially the Project is located in a mountainous area.

Indigenous Peoples

Indigenous Peoples Changes in cultural resources, livelihood of Indigenous Peoples, impacts on customary right of use and access to land and natural resources, socio- economic status, cultural and community integrity; health, education, social security status, indigenous knowledge.

5.2.2 Project Area of Influence Under IFC PS1’s definition, the AoI encompasses, as appropriate: “The area likely to be affected by: (i) the project and the client’s activities and facilities that are directly owned, operated or managed (including by contractors) and that are a component of the project; (ii) impacts from unplanned but predictable developments caused by the project that may occur later or at a different location; or (iii) indirect project impacts on biodiversity or on ecosystem services upon which Affected Communities’ livelihoods are dependent. Associated facilities, which are facilities that are not funded as part of the project and that would not have been constructed or expanded if the project did not exist and without which the project would not be viable. Cumulative impacts that result from the incremental impact, on areas or resources used or directly impacted by the project, from other existing, planned or reasonably defined developments at the time the risks and impacts identification process is conducted.” Based on available information of the Project provided by the Client, and information obtained from the site visit, the scoping opinion meeting with local authorities and good international industry practice on potential E&S impacts of a wind power project, the Project’s AoI is defined as below:

 Project AoI of noise impact should be determined within 2,000m of any turbines;

 Project AoI of shadow flicker should be determined as 10 times of rotor diameters from each turbine location;

 Project AoI of blade throw should be determined as 1.5 times of turbine height (tower and rotor radius);

 Project AoI of community health and safety should be determined as 2,000m of any turbines; and

 Project AoI of biodiversity is considered as Ecological Appropriate Area for Analysis (EAAA) to be assessed to define habitat values in the immediate project vicinity where species may regularly dwell.

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Area of Influence of the Project is presented from Figure 5.1 to Figure 5.4.

Figure 5.1 Areas of Influence of Noise and Shadow Flicker

Figure 5.2 Areas of Influence of Blade Throw

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Figure 5.3 Areas of Influence of Community Health and Safety

Figure 5.4 Ecological Area of Influence

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Nearby sensitive receptors have been identified at the initial site visit, including:

 Residential areas: The nearest residential structure is approximately 350 m from the WTG12 to the south and southeast, which is located in Bu Village, Tan Lap Commune. Bu village is resided by Van Kieu Ethnic Minority.

 Water bodies: There are some small lakes, streams within the Project area where local people using for agricultural irrigation. The big one is located in the northeast part of the Project.

 Key biodiversity and protected areas: - Project site is within 50km from Dakrong, Dong Phou Vieng, Laving –Laveun, Phong Dien, Truong Son and Upper Xe Bangfai key biodiversity areas (IBAT, 2020); and - The Project is also within 50km from Bac Huong Hoa, Dakrong, Dong Phou Vieng and Phong Dien Protected Areas (IBAT, 2020). Project’s potential sensitive receptors are presented in Figure 5.5 and Figure 5.6 below.

Figure 5.5 Social and Physical Environment Sensitive Receptors

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Figure 5.6 Key Protected Areas

5.2.3 Identification of Potential Impact Following the determination of Area of Influence, the Scoping Matrix is used as a tool to support a methodological identification of potential interactions each Project activity may have on the range of resources/receptors within the AoI. It consists, on one side of the matrix, a list of Project activities during the construction and operation phases which may give rise to significant impacts. These are set against a list of environmental and social resources/receptors within the AoI with potential to interact. Entries in the matrix cells are coloured to indicate following potential impacts:

Scope in/out Description Scoped Out ■ An interaction is not reasonably expected Scoped Out or integrated with other ■ An interaction is reasonably possible but none of the major interactions resulting impacts are likely to lead to significant effects

Further Consideration in Impact ■ The interaction is reasonably possible and at least one of Assessment the resulting impacts is likely to lead to an effect that is significant Interaction likely to lead to Potential ■ An interaction with positive impact expected Positive Impacts All potential interactions, regardless of probability of occurrence, are considered at this stage. Those cells that are coloured white are ‘scoped out’ of further consideration in the impact assessment (IA). Those interactions that are grey are also ‘scoped out’ with supporting reasons to justify the decision. Those interactions that are shaded black are retained for further consideration in the IA process and these interactions are elaborated in Table 5.2 for further details.

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Table 5.3 Scoping Matrix

PROJECT PHASES AND ACTIVITIES Environment Social

Ambient Air Quality Noiseand Vibration Soil Quality Surface Quality Water QualityGroundwater Terrestrial Fauna and Flora Avifauna Economy& Employment Livelihood Visual Amenity Land Use Infrastructure/ Public Services and Occupational Health Safety Community Health, Safety and Security ofCultural Resources Indigenous Peoples

Pre-Construction

Land Acquisition

Workforce Mobilization and Presence

Land Preparation (site clearance, excavation and levelling), fencing, and civil works

Construction

Equipment and material transport and supply Construction of turbine foundations, transmission line pylons, internal road, upgrading of access road, auxiliary works and turbine installation Wastes, emissions and discharges generation, handling and disposal

Operation of associated facilities such as the concrete batching plant

Construction water usage

Workforce Presence

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PROJECT PHASES AND ACTIVITIES Environment Social

Commissioning and Operation

Workforce Presence

WTG Operation

WTG Inspection and Maintenance

Waste, emissions and discharge generation, handling and disposal

Unplanned Events

Leakage and spill incident Fire and explosion

Vehicle collision

Blade throw

Transmission line snapping

Natural Hazards (Flood and Landslide)

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6. STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT

This section presents main stakeholder engagement activities of the Project during the development of the nationally regulatory Enviromental Impact Assessment (EIA) and this IESE. Detailed of discussions and responses during such engagements are described in the Stakeholder Engagement Plan of the Project.

6.1 Stakeholder Engagement during EIA Process The Project did not acquire land of protection forest and special-use forest. Therefore, the project is only required to conduct the Environment Protection Plan (EPP) instead of the local EIA. Thus, there is no requirement for conducting the public consultation under the development of the EPP.

6.2 Stakeholder Engagement during IESE Process

6.2.1 Stakeholder Engagement in May 2020

6.2.1.1 Meeting with Local Authorities From 4 to 7 May 2020, the Project Owner and the Project’s consultant – ERM Vietnam Company Limited (ERM), have conducted formal meetings with regulatory bodies from district and commune levels to:

 Follow-up the current socio-economic conditions and future socio-economic development plans of the Project areas; and

 Obtain their opinions and concerns on the development of the Projects; The following authorities were involved in the meetings with the Project Owners and ERM:

 People’s Committee (PC) of Huong Hoa District;

 PC of Tan Lien and Tap Lap Communes;

 Huong Hoa - Dakrong Protection Forest Management; and

 Huong Hoa District Land Fund Development Center (LFDC). A summary of discussions, concerns, and recommendations generated in the course of Project Owner’s engagement with local authorities during May 2020 engagement is provided in Table 6.1. Corresponding minutes of meetings with detailed discussion as well as full lists of meeting participants are attached in Appendix N.

Table 6.1 Summary of Stakeholder Engagement Activities with Authorities and Relevant Organisations during IESE Process

Interview Organisations Topics Covered in the meetings interview Groups

State ■ Huong Hoa - Dakrong ■ Update the organisation about the Project development progress Agency Protection Forest and current status of the IESE; Management ■ Obtain input on impacts of the Project relating to forest management in the Project area; and ■ Gain feedback/perceptions on the Project development.

Local ■ PC of Huong Hoa ■ Update the authority about Project development progress and authorities District; current status of the IESE including land acquisition process; ■ LFDC; ■ Obtain to-date socio-economic data/information including infrastructure and public services development of the commune,

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Interview Organisations Topics Covered in the meetings interview Groups ■ PC of Tan Lap and health, livelihoods and employment of the people in the Tan Lien Communes commune; ■ Gain feedback/perceptions on the Project development; and ■ Ask for permission and support from the PC to conduct the household survey in the area.

6.2.1.2 Engagement with Local Communities for Baseline Data and Perceptions Simultaneously, the Project team and ERM organised multiple engagement activities at the local community level from 4 May to 7 May 2020 mainly to collect the updated socio-economic baseline data and local communities’ opinions and concerns on the development of the Projects. The consultations were in the form of Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) and household surveys as discussed below.

6.2.1.2.1 Focus Group Discussions Focus Group Discussion was chosen as a tool to elicit households’ subjective attitudes and experiences by grouping people with similar livelihood profiles or household economic conditions. Each group included 8 - 11 participants for a discussion within 60 minutes. Focus group was homogenous in a manner that it represented the affected households. Six groups of project affected people and fence- line communities have been engaged in the FGDs. The details of participants of FGD was presented in the Table 6.2.

Table 6.2 Details of FGDs

Grou Location Type of Total number Number of Number of Number of Number of p No. FGD of females males Kinh people Van Kieu participants people

1 Women 11 8 3 11 0

2 Tan Lap Forestry 9 0 9 9 0 Commune 3 Van Kieu 11 4 7 0 11

4 Agriculture 9 4 5 0 9

5 Tan Lien Agriculture 8 1 7 8 0 Commune 6 Vulnerable 8 2 6 8 0

Total 56 19 34 36 20

6.2.1.2.2 Key Informant Interviews The KIIs were conducted with three village heads of the two communes including Tan Lap and Tan Lien. Among three village heads attending the KIIs, one of them is Van Kieu people while two ones are Kinh people. The KIIs were semi-structured with major questions prepared in advance in the form of open-ended questions and a statistic data table. The questions concentrated on general information about the community, infrastructure, ethnicity, vulnerable groups, education, livelihoods and employment, health, cultural heritage and perceptions about the Project.

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6.2.1.2.3 Household Surveys In order to understand the socio-economic baseline including current livelihoods, income, health profile and the awareness and concerns of the affected communities about the Project, face-to-face interviews were undertaken for 97 households living in Tan Lien and Tan Lap Communes. Primary data from the household surveys were used to form the socio-economic baseline section of the IESE report and to propose livelihood restoration and community development plans of the Project. Topics of engagement and feedback including concerns and suggestions from the FGDs, KIIs and household surveys are summarised in Table 6.3.

Table 6.3 Summary of Stakeholder Engagement Activities during IESE Process

Interviewed Organisations Topics covered in the interview meetings Group

Commune PC of Communes ■ Update the authority with Project development; Authorities ■ Obtain to-date socio-economic data/information including infrastructure and public services development of the Communes, health, livelihoods and employment of the people in the Communes; ■ Gain feedback/perceptions on the Project development; and ■ Ask for acceptance and support from the People’s Committees to conduct the household survey in the area.

Focus Groups Van Kieu ethnic ■ Each group will have different question design, in general, the minority group, following information was collected from the interviewed groups women group, of FGD: agriculture and ■ Demographic information of the affected villages; forestry group and ■ Main livelihoods in this community area; vulnerable group ■ Investment cost for and income from their main livelihoods; ■ Vulnerable status (i.e. who by virtue of gender, ethnicity, age, physical or mental disability, economic disadvantage, or social status that may be more adversely affected by the Project development); and ■ Awareness of the Project and any concern about the Project development.

Key Informant Three village ■ The questionnaire of the KII interview was designed to collect Interviews heads: the following: ■ Bu Village; ■ The history and organizational structure; ■ Tan Hao ■ Housing and land (i.e. land use and land tenure); Village; and ■ Main livelihoods in this community area; ■ Tan Thuan ■ Infrastructure status; Village. ■ Access to and availability of public facilities (i.e. electricity, water supply, etc.); ■ Financial situation; ■ Future-oriented development; and

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Interviewed Organisations Topics covered in the interview meetings Group

■ Awareness on the development of the Project and its engagement activities.

Household 97 households ■ The questionnaire of the household interview was designed to Surveys living in Tan Lien collect the following: and Tan Lap ■ Family status and demographics; Communes ■ Vulnerable status (i.e. who by virtue of gender, ethnicity, age, physical or mental disability, economic disadvantage, or social status that may be more adversely affected by the Project development); ■ Livelihoods and employment (i.e. their livelihoods/employment); ■ Household income and expenditure; ■ Housing and land (i.e. land use and land tenure); ■ Education background (i.e. education level of members in the surveyed households); ■ Health status/profile and health care practice; ■ Access to and availability of public facilities (i.e. electricity, water supply, etc.); and ■ Awareness on the development of the Project and its engagement activities.

6.2.1.3 Concerns from the Interviewed Authorities and Communities The concerns of local authorities and people regarding environmental, health and safety, social and economic issues relating to the Project collected from the aforementioned engagement activities are summarised in Table 6.4 and Table 6.5.

Table 6.4 Concerns from Authorities during IESE Engagement

Item Concerns

Environment ■ Noise pollution due to impacts of the Project; ■ Effect on volume of water and local irrigation structure during construction phase; ■ Impacts on climate in the surrounding area

Social, economic, ■ Impacts on agricultural production (cultivation and husbandry); and cultural issues ■ Impacts on livelihood and/or income in the future; ■ Land acquisition

Health & Safety ■ Impacts on health in the surrounding area; and ■ Transportation route and schedule;

Technical issues ■ None

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Table 6.5 Concerns from Communities during IESE Engagement

Item Concerns

Environment ■ Polluted environment and biodiversity during the Project implementation process; ■ Impacts on climate in the surrounding area

Social, economic, ■ Concern on land acquisition and compensation; cultural issues ■ Affecting cultivation season and animal husbandry; ■ Impacts on local livelihoods (farming and husbandry); ■ Affecting local route and traffic safety situation due to the Project’s heavy transportation; and ■ Concern on the order security situation and the social evils of the immigrant workforce

Health ■ Impacts on health in the surrounding area

Technical issues ■ Soil erosion, landslide due to construction work; and ■ Effect of volume of water during construction phase

6.2.1.4 Recommendations from the Interviewed Authorities and Community The key topics arising from the above meetings were in relation to queries regarding how the Project would benefit local communities in terms of employment opportunities and trainings for affected people and how the development would affect the environment and human health. During the engagement, Project team emphasised that the IESE process had been looking at all potential effects of the Project on environmental and social aspects; the results of stakeholder engagement activities would be used to influence the design of the project and mitigation measures would be recommended to minimise any potentially negative effects. Summary of recommendations from interviewed parties is outlined below; further details are provided in Appendix N.

Table 6.6 Recommendations from Stakeholder Engagement during IESE Process

Item Recommendations Authorities Communities

Environmental Comply with all relevant regulatory requirements on  environmental protection to minimize potential environmental issues during Project’s construction and operations phases

Social Priorities local recruitment to support local improvement  

Conduct social management programs to support project   affected people

Engage relevant stakeholders to increase awareness of  Project’s development plan, construction schedule and potential impacts in a timely manner

Develop local infrastructure (build new concrete roads, well   construction for local water supply and renovate the community houses)

Carry out asset inventory in accordance with the process  and regulations and compensate and support for Project affected people

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Item Recommendations Authorities Communities

Prevent surrounding area from risks of health 

Technical Measures and well prepared mitigation plan to against slip   and landslide during the construction phase

According to the findings from the survey with local households, KIIs, and FGDs with local groups in the surveyed areas, Table 6.7 presents the needs for community development including livelihood development, employment opportunities, and infrastructure improvement in the surveyed villages and local recommendations for the Project.

Table 6.7 Local Needs and Recommendations

Village, Needs for Community Recommendations for the Project Commune Development

Bu Village, Tan ■ Local infrastructure ■ Project information related to implementation time and Lap Commune comprising of the progress and compensation policies needs to be fully construction of a football updated to the locals through community consultations. court and improvement of the ■ Vocational training helps affected households in work current gravity water supply switch after land acquisition. system needs to be taken into consideration. ■ Broadening employment possibilities is a focal need. ■ Crop diversification for cultivation communities needs to be promoted.

Tan Thuan ■ General health check-ups ■ Land measurement survey should be undertaken with village, Tan Lap are provided to women. the participation of the affected households. Commune ■ Compensation prices for land and trees need to be reasonably considered. ■ The Project should inform the locals about the implementation time so that local people can make plans for their cultivation activities. ■ Mitigation strategies to land erosion caused by the Project construction should be taken. ■ More job opportunities are offered to local people, especially women. ■ Roads constructed during the Project implementation may be handed over for local use.

Tan Hao ■ Local infrastructure such as ■ Direct dialogues between the Project and affected village, Tan inter-village roads and street households should be more productive for mutual Lien Commune lighting system needs to be understanding. reinforced. ■ Working with affected households during land ■ Water supply for agricultural acquisition requires flexibility to gain agreement production and domestic use between the Project and the locals. needs to be improved. ■ Public meeting will help the locals and the Project share the same understanding and reach agreement. ■ Employment needs to be prioritized for the locals.

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6.2.2 Stakeholder Engagement in September 2020 The second visit was conducted from 03 to 08 September 2020 with local authorities at both district and communal levels and affected ethnic minority communities. The purpose of this site visit was to:

 Present an update on project design, project activities, preliminary impacts of the project and mitigation measures;

 Disclose the Stakeholder Engagement Plan, Community Grievance Procedure, and Worker Grievance;

 Obtain local consultation on the development of livelihood restoration and ethnic minority development programs; and

 Facilitate dialogical communication between the project and local authorities and affected communities. The engagement event included the meeting with:

 District: Huong Hoa DPC;

 Commune: Tan Lap and Tan Lien Communes PC (Lien Lao Project) ;

 Ethnic Minority Communities: Bu Village, Tan Lap Commune (Lien Lap Project) ;

 Project level: - Worker camp of 384 Company; and - Worker camp of Song Da 5 Company. - During engagement event, the following concerns have been noted:

 Land acquisition decision and payment for displaced households;

 Impacts of construction activities on adjacent cultivated land plots of local villagers;

 Potential impacts of the construction on the upstream water supply of some nearby villages;

 Potential impacts of the excavated Spoil disposal sites on the cultivated areas downwards; and

 Some locally-developed production roads were cut through and made inaccessible by the current Project’s construction activities of Lien Lap Project. Local people requested urgent actions from the Project to make their roads to be resumed a normal status when their harvesting season comes soon. Detailed discussion of these above concern will be provided in a separate Public Disclosure and Community Consultation Report. Minutes of meetings and list of attendees is mentioned in Appendix N. It was noted that all of the mentioned concerns above were addressed in this IESE report and provided with mitigation measures.

6.2.3 Stakeholder Engagement in November 2020 The visit from 8 to 10 November 2020 was to obtain the information from local communities (including Heads of villages and local people) regarding concern of Project’s updated status, information of local communities on NTFP and understand on gender equality. The visit has conducted KII with Heads of the villages affected by the Project area as mentioned in the Table below:

Table 6.8 Engagement Activities in November 2020

Commune Village KII Date of engagement

Tan Lap Bu 1 8 November 2020

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Commune Village KII Date of engagement

Tan Thuan 1 8 November 2020

Tan Tai 1 9 November 2020

Tan Lien Tan Hao 1 8 November 2020

Total 4

Source: Socio-economic survey by ERM, November 2020 The discussions during the engagement were presented in the following tables below:

Table 6.9 Concerns about the Project’s Development

Concerns about the Project Tan Lap Commune Tan Lien Commune

Bu Tan Thuan Tan Tai Tan Hao

Loss of agricultural land and crops    

Loss of income or livelihoods    

Landslides  

Traffic and pressure on the current road   system

Source: Socio-economic survey by ERM, November 2020

Table 6.10 Overview of NTFP Collection Activity

Features Bu Tan Thuan Tan Tai Tan Hao

NTFP collection 20 households collect bamboo shoot, NA NA NA households vernicia montana fruit, and thysanolaena latifolia leaves in the protection forest area of Tan Lap commune

Distance from house to the 2-3 km to the north of Tan Lap commune NTFP collection area

Transportation means On foot or by motorbike

Time spent on going to the 2 hours NTFP collection area

Frequency of NTFP Almost daily during the NTFP season when collection they have time

Products Bamboo shoot Vernicia montana fruit Thysanolaena latifolia leaves

Average NTFP income per VND 4 million year per household

Source: Socio-economic survey by ERM, November 2020

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Table 6.11 Project Impacts on NTFP Collection

Project impacts on Tan Lap Commune Tan Lien NTFP collection Commune

Bu Tan Thuan Tan Tai Tan Hao

Yes

No    

Explanation The NTFP collection area of local villagers is not within the Project area

Source: Socio-economic survey by ERM, November 2020

6.2.4 Stakeholder Engagement in December 2020 This Information Disclosure and Consultation Program was conducted with local authorities (district and commune levels) and nine (9) Project’s affected villages from 14 to 16 December 2020. A total of 83 local participants (villagers, village and communal leaders, affected households by land acquisition, and ethnic minority people) participated in the village meetings and focus group discussions, of which 36 people (43.3 %) are females and 11 people are ethnic minority people (Van Kieu) (see Table 6.12). Five district and commune authority officers attended the Information Disclosure and Consultation session organised with local authorities. The objectives of the Information and Consultation Program was to present the following: (i) results of impact assessments of the Project to local people and local authorities; (ii) proposed mitigation and beneficial measures for the identified impacts by the Project; (iii) support and development measures to the ethnic minority communities in the project area as well as the livelihood restoration measures to affected persons by land acquisition of the Project; (iv) schedule and arrangements for implementation of the agreed mitigation, beneficial and development measures; and (v) grievance redress mechanism to ensure that all avenues for airing grievances are available and all grievances and complaints by local people, affected persons and local ethnic minority communities, if any, in all the aspects of the Project are resolved in a timely and satisfactory manner. Details of the opinions, suggestions and concerns of local people and local authorities, affected persons and ethnic minority communities on the above mentioned issues are presented in Appendix S, fully incorporated and addressed this IESE and related management plans (see Table 6.13).

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Table 6.12 Statistics of Participants in the December 2020 Information Disclosure and Consultation Program

No Date Organisations / Number of Gender Ethnicity Impacted by Villages Participants Land Shadow Other construction and acquisition Flicker (WCS) operation activities Male Female Van Kieu Kinh

Local Communities 1 Tan Thuan village, 9 6 3 0 9 3 NA 6 Tan Lap commune 2 Bu village, Tan Lap 10 4 6 10 0 3 NA 7 commune 3 Tan Tai village, Tan 10 5 5 0 10 1 NA 9 Lap commune

4 2020 December Tan Hao village, Tan 10 7 3 0 10 1 2 7

14 14 Lien commune 5 Tan Son village, Tan 10 4 6 0 10 NA 10 NA Lap commune 6 Tan Vinh village, 7 5 2 0 7 4 NA 3 Huong Tan commune 7 Tan Hoa village, Tan 15 7 8 0 15 NA 5 10 Lien commne 8 Hiep Hoa village, Tan 8 6 2 0 8 NA 4 4

December 2020 2020 December Lien commune

9 15 Residential area 7, 4 3 1 1 3 3 NA 1 Khe Sanh town Total 83 47 36 11 72 15 21 47 Percentage (%) 100 56.63 43.37 13.25 86.75 18.07 25.30 56.63 Local Authorities 10 Huong Hoa DPC; Tan 5 5 0 0 5 NA NA NA

Thanh CPC; Tan Lap CPC; Tan Lien CPC 2020 December December 16

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Table 6.13 Impacts Raised by Affected Villagers and Measures Committed by the Project Owner

No Impacts Measures Notes

Positive Impacts

1 Easier travels and The Project Owner will soon complete the access economic roads (Dec 2020) development by the The Project Owner will coordinate with other project construction of the owners and local authorities to regularly access roads maintenance the access roads to keep the roads as good roads.

2 Local labours are The Project Owner established targets of engaging: Has been specified in the employed More than 20% labours is local labours during contracts with construction project construction stage; contractors 20% labours is local labours during project Will be in the project’s operation stage; employment plan.

3 Better selling foods, The Project Owner committed to local procurement, farming products including foods, materials and equipement which and others by local are available in the local markets. people

4 Effective supports of The supports will be continued based on the The Year End 2020 Support the Project Owner framework of livelihood restoration and ethnic Program of the Project to the villages minority development plan and assessment of local Owner to the locals needs. (construction of water wells, assistance for vulnerable households, etc.) has been announced and will be implemented in December, 2020.

5 Reduce of The operation of the wind farm projects themselves Trau trees are scheduled to greenhouse gas produces no greenhouse gas emission. In addition, be chronologically planted emissions the Project Owner plans to plant Trau trees at the once a spoil disposal site is soil disposal sites. This contributes to absorb completed from January carbon dioxide and release oxygen into the air. 2021. The Project is expected to provide a potential saving of 136,983 tonnes of carbon dioxide emission per year over the Projects’ lifetime.

Negative Impacts

1 Soil of excavation Soil of excavation activities of the access roads will Mitigation measures to activities of the be transported away at end of day every-day. prevent soil erosions have project may be Spoil disposal sites will be fenced and other not yet been implemented for washed-out under measures will be implemented in December 2020 all the spoil disposal sites of rains to the to prevent soil erosions. the Projects production land and may contaminate the water source of the villagers.

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No Impacts Measures Notes

2 Blades operation Project Owner will organize a trip to the would dry crops and representatives of villagers to visit the areas that negatively impact the blades are in operation (Huong Linh Project) to on trees. observe that crops and trees are not affected by the blades operation. Project Owner will together with villagers to verify the impacts of blades during operation stage.

3 Temporary impact The Project will request construction contractors to Compensation for affected on land during prepare and implement the suitable construction crops by temporary impact construction and the methods to mitigate the impacts on land of villagers during construction must be issues of 35 kV during construction. = Yield of the crop per a m2 2 transmission line Project Owner will closely monitor the temporary x affected land area (m ) x ROW. impacts on land of villagers during construction. affected harvesting seasons (time period of impact) x Villagers can inform the Project Owner on the market cost of the crop for a impacts to the phone numbers that are indicated in kg. the provided booklet. Yield of crop: Average yield Compensation will be provided satisfactorily to the of a harvesting season (kg) affected households. of recent three successive Project Owner will adjust the alignment (route) of seasons the 35 kV TL’s ROW during detailed design stage Construction contractors in consultations with the affected households and must restore the soil to the communities. quality as before being affected to return to the households.

4 Shadow flicker Project Owner will organise a trip to the representatives of relevant villagers to visit a wind power project (Huong Linh Project) to observe the impact of the shadow flicker. Project Owner will together with villagers of relevant villages to verify the impacts during operation stage and to implement suitable measures to minimize the impact. Relocation option has been presented and disclosed to impacted households and local communities.

5 Use of village road Project Owner requested the construction to the project sites constructors to not use the village road (and other by the construction village roads as well) from 15 December 2020. contractors. Violations of construction constructors shall trigger penalties as envisaged in the signed contracts of the contractors with PCC1. Project Owner will closely monitor the use of village roads by the contractors. Villagers can inform the Project Owner on the use of village roads by construction contractors to the phone numbers that are indicated in the provided in the Project’s booklet delivered to the villagers.

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7. ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE

7.1 Introduction This section provides an overview of environmental baseline conditions within the Project area and its surroundings, including topography and geology conditions, climate and meteorology, ambient air quality, soil and water quality, and terrestrial biodiversity. The objective of this section is to outline the existing environmental conditions in the Project area. This information is used to assess potential impacts caused by the Project in both construction and operation phases and provide mitigation measures and/or monitoring programs to reduce adverse impacts. Information in this chapter is primarily based on studies undertaken for the Feasibility Study Report (Lien Lap FSR, 2020) and a desktop review of reliable information sources such as Quang Tri Province Portal (Quang Tri Province Portal, 2019) as well as the additional noise, avifauna and terrestrial fauna and flora baseline studies undertaken in 2020 by ERM’s subcontractors with the supervision of ERM during the IESE preparation process.

7.2 Climate and Meteorology Data on climate and meteorology are primarily obtained from the Feasibility Study Report for Lien Lap Wind Farm Project (Lien Lap FSR, 2020), the website of Quang Tri Province (Quang Tri Province Portal, 2019) and from Khe Sanh Meteorological Station which is approximately 6.5 km from the Lien Lap Wind Farm). Other meteorology and hydrology Stations in Quang Tri Province have been identified including Gia Vong, Cua Viet, Dong Ha, Thach Han and Con Co Stations (Figure 7.1).

Figure 7.1 Locations of Meteorology and Hydrology Stations in Quang Tri Province

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7.2.1 Temperature Quang Tri Province has a tropical monsoon climate, with annual average temperature between 24-25°C in low terrains and between 22-23 C at an altitude of over 500 masl (Quang Tri Province Portal 2019). The Province undergoes two (2) distinct seasons, including

 Winter season lasts over three (03) months (December through February). The temperature in winter season could go down to 22 C in low plains or 20 C at high altitude of over 500 masl (Quang Tri Province Portal 2019).

 Summer season is between May and August with a high average temperature of 28 °C. Temperatures are highest between June and July and they can go up to 42 C (Quang Tri Province Portal 2019). High temperatures in the areas are considered favourable for some agricultural and industrial plants (Quang Tri Province Portal 2019). The average monthly temperature in Huong Hoa District fluctuates between 18.1°C and 26.3°C (Figure 7.2). Temperatures differ significantly between winter and summer seasons, including:

 Winter season: average monthly temperatures are between 18°C and 19.3°C (Figure 7.2); and

 Summer season: average monthly temperatures can go up to above 26°C (Figure 7.2).

Source: Khe Sanh Meteorology Station

Figure 7.2 Average Monthly Temperature in Huong Hoa District (1998 – 2017)

7.2.2 Relative Humidity Relative humidity in Quang Tri Province is considered high with an annual average of between 83% and 88%. In the rainy months, the average relative humidity is approximately 85% and it sometimes can go up to 90%. Humidity on the eastern and western sides of Truong Son Mountain Range fluctuates over time and it could deep as low as 22% in April (Quang Tri Province Portal, 2019). The average monthly humidity in Huong Hoa District fluctuates between 84.5% and 90.7% (Figure 7.3). Minimum monthly humidity usually occurs during the summer season (April through July) and it could go down to 83% in May (Figure 7.3).

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Source: Khe Sanh Meteorology Station

Figure 7.3 Average Monthly Humidity in Huong Hoa District (1998 - 2017)

7.2.3 Evaporation Due to the high percentage of air humidity, the amount of evaporation in the area is not large. In detail, the monthly evaporation measured in the area varies between 41.6 and 105.0 mm (Figure 7.4). Evaporation can peak above 100 mm per month in May and June and it can dip below 40.0 mm per month in December (Figure 7.4).

Source: Khe Sanh Meteorology Station

Figure 7.4 Monthly Evaporation (1977 – 2017)

7.2.4 Fog Fog usually occurs during the spring monsoons from December through March, causing limited visibility in the area. Heavy fog and light rains can occur in the area particularly in January and February. The average number of foggy days per year recorded by Khe Sanh Meteorological Station in the period of 2007 to 2018 is between 58 and 149 days (Quang Tri Province Portal, 2019). Of this, maximum numbers

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of foggy days can go up to 19.3 days per month between December through March and minimum numbers of foggy days are between 1.3 and 4.8 days per month between May and August (Figure 7.5).

Source: Khe Sanh Meteorology Station

Figure 7.5 Average Number of Foggy Days per Month in Huong Hoa District (2007 – 2018)

7.2.5 Sun Hours The average sun hours in Huong Hoa District varies between 87 and 260 hours per month (Figure 7.6). Sun hours can peak above 200 hours per month sometime between May and August; while minimum monthly sun hours can be lower than 150 hours during the autumn and winter months (November through next February) (Figure 7.6).

Source: Hue meteorological station

Figure 7.6 Average Monthly Sun Hours in Huong Hoa District (2019 – 2020)

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7.2.6 Wind Regime

7.2.6.1 Wind Regime in Quang Tri Province Information of wind speed in Huong Hoa District, Quang Tri Province is provided by Khe Sanh Meteorology Station in the period of 1998 to 2018 (Figure 7.7). The average wind speed is between 1.5 and 2.5 m/s (Figure 7.7). Wind speed has increased in the same period and eastern winds are recorded to be approximately 0.3m/s higher than western winds (Lien Lap FSR, 2019). The northeast and east-northeast winds are dominant between December and April; while the northwest and west-northwest winds are most active between May and July (Quang Tri Province Portal, 2019). Wind velocity for the Project area is also measured at different heights (77 and 60 m) and it is illustrated in Figure 7.7. Findings from the wind roses in Figure 7.8 are presented below:

 At 77m: Winds blow from the west-southwest for more than 33% of the time, followed by winds from the northeast (~32%), east-northeast (~17%) and southwest (~6%) (Figure 7.8); and

 At 60m: winds blow from the west-southwest for more than 27% of the time, followed by winds from east-northeast (almost 25%), northeast (~ 24%) and southwest (less than 5%) (Figure 7.8). According to the Feasibility Study Report, overall characteristics of winds in the Project area can be summarized below:

 The main wind directions are from the northeast and west-southwest;

 Wind speed is relatively stable during day and among months in a year;

 Wind frequency is high and can enable power generation for 90% of the time;

 Wind regimes differ at varying heights;

 The average annual wind speed is 7.54 m/s at the height of 80m above the ground; and

 Wind speeds above 3 m/s –which is the minimum speed needed for wind power generation account for 91.7%.

Source: Khe Sanh Meteorology Station

Figure 7.7 Wind Speed (1998 - 2018)

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7.2.6.2 Wind Regime in the Project Area To assess wind potential in the project area, automatic measuring devices with frequency of 10 minutes/time were put in the measurement area from December 2017 to December 2018 and the data collected was saved in the data storage (Datalogger). Data storage is set to display and store data for sensors as follows:

 Channel 1 (Ch1): sensor used to measure wind direction at an altitude of 80 m.

 Channel 2 (Ch2): sensor used to measure wind speed at an altitude of 80 m.

 Channel 3 (Ch3): sensor used to measure wind speed at an altitude of 60 m.

 Channel 4 (Ch4): sensor used to measure wind speed at an altitude of 40 m.

 Channel 13 (Ch13): sensor used to measure wind direction at an altitude of 77 m.

 Channel 14 (Ch14): sensor used to measure wind direction at an altitude of 60 m.

 Channel 16 (Ch16): sensor used to measure temperature at an altitude of 80 m.

 Channel 17 (Ch17): sensor used to measure air pressure at an altitude of 80 m.

 Channel 18 (Ch18): sensor used to measure humidity at an altitude of 80 m. The analytical results of wind measurement are as follows:

 The prevailing wind direction: In terms of wind direction, there are two main seasonal directions including East - Northeast and West – Southwest direction. Months with the strongest winds are January (corresponding to the North-East monsoon) and July (with the South-West monsoon). The months with weak winds are in May and September corresponding to the transition period of the monsoon season.

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Source: Lien Lap FSR, 2020

Figure 7.8 Wind Rose at 77m (Left) and 60m (Right) (1998 – 2018)

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The variation of average wind speed in months of a year at a number of different heights has the same shape. In detail, wind speed tends to decrease from January to mid-May, then gradually increases and reaches a peak in mid-July. After that, the wind speed decreases moderately before rising sharply in the last months of the year.

Table 7.1 Average Monthly Wind Speed (m/s)

Month Average wind speed for 1 hour at different altitudes

80 m (Ch1) 80 m (Ch2) 60 m (Ch3) 40 m (Ch4)

0 7.229 7.295 7.179 6.778

1 7.287 7.357 7.227 6.815

2 7.403 7.478 7.344 6.925

3 7.476 7.552 7.409 6.995

4 7.550 7.629 7.480 7.060

5 7.671 7.749 7.594 7.158

6 7.591 7.667 7.497 7.051

7 7.455 7.521 7.374 6.984

8 7.474 7.527 7.444 7.149

9 7.615 7.658 7.607 7.343

10 7.678 7.709 7.670 7.411

11 7.769 7.797 7.768 7.517

12 7.636 7.667 7.637 7.390

13 7.608 7.642 7.612 7.358

14 7.655 7.689 7.670 7.417

15 7.704 7.740 7.695 7.428

16 7.700 7.741 7.674 7.395

17 7.600 7.651 7.526 7.188

18 7.470 7.527 7.414 7.050

19 7.401 7.460 7.340 6.972

20 7.285 7.345 7.243 6.874

21 7.167 7.234 7.135 6.763

22 7.122 7.189 7.072 6.690

23 7.133 7.203 7.085 6.687

Average 7.487 7.543 7.446 7.100

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7.2.7 Rainfall According to Quang Tri Portal, the average annual rainfall in Quang Tri Province ranges from 2,200 to 2,500 mm. Maximum rainfalls usually occur from September through December and they distribute to over 70% of the annual rainfall. The number of rainy days in the Province is between 154 and 190 days per year (Quang Tri Province Portal, 2019). The monthly rainfall in Khe Sanh Town greatly varies throughout the year to be between 18.1mm and 430mm per month and it could reach 430 mm in October (Figure 7.9). Maximum rainfalls usually occur between August and November, contributing approximately 72.8% of the annual rainfall in Huong Hoa District (Quang Tri Province Portal, 2019).

Sources: Khe Sanh Meteorological Stations

Figure 7.9 Average Rainfall in Khe Sanh Town (1998 – 2018)

7.2.8 Natural Hazards

7.2.8.1 Typhoons and Tropical Depressions A total of 12 tropical depressions and typhoons per year occurred in Viet Nam East Sea between 1959 and 2015 (MONRE 2016). Approximately 7 tropical depressions and typhoons impacted Vietnam every year and 5 of them moved into the mainland (MONRE 2016). Tropical depressions and typhoons are most active in the north of East Sea and they tend to increase in intensity (Figure 7.10), last longer and move southward (MONRE 2016). Quang Tri Province is located in the area vulnerable to storms which usually occur in September and October (Quang Tri Province Portal, 2019). On average, there are approximately 1.2 - 1.3 storms per year in the Province (Quang Tri Province Portal, 2019). For storms which affect the Province’s mainland usually last between 8 and 10 hours but their accompanied rains usually last up to 3 days (Quang Tri Province Portal, 2019). The number of storms and tropical depressions which directly affect the Province tends to decrease slightly (Quang Tri Province Portal, 2019). Storms with strong wind intensity accompanied by heavy rains could cause flash floods, affecting agricultural production and people's safety in the area.

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Source: MONRE 2016

Figure 7.10 Typhoons with Wind Exceeding 12 Category in Beaufort Scale in Vietnam East Sea (1990-2015)

7.2.8.2 Floods Quang Tri Province is sloping from the West to the east and to the southeast and it encompasses mountains, midland, narrow plains and coastal areas (Quang Tri Province Portal, 2019). Given that the rivers and streams on the west of Truong Son Mountain Range are short and steep, narrow plains and midland areas are prone to floods and flash floods when it rains heavily. The topography and drainage system is shown in Figure 7.11. In addition, storms and floods often occur between July and December, especially in August to October (Quang Tri Province Portal, 2019). The list of floods recorded in Quang Tri Province is presented in Table 7.2.

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Figure 7.11 Topography and Drainage System

Table 7.2 List of Floods in Quang Tri Province

Rivers Date of flooding Warming level

Thach Han River 17 October 2008 II

Thach Han River 14 October 2007 III

Thach Han River 30 September 2006 -

Thach Han River 15 October 2001 II

Thach Han River 01 November 1999 III

Thach Han River 16 October 2014 III

Ben Hai River 28 October 1981 II

Ben Hai River 7 October 1992 III

Ben Hai River 8 October 2005 III

Ben Hai River 30 September 2009 II

Source: Quang Tri Province Portal, 2019

7.2.8.3 Extreme Weather Quang Tri Province is also prone to extreme weather conditions associated with thunderstorms, strong winds and heavy rains. Days of extreme weather in the Province is approximately 57.3 days per year (Quang Tri Province Portal, 2019); while it is between 54 and 63 days per year in Huong Hoa District

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(Figure 7.12). Extreme weather in the District usually occurs between April and September and the number of days can go up to 13 days in May (Figure 7.12).

Source: Khe Sanh Meteorological Station

Figure 7.12 Days of Extreme Weather in Huong Hoa District (2007 - 2018)

7.3 Topography and Terrain Lien Lap Wind Farm is located in the western and north-western part of Quang Tri province and situated in low-hilly areas which are sloping from southwest to northeast. The landform in the project area is mostly hilly terrain in which mountains alternate with rivers to form the rough terrain (divided by the rivers, canals, and temporary streams). Rivers and streams originate from the high mountain. The area has an elevation from 450 – 520 masl whilst the construction area is located in the western mountainous area of Quang Tri province. The study area is mostly mountainous terrain, has an elevation from 150 – 1000 masl, and slope from 20 – 30° (steep slope) and could go up to 40 – 50° (very steep slope). The topography map is shown in Figure 7.11. Due to the strongly fractured terrain and steep slope, erosion and washout processes are strong. Most of the landform is steep, fractured, and there are lots of streams and rivers. Therefore, building infrastructure (e.g. transportation and electrical grid) will be difficult, especially in movement.

7.4 Geology

7.4.1 Geological Condition Within the survey area, stratigraphy is distributed with layers, in particular: Layer 1: Dark-brown sandy dust soil, moderate plasticity. Porosity is moderate. Status is from hard to semi-hard. The layer is mostly distributed in 110kV substation and 110kV transmission line. At the substation, the thickness of the layer is from 6.5 – 8.0 m. Layer 2: Grey-yellow coarse sandy (0.5 – 1 mm grain size) dust soil, quartz particles and gravel, low plasticity. Porosity is moderate. Status is semi-hard. These are the weathering products from granodiorite rock. The thickness of the layer could go up to 14 m. Layer 3: Cobble, basalt boulder, and grey-brown porous basalt rock. The rock in this layer has been slightly weathered. At the substation, the layer is distributed at the depth 8.0 m at borehole HK2, 6.5 m at borehole HK3 to the end of the survey depth. The thickness and the boundary of the layer is not identified.

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Layer 4: White-grey diorite quartzite and granodiorite rock are under strong weathering process. The rock in the layer has a dense crack system. The origin is from Tra Bong igneous complex.

7.4.2 Geotechnical Condition The physico-mechanical properties of soil layers is shown in Table 7.3.

Table 7.3 Physico-Mechanical Properties of Soil Layers

Soil layer name Layer 2 Layer 4

Particle Grain size Size (mm) Unit

Particle and Clay < 0.002 % 5.3 grain size Dust Fine 0.002 – 0.005 % 8.4 composition Moderate 0.005 – 0.02 % 0.6

Coarse 0.02 – 0.06 % 8.0

Sand Fine 0.06 – 0.08 % 3.1

Small 0.08 – 0.2 % 9.2

Moderate 0.2 – 0.5 % 7.7

Coarse 0.5 – 2.0 % 32.2

Gravel Small 2.0 – 5.0 % 13.4

Moderate 5.0 – 20.0 % 2.1

Coarse 20.0 – 150 % 0.0

Atterberg Liquid limit WT % 35.3 limits Plastic limit WP % 22.1

Plastic index WN % 13.2

Physical Moisture We % 23.1 4.5 properties Porosity coefficient ε0 0.782 0.187

Porosity index n % 43.9 15.5

Saturated index G % 79.3

Bearing capacity R0 KG/cm2 1.6

According to geotechnical conditions assessment: Layer 2: Coarse sandy dust soil, fine quartz particles, and gravel. Soil status is hard distributed from ground surface to the depth of 14.0 m. The thickness of the layer is from 10.5 – 14.0 m. Average SPT index is 16. Layer 4: White-grey diorite quartzite and granodiorite rock have a dense crack system. Cracks are fulfilled by clay materials from layer 2. The rock hardness is relatively high. The layer was identified at the depth of 10.5 m at TB03 and 14.0 m at TB07. However, the thickness is not identified due to the end of the survey depth.

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7.5 Hydrology

7.5.1 Hydrology in Quang Tri Province Quang Tri Province has a dense network of canals and rivers (e.g Tam Giang, Ganh Hao, Bay Hap, Song Doc, Huong Hoa, The Ship, Trem Trem Rivers). There are three (03) main river systems in the Province, including:

 Thach Han River System (also called Quang Tri River): include 37 rivers which have 17 branches at level 1 (e.g. Vinh Phuoc, Rao Quan and Cam Lo Brances), 13 branches at level 2 and 6 branches at level 313. The system has a river net density of 0.92, an averaged elevation of 301 m and is lopping at 20.1%. The length of the System is approximately 156km, measured based on its longest river. The basin is 36.8 km wide at average and has a total area of approximately 2660 km2;

 Ben Hai River System has a basin capacity of approximately 809 km2 and it is approximately 64.5 km long. The basin has an elevation of 115 m and is sloping at 15.7%. The system has a river network density of 1.15 and a meandering coefficient of 1.43;

 O Lau River System which belongs to My Chanh River running through Tam Gaing lagoon to Thuan An estuary. The system covers an area of 855 km2 and is approximately 65 km long. The upper River is running through Thua Thien - Hue Province.

7.5.2 Hydrology in the Project Area There is no major river traversing the project site, but one natural stream traverses the Project site, namely Ta Nong stream and one natural stream flows nearby the Project area, namely Tan Tai stream (see Figure 9.13). These streams are seasonal flows which often become dry in first survey. Ta Nong stream, locating 700m away from turbine No.12 in the west of Project area, flows in the North – South direction. Tan Tai stream, locating 450m from turbine No.12 in the east of the Project area flows nearby the Project site.

7.6 Ambient Air Quality

7.6.1 Sampling Locations During the scope of IESE, in May 2020, the sampling sites were selected to represent receptors within a 5km radius which were likely to be impacted by the Project activities, such as residential areas, places of worship and educational institutions. Microclimatic conditions, and wind speeds and direction were also taken into account to ensure a comprehensive survey was conducted. Coordinates and descriptions of the sampling sites are detailed in Table 7.4 and further illustrated in Figure 7.13.

Table 7.4 Ambient Air Sampling Sites

Site Description Distance from Coordinate (WGS84) Code sampling location to Latitude (m) Longitude nearest wind turbine (m) (m)

A1 Mr Son’s house, Tan Hao Village, Tan 350 16.62948680 106.70202741 Liên Commune, Huong Hoa District, Quang Tri Province

13 River classification by Strahler stream order: https://usgs- mrs.cr.usgs.gov/NHDHelp/WebHelp/NHD_Help/Introduction_to_the_NHD/Feature_Attribution/Stream_Order.htm

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Site Description Distance from Coordinate (WGS84) Code sampling location to Latitude (m) Longitude nearest wind turbine (m) (m)

A2 Ms Hoa’s house, Tan Thuan Village, 500 16.61309708 106.68430535 Tan Lap Commune, Huong Hoa District, Quang Tri Province

A3 Mr Hung’s house, Ban Bu Village, Tan 350 16.62537514 106.69163796 Lap Commune, Huong Hoa District, Quang Tri Province

Figure 7.13 Air Monitoring Locations

7.6.2 Air Monitoring Procedure The ambient air quality monitoring was conducted in accordance with the National Technical Regulations on Ambient Air Quality (QCVN 05:2013/BTNMT) developed by the Vietnam Environmental Administration, Department of Science and Technology, Department of Legal Affairs alongside Circular No. 32/2013/TT-BTNMT dated 25 October 2013 issued by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. Detailed method of specific parameters was described below:

 Particulate matter 10 (PM10) and particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) were monitored over 24 hour periods with a filter rate of 5 L/min.

 Total suspended Particles (TSP), VOCs, sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) were monitored over 1 hour periods with an air flow rate of 1000 L/min for TSP, 0.5 L/min for VOCs, NO2 and SO2, and 0.05 L/min for CO.

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7.6.3 Results and Discussion All parameters tested were below the limits stipulated by the QCVN 05:2013/BTNMT – National Technical Regulation on Ambient Air Quality and QCVN 06:2009/BTNMT – National Technical Regulation on hazardous substances in ambient air. The ambient air quality results are summarized in Table 7.5 below and the details of result are presented in Appendix M.

Table 7.5 Results of Ambient Air Monitoring

No. Parameters Unit Results QCVN QCVN 14 15 A1 A2 A3 05:2013/BTNMT 06:2009/BTNMT

1. SO2 (1h) µg/m3 26 24 28 350 -

2. NO2 (1h) µg/m3 24 20 18 200 -

3. CO (1h) µg/m3 2100 1900 2200 30,000 -

4. TSP (1h) µg/m3 125 110 98 300 -

5. PM10 (24h) µg/m3 20 14 12 150 -

6. PM2.5 (24h) µg/m3 <10 <10 <10 50 -

7. VOCs µg/m3 81.3 35.37 21.5 - -

8. Benzene µg/m3 1.07 0.76 0.55 - 22

9. Toluene µg/m3 4.50 2.84 3.17 - 500 Note: Symbol (-): unstipulated

7.7 Noise Quality A noise monitoring survey was conducted to collect the noise baseline condition for the Project from 11th May to 13th May 2020. The selection of the monitoring locations and monitoring procedure were implemented based on the IFC noise management Guidance. Noise measured is assessed against the IFC Criteria (Table 7.6). Detailed information of the noise survey can be found in Appendix K.

Table 7.6 IFC Noise Level Guidelines

Receptor On Hour LAeq (dBA)

Day time Night time 7:00 – 22:00 22:00 – 7: 00

Residential, institutional, 55 45 educational

Source: IFC General EHS Guidelines – Noise Management, 2007

7.7.1 Sampling Locations Noise monitoring was conducted at three (03) locations in Tan Lap and Tan Lien commune, Huong Hoa district, Quang Tri province. These monitoring locations were representative of noise sensitive receptors around the Project site. Two (02) locations (N1 and N2) of noise survey were in Tan Lap commune, one location (N3) was in Tan Lien commune. These locations were selected for the monitoring and described in the Table 7.7 and Figure 7.14.

14 QCVN 05:2013/BTNMT: National Technical Regulation on Ambient Air Quality. 15 QCVN 06:2013/BTNMT: National Technical Regulation on hazardous Substances in ambient air

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Table 7.7 Summary of Noise Measurement Locations

Sampling Description of sampling Distance from Coordinates (WGS 84) Location locations sampling location to nearest wind Latitude (m) Longitude (m) turbine (m)

N1 Tan Thuan Village, Tan Lap 460 16.61161111 106.6852778 Commune, Huong Hoa District.

N2 Ban Bu Village, Tan Lap 350 16.62394444 106.6926944 commune, Huong Hoa district

N3 Tan Hao Village, Tan Lien Inside the project 16.63588889 106.6930833 Commune, Huong Hoa District site, distance from the nearest turbine (LL03) is 400 m

Figure 7.14 Noise Monitoring Locations

7.7.2 Noise Monitoring Procedure

The noise monitoring procedure was conducted based on the IFC Guideline. LAeq, LA90 and LA10 noise levels were measured continuously for 48 hours with data logging for every 10 minutes. Weather conditions (e.g. wind speeds), exciting industrial condition and noise contribution from other noise sources at the monitoring locations were recorded and used for noise analysis.

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7.7.3 Results and Discussion

7.7.3.1 Noise Monitoring Site N1

 Noise level (Leq, 10 minutes) measured for 48 consecutive hours at position N1 with large fluctuations (ranges from 36.5 to 70.7 dBA).

 Daytime noise was often higher than IFC’s limitation (68.7%). The noise was high around 8:00 – 10:30 when timber trucks travelled the most. The highest noise at 9:06 and 9:56 on 14 May 2020.

 Most of the noise value at night-time (22:00 – 7:00) was lower than 45 dBA (limit of IFC) (accounting for 66.3%). During the period from 22:40 – 3:40, there was no sound of motorbikes, dogs or insects, the noise was very low. The lowest noise level measured was 36.5 dBA at 1:00 – 1:20 on 15 May 2020.

 Sources of noise include: timber trucks and motorbikes passing, barking dogs, sound of cicadas and insects.

Leq N1 IFC Daytime IFC Nighttime 80

20 Noise level Leq (dBA) LeqNoiselevel 10

0 0:56 1:56 2:56 3:56 4:56 5:56 6:56 7:56 8:56 9:56 0:59 1:59 2:59 3:59 4:59 5:59 6:59 7:59 8:59 9:59 mưa 17:56 18:56 19:56 20:56 21:56 22:56 23:56 10:56 11:56 12:56 13:56 14:56 15:56 16:59 17:59 18:59 19:59 20:59 21:59 22:59 23:59 10:59 11:59 12:59 13:59 14:59 18:46 13/05/2020 14/05/2020 15/05/2020

Start time

Figure 7.15 Leq, 10min (dBA) at Monitoring Site N1

7.7.3.2 Noise Monitoring Site N2

 The N2 position was affected by many different noise sources. Value of Leq,10min ranged from 44.0 to 68.4 dBA.

 42.2% of the daytime measured noise value (Leq,10min) was higher than the IFC standard. The highest noise at 8:23 to 8:43 on 16 May 2020. Daytime noise was affected by many sources such as motorbikes, cows, chickens, birds, goats. In the afternoon, there was also the sound of cicadas.

 Nighttime noise was always higher than IFC standards. The evening was influenced by sound of roosters, dogs, cicadas. The highest noise was 63.8 dBA around 5:00, 17 May 2020.

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Figure 7.16 Diagram of Leq, 10min (dBA) in Monitoring Site N2

7.7.3.3 Noise Monitoring Location N3

 Most of the daytime noise levels measured at the N3 site met IFC noise standards (accounting for 93.3%). The lowest value was 38.1 dBA (at 11:50 on 17 May 2020) and the highest value was 60.6 (at 7:46 dated 16 May 2020).

 73.2% of night noise was higher than IFC standard. The lowest noise value at night was 42.1 dBA at 2:41 on 16 May 2020. The highest noise value was 56.2 dBA at 4:56 on 17 May 2020. At night, the noise was due to dogs, insects, frogs, cicadas from 3:00 to the next morning also had geckos, birds, roosters.

Figure 7.17 Diagram of Leq, 10min (dBA) in Monitoring Site N3

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7.8 Groundwater Quality Groundwater samples were collected at two (02) sites of households under the scope of IESE in May 2020. The main purpose of groundwater quality assessment is used for domestic water supply for project’s activities. At GW1, the groundwater sample was extracted from a depth of 60m whereas at GW2, the sample was extracted from a depth of 57 m. Coordinates and descriptions of the sampling sites are detailed in Table 7.8 and further illustrated in Figure 7.18.

Table 7.8 Groundwater Sampling Sites

Site Depth Description Distance from sampling Coordinate (WGS84) Code (m) location to nearest wind Latitude (m) Longitude (m) turbine (m)

GW1 60 m Mr Son’s house, Tan 400 16.62943098 106.70222187 Hao Village, Tan Lien Commune, Huong Hoa District, Quang Tri Province

GW2 57m Mr Hao’s house, Tan 450 16.61337472 106.68372107 Thuan Village, Tan Lap Commune, Huong Hoa District, Quang Tri Province

Figure 7.18 Groundwater Sampling Locations

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The ground water taken at two (02) sites showed that all parameters were lower than the allowable permits of national technical regulation on ground water quality QCVN 09-MT: 2015/BTNMT. In which, parameters of ammonium, cyanide, cadmium and coliform at two (02) sites and chloride at GW1 were lower than limit of detection (LOD). The groundwater quality results are summarized in Table 7.9 below and the details of result are presented in Appendix M.

Table 7.9 Results of Ground Water

No. Parameters Unit Results

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Site Description Distance from sampling Coordinate (WGS84) Code location to nearest wind Latitude (m) Longitude turbine (m) (m)

SW2 Tan Tai Stream, Tan Thuan 640m from turbine LL10 16.65104623 106.63358578 village, Tan Lap commune, Huong Hoa District, Quang Tri province

Figure 7.19 Surface Water Sampling Locations

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Figure 7.20 Surface Water Sampling Locations with Drainage System Almost all parameters of the samples were lower than allowed limits of the QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT (Colum B1 – For irrigated agriculture, irrigation purposes or other purposes which require waterway transport and other purposes with low quality of water requirements) - National technical regulation on surface water quality, except for TSS parameter of SW1 sample and Pb level of SW2 sample exceeded QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT. While, parameters phosphate, cadmium, chromium (VI), chromium (III), mercury, oil and grease, cyanide, E.coli and coliform at two sites and ammonium parameter at SW2 were shown lower than detection limit of the method. The surface water quality results are summarized in Table 7.11 below and the details of result are presented in Appendix M.

Table 7.11 Results of Surface Water Monitoring

No. Parameters Unit Results

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No. Parameters Unit Results

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Figure 7.21 Soil Sampling Locations The soil quality results are summarized in Table 7.13 below and the details of result are presented in Appendix M.

Table 7.13 Results of Soil Sample Monitoring

No. Parameters Unit Results QCVN 03-MT:2015/BTNMT (Agricultural land) (18)

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surveys were undertaken by ERM two times in 2020. Desktop reviews included the local regulatory EMP which received approval in 2019 and other information sources such as journals and online articles.

7.11.1 Desktop Assessment This section summarises information from several databases and online data sources on biodiversity values within the landscape to determine predicted biodiversity values associated with the Project Area. The following definition of areas have been used:

 The Project Footprint is defined as the development footprint located in the terrestrial zones. It is the footprint that will be disturbed due to Project’s activities;

 The Study Area encompasses a 50 km buffer of the Project and has been used to identify biodiversity habitats and values for consideration;

 The Ecologically Appropriate Area for analysis (EAAA) has been defined as required under IFC PS6 for that species. The EAAA is used to identify the presence of critical habitat for that species (through application of the IFC PS6 critical habitat thresholds outlined in the IFC PS6 Guidance Note19); and

 The Project Area of Influence (AoI) is the region can be seen short and long term impacts of constructions and operations including EAAA that has been assessed to define habitat values in the immediate project vicinity where species may regularly occur. The desktop review considered online sources, scientific literature and environmental studies undertaken within the Study Area. Key sources include:

 NGO webpages and databases including those belonging to the World Wildlife Fund (WWF);

 Alliance for Zero Extinction (AZE);

 BirdLife International;

 Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF);

 International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species (the ‘IUCN Red List’) and their profiles;

 IUCN Red List of Ecosystems; and

 Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT). The information is combined with field-recorded data obtained from field assessments undertaken for the Project and used to evaluate potential critical habitat triggers that may be associated with the EAAA for onshore components. Critical habitat is assessed by screening desktop, historic and survey data to identify these triggers. Data is screened to determine whether a species or habitat is likely to meet a critical habitat threshold. The EAAA for this project is discussed in Section 7.11.11.

7.11.2 Ecoregion Description WWF defines an ecoregion as a “large unit of land or water containing a geographically distinct assemblage of species, natural communities, and environmental conditions”. The boundaries of an ecoregion are not fixed and sharp, but rather encompass an area within which important ecological and evolutionary processes most strongly interact. The Ecoregion relevant to the Project Area is Northern Annamites Rain Forests [IM0136], which occupies an area of 22,533 km2. This Ecoregion lies largely in Lao People's Democratic Republic but with a significant area across the crest of the Annamite Range in Vietnam. Geological substrates are

19 IFC, 2019

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varied over this ecoregion, but there are notable large areas of limestone karst topography (WWF 2020). The climatic condition in this region changes abruptly throughout the year, especially along the mountain crest. The area receives an annual rainfall of between 1,500 millimeters and 2,500 millimeters (World Atlas. 2020). The higher elevation areas of this ecological region experience cooler temperatures throughout the seasons. Mesic lower montane forests at 800-1,200 m in the northern Annamite Range generally consist of a two-tiered forest canopy reaching to about 15-25 m in height. The dense canopy structure of undisturbed humid montane forest allows little light to penetrate to ground level, so understory vegetation is sparse. More than half of this ecoregion has been cleared or degraded. However, the forests in the northwest part of the ecoregion are still in fairly good condition. A large block of montane forest straddles the Laos- Vietnam border. Nine protected areas cover about 12,200km2 (26 percent) of the ecoregion including Ho Ke Go, Nam Kading, Pu Mat, Dong Phong Nha, Phou Xang He, Nakai-Nam Theun, Hin Namno, Vu Quang, Khammouane Limestone. Both Laos and Vietnam have begun or are planning to develop several major power schemes that will inundate large areas of habitat and provide ready access to intact forest areas, thus increasing the probabilities of further habitat degradation. Major illegal and legal logging and local and transboundary wildlife poaching and trade (Laos into Vietnam) still occur. The presence of unexploded ordnances similarly poses a severe threat to wildlife, researchers, and protected area staff. The following species of conservation interest exist within the Ecoregion (Table 7.14). There are numerous birds and mammals of conservation interest which utilize the ecoregion. Note that there is the probability that many more endemic species will be added to this list after comprehensive surveys that may be conducted by revelant organizations and institutions.

Table 7.14 Critically Endangered and Endangered Species within the Ecoregion

No. Scientific Name Common IUCN Red List Vietnam Class Name Name Category Redbook

1 Lophura edwardsi Vietnam CR EN Aves Pheasant

2 Nomascus gabriellae Red-cheeked EN EN Mammalia Gibbon

3 Megamuntiacus Large- CR VU Mammalia vuquangensis antlered Muntjac

4 Muntiacus Annamite DD DD Mammalia truongsonensis Muntjac

5 Pygathrix nemaeus Red-shanked CR EN Mammalia Douc Langur Notes: CR : Critically Endangered; EN : Endangered; VU : Vulnerable; NT: Near Threatened; DD : Data Deficient; NA : Not Assessed; LC: Least Concern

7.11.3 World Heritage Areas World Heritage Areas are areas of outstanding universal value designated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), as detailed in the following Sections 7.11.3.1 and 7.11.3.2.

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7.11.3.1 World Heritage Sites World Heritage Sites are sites selected by UNESCO having cultural, historic, scientific or other forms of significance. These areas are legally protected by international treaties and demarcated by UNESCO as protected zones. This allows for practical conservation of areas which would otherwise be subjected to threats such as uncontrolled and unrestricted access, and associated activities such as poaching and illegal logging.

Vietnam has eight registered World Heritage Sites (UNESCO 2019). As none of the World Heritage Sites overlap with the Study Area and the AoI, World Heritage Sites are not considered relevant for this assessment.

7.11.3.2 Biosphere Reserves Biosphere Reserves are areas made up of terrestrial, coastal and marine ecosystems, internationally recognized under UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere Programme. They are intended to be learning sites for sustainable development where each reserve encourages sustainable management of interactions between social and ecological systems (UNESCO 2019). Vietnam has nine Biosphere Reserves. None of the Biosphere Reserves are within the Study Area, and the closest Biosphere Reserve is the Cu Lao Cham Biosphere Reserve located approximately 200 km to the Southeast. As such, Biosphere Reserves are not considered relevant for this assessment.

7.11.4 Ramsar Sites The Convention of Wetlands, also known as the Ramsar Convention, is an intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for the conservation and use of wetlands and their resources (Ramsar Convention on Wetlands 2019). The Ramsar Convention for Vietnam has been effective from 20 January 1989, and currently has 9 sites designated as Wetlands of International Importance, which cover an approximate surface area of 120,549 ha (Ramsar Convention on Wetlands 2011). Bau Sau Wetlands and Seasonal Floodplain, the closest Ramsar site, is 584km to the south of the Project. None of these sites are within the Study Area, and hence Ramsar sites are not considered relevant for this assessment.

7.11.5 Key Biodiversity Areas 20 Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) are defined by the Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership as sites that contribute significantly to the global persistence of biodiversity, applicable to terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems. Sites qualify as global KBAs if they meet one or more of 11 criteria as defined by the Partnership, grouped into the following five categories: threatened biodiversity, geographically restricted biodiversity, ecological integrity, biological processes and irreplaceability (BirdLife International 2018). KBAs include Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBA), Alliance for Zero Extinction (AZE), Important Plant Areas (IPA) and Important Sites for Freshwater Biodiversity. The detail information of identified IBA is presented in Section 7.11.7. Based on the IBAT database, six KBAs have been identified within 50km radius from the Project site (Table 7.15) and a list of species of conservation interest have been identified in these KBAs (Table 7.16).

20 Key Biodiversity Partnership comprises a consortium of 12 conservation NGOs including BirdLife International, IUCN, Amphibian Survival Alliance, Conservation International, Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Global Environment Facility, Global Wildlife Conservation, Nature Serve, Rainforest Trust, Royal Society of the Protection of Birds, WWF and Wildlife Conservation Society.

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Table 7.15 List of Key Biodiversity Areas within 50-km Radius from Project Site

Key Biodiversity Distance from No. Country IBA/ AZE Area (ha) Area Project Area (km)

1 Laving-Laveun Lao PDR 38,000 45

2 Xe Sap Lao PDR IBA 137,120 45

3 Dong Phou Vieng Lao PDR 299,000 50

4 Truong Son Vietnam IBA 50,000 27

5 Dakrong Vietnam IBA 40,526 18

6 Phong Dien Vietnam IBA 41,548 45

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Table 7.16 Species of Conservation Interest in Listed KBAs

IUCN Red List No. KBAs Scientific names Common names Class name KBA Trigger Category

Pseudoryx nghetinhensis Saola CR Mammalia Threatened status

Pygathrix nemaeus Red-shanked Douc Langur CR Mammalia Threatened status

Nomascus siki Southern White-cheeked Gibbon EN Mammalia Threatened status

Oriolus traillii Maroon Oriole LC Aves Migratory

Artamus fuscus Ashy Woodswallow LC Aves Migratory

Anthipes monileger White-gorgeted Flycatcher LC Aves Migratory Laving-Laveun Machlolophus spilonotus Yellow-cheeked Tit LC Aves Migratory

Ixos mcclellandii Mountain Bulbul LC Aves Migratory

Hypsipetes leucocephalus Black Bulbul LC Aves Migratory

Tesia cyaniventer Grey-bellied Tesia LC Aves Migratory

Phylloscopus poliogenys Grey-cheeked Warbler LC Aves Migratory

Siva cyanouroptera Blue-winged Minla LC Aves Migratory

Xe Sap Lophura nycthemera Silver Pheasant LC Aves Migratory

Oriolus traillii Maroon Oriole LC Aves Migratory

Artamus fuscus Ashy Woodswallow LC Aves Migratory

Hypsipetes leucocephalus Black Bulbul LC Aves Migratory

Siva cyanouroptera Blue-winged Minla LC Aves Migratory

Rheinardia ocellata Crested Argus EN Aves Threatened status

Dong Phou Vieng Panthera tigris Tiger EN Mammalia Threatened status

Pygathrix nemaeus Red-shanked Douc Langur CR Mammalia Threatened status

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IUCN Red List No. KBAs Scientific names Common names Class name KBA Trigger Category

Elephas maximus Asian Elephant EN Mammalia Threatened status

Indotestudo elongata Yellow-headed Tortoise EN Reptiles Threatened status

Dakrong Pseudoryx nghetinhensis Saola CR Mammalia Threatened status

Pygathrix nemaeus Red-shanked Douc Langur CR Mammalia Threatened status

Dipterocarpus kerrii EN Plant Threatened status

Erythrophleum fordii Gemu EN Plant Threatened status

Aquilaria crassna Eagle Wood CR Plant Threatened status

Lophura edwardsi Vietnam Pheasent CR Aves Migratory

Truong Son Pseudoryx nghetinhensis Saola CR Mammalia Threatened status

Phong Dien Lophura edwardsi Vietnam Pheasent CR Aves Migratory

Pseudoryx nghetinhensis Saola CR Mammalia Threatened status

Panthera tigris Tiger EN Mammalia Threatened status

Pygathrix nemaeus Red-shanked Douc Langur CR Mammalia Threatened status

Dipterocarpus kerrii EN Plant Threatened status

Erythrophleum fordii Gemu EN Plant Threatened status

Aquilaria crassna Eagle Wood CR Plant Threatened status Notes: CR : Critically Endangered; EN : Endangered; VU : Vulnerable; NT: Near Threatened; DD : Data Deficient; NA : Not Assessed; LC: Least Concern

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Figure 7.22 Key Biodiversity Areas Surrounding Project Area

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7.11.6 Protected Areas According to the IUCN (2008), a Protected Area is “a clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values.” Under the provisions of IFC PS6, a Protected Area and Internationally Recognized area require specific management actions if development proceeds within the boundary (see requirements under KBAs outlined above). Consultation with protected area managers and the community will be required.

7.11.6.1 ASEAN Heritage Parks ASEAN Heritage Parks (AHPs) are selected protected areas in the ASEAN region recognized for their unique flora and fauna and ecosystems, wilderness and excellent values (ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity, 2019). There are no AHPs located within the Study Area. The closest AHP to the Project Area is the Vu Quang National Park, approximately 220 km to the north. As such, ASEAN Heritage Parks are not considered relevant for this assessment.

7.11.6.2 Nationally Protected Areas There are five nationally protected areas situated within the Study Area (Table 7.17). The major threats to biodiversity at this site are, therefore, habitat loss, hunting and over-exploitation of natural resources.

Table 7.17 Brief Information of Protected Area around the Project Area within 50 km Radius

No. Protected Area Approximate Summary Distance from Project Area

1 Bac Huong Hoa 8km ■ Location: 16°56'21.1"N, 106°35'14.5"E Nature Reserve ■ Country : Vietnam ■ WDPA ID: 555594125 ■ Area size: 234.86 km2 ■ Type: Not reported ■ Designation: National ■ Status year : 2012 ■ Management Authority: People's Committee of Quang Tri

2 Dakrong Nature 18km ■ Location: 16°36'26.3"N, 106°52'50.8"E Reserve ■ Country : Vietnam ■ WDPA ID: 10384 ■ Area size: 376.81km2 ■ Type: Not reported ■ Designation: National ■ Status year : 2004 ■ Management Authority: People's Committee of Quang Tri

3 Phong Dien 22km ■ Location: 16°30'13.3"N, 107°15'57.3"E Nature Reserve ■ Country : Vietnam

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No. Protected Area Approximate Summary Distance from Project Area ■ WDPA ID: 303039 ■ Area size: 415.08km2 ■ Type: Not reported ■ Designation: National ■ Status year : 2014 ■ Management Authority: People's Committee of Thua Thien Hue

4 Xe Sap 45km ■ Location: 16°21'51.3"N, 106°54'54.3"E ■ Country : Laos ■ WDPA ID: 71261 ■ Area size: 1130.0km2 ■ Type: Not reported ■ Designation: National ■ Status year : Note reported ■ Management Authority: Note reported

5 Dong Phou Vieng 50km ■ Location: 16°28'18.6"N, 106°24'29.9"E National ■ Country : Laos Biodiversity Conservation ■ WDPA ID: 312986 Area ■ Area size: 2990.0km2 ■ Type: IUCN Category VI ■ Designation: National ■ Status year : Note reported ■ Management Authority: Not reported

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Figure 7.23 Protected Areas Surrounding Project Area

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7.11.7 Endemic Bird Areas An Endemic Bird Area (EBA) is an area to which at least two restricted range bird species (species with extent of occurrence (EOO) of ≤ 50,000 km2) are entirely confined (BirdLife International 2020). Vietnam has a total of seven EBAs. The Annamese Lowlands EBA21 overlaps with the Project Area. The Annamese Lowlands EBA covers the lowland and foothills of north-central Vietnam (southern Ninh Binh, Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri and Thua - Thien Hue province) and part of adjacent central Laos. The natural vegetation of the EBA is lowland evergreen forest, with smaller areas of limestone forest. However, a large proportion of the EBA has been deforested, and a majority of the remaining natural vegetation is highly fragmented. There are 16 Important Bird Areas (IBAs) within the Annamese Lowlands EBA (Table 7.18 and Figure 7.24).

21 Birdlife International. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/eba/factsheet/139 Accessed: 20 July 2020

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Figure 7.24 IBAs in Annamese Lowlands EBA22

22 Birdlife International. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/eba/factsheet/139 Accessed: 20 July 2020

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Table 7.18 IBAs within the Annamese Lowlands EBA

No. IBA Code Site Name Country

1 LA026 Khammouan Limestone Laos

2 LA017 Upper Xe Bangfai Laos

3 LA018 Hin Namno Laos

4 LA023 Eastern Bolikhamxay Mountains Laos

5 LA025 Nakai-Nam Theun Laos

6 VN041 Truong Son Vietnam

7 VN019 Ke Go Vietnam

8 VN021 Phong Dien Vietnam

9 VN022 Vu Quang Vietnam

10 VN026 Bach Ma Vietnam

11 VN031 Dakrong Vietnam

12 VN034 Cuc Phong Vietnam

13 VN035 Khe Net Vietnam

14 VN039 Phong Nha Vietnam

15 VN040 Ke Bang Vietnam

16 VN042 Pu Mat Vietnam

Dakrong Important Bird Area is located 15km to the southeast of the Project Area. The IBA which is 40,526ha, is the southern part of the Annamese Lowlands Endemic Bird Area (EBA). The common habitat in Dakrong IBA is forest and shrubland. Bird species of conservation interest inhabiting Dakrong proposed nature reserve include Vietnam Pheasant (Lophura edwardsi) [IUCN CR; VNRB EN] and Imperial Pheasant (Lophura imperialis), Crested argus (Rheinardia ocellata) [IUCN EN].

 In 1996, Vietnam Pheasant (Lophura edwardsi) was rediscovered in Phong My commune, Thua Thien Hue province, and in Huong Hoa commune, Quang Tri province. In December 1997, at least four specimens were trapped in Ba Long commune, Quang Tri province. Phong Dien and Dakrong proposed nature reserves support the known population of Vietnam Pheasant in the world.

 One juvenile male Imperial Pheasant (Lophura imperialis) was captured at Dakrong in February 2000 (Birdlife International. 2020).

 Crested argus (Rheinardia ocellata) is endemic to South-East Asia. The nominate subspecies occurs along the Annamite mountain chain in central and southern Vietnam and neighbouring eastern Laos, south to the Da Lat Plateau in southern Vietnam (IUCN Redlist 2020). Truong Son IBA is 27km away from the Project Area. The IBA which is 50,000ha, is in the northwest part of the Annamese Lowlands Endemic Bird Area (EBA). Similar to Dakrong IBA, the common habitat in Truong Son IBA is forest and shrubland. The species of conservation interest in Truong Son IBA is the Vietnam Pheasant (Rheinardia ocellata) [IUCN EN]. Phong Dien IBA is 45km away from the Project Area which is 41,548ha. According to BirdLife International, the population of Vietnam Pheasant (Lophura edwardsi) at Phong Dien is considered relatively common even there is little information related to this species. In addition, Jabouilleia danjoui [VNRB NT] was recorded that used to occur within Phong Dien and Crested argus (Rheinardia ocellata) [IUCN EN] is still common within this area (BirdLife International 2020).

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Xe Sap IBA is 45km away from the Project Area which is 137,120ha. According to BirdLife International, the forested mountains within the IBA are important for a number of key bird species, and the large number of permanent streams are important for Blyth's Kingfisher (Alcedo Hercules) [IUCN NT]. Notably, the IBA is one of only three sites in Laos. This IBA is known to support Yellow-billed Nuthatch (Sitta solangiae) [IUCN NT] (BirdLife International 2020). In addition, Crested Argus (Rheinardia ocellata) [IUCN EN] is reported by local people to occur at the IBA (Steinmetz et al. 1999).

7.11.8 Vietnam Forest Classifications According to Circular No. 34/2009/TT-BNNPTNT, Vietnam’s forests can be categorized into three categories based on use purposes, namely special use, production and protection under the Law on Protection and Development of Forest of the National Assembly:

 Protection forest: Protection forests are used mainly to protect water sources and land, prevent erosion and desertification, restrict natural calamities and regulate climate, thus contributing to environmental protection. Protection forest may include (1) headwater protection forests; (2) wind- and sand-shielding protection forests; (3) protection forests for tide shielding and sea encroachment prevention; and (4) protection forests for environmental protection.

 Special-use forest: Special-use forests, which are used mainly for conservation of nature, specimens of the national forest ecosystems and forest biological gene sources; for scientific research; protection of historical and cultural relics as well as landscapes; in service of recreation and tourism in combination with protection, contributing to environmental protection. Special-use forest may include (1) national parks; (2) nature conservation zones; (3) landscape protection areas; and (4) scientific research and experiment forests.

 Production forest: Production forests are used mainly for production and trading of timber and non-timber forest products in combination with protection, contributing to environmental protection, including (1) natural production forests; (2) planted production forests; (3) seeding forests, including the selected and recognized planted forests and natural forests. The forest associated with study area is illustrated in Figure 7.25. This forest is under management of People's Committee of Quang Tri Province. The majority of the Project Area is located in production forest. A portion of the northern section of the Project Area is classified as protection forest (Figure 7.25). Field surveys at the Project Area determined that the Protection Forest is covered by planted trees and considered production forest, mainly Acacia spp., banana and cassava (refer to Section 7.11.13.2.1).

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Figure 7.25 The Location of Protection Forest (VNForest 2012)

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7.11.9 Species of Conservation Interest The IBAT database was used to identify potential critical habitat species (Critically Endangered, Endangered species, and Restricted Range species) within the Study Area in order to assess against the thresholds for Critical Habitat Criterion 1 (Critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable species), Criterion 2 (Endemic and/or restricted-range species) and Criterion 3 (Migratory and/or Congregatory species). The complete IBAT risk screen report (dated 10 July 2020) is shown in Appendix C.

7.11.9.1 Threatened Species Threatened species are identified as those classified on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The Red List defines threatened species as those listed as being Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN) or Vulnerable (VU). CR and EN species are considered to be at a heightened risk of extinction and have an elevated level of consideration under IFC PS6. These species are candidates for screening against Critical Habitat Criterion 1. Vulnerable species are also considered under Criterion 1 where the Project impacts may impact the species to an extent as to warrant the species’ reclassification as either CR or EN. Threatened species predicted to occur within the Study Area are listed in Table 7.19.

Table 7.19 Threatened Species Predicted within the Study Area

No. Scientific Name Common Name Class Name IUCN IUCN Category Vietnam Red Data Book

1 Catlocarpio siamensis Giant Carp CR EN Actinopterygii

2 Pangasius sanitwongsei Giant Pangasius CR NL Actinopterygii

3 Laubuka caeruleostigmata Flying Minnow EN NL Actinopterygii

4 Pangasianodon hypophthalmus Striped Catfish EN NL Actinopterygii

5 Poropuntius deauratus Yellow Tail Brook Barb EN NL Actinopterygii

6 Schistura nudidorsum EN NL Actinopterygii

7 Terateleotris aspro EN NL Actinopterygii

8 Channa maculata LC EN Actinopterygii

9 Calostoma insigne NL EN Agaricomycetes

10 Rhacophorus kio Black-webbed Treefrog LC EN Amphibia

11 Theloderma corticale Tonkin Bug-eyed Frog LC EN Amphibia

12 Calidris pygmaea Spoon-billed Sandpiper CR NL Aves

13 Emberiza aureola Yellow-breasted Bunting CR NL Aves

14 Gyps bengalensis White-rumped Vulture CR CR Aves

15 Gyps tenuirostris Slender-billed Vulture CR DD Aves

16 Lophura edwardsi Vietnam Pheasant CR EN Aves

17 Sarcogyps calvus Red-headed Vulture CR NL Aves

18 Lonchura oryzivora Java Sparrow EN NL Aves

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No. Scientific Name Common Name Class Name IUCN IUCN Category Vietnam Red Data Book

19 Pavo muticus Green Peafowl EN NL Aves

20 Rheinardia ocellata Crested Argus EN NL Aves

21 Sterna acuticauda Black-bellied Tern EN NL Aves

22 Pelecanus philippensis Spot-billed Pelican NT EN Aves

23 Aquila heliaca Eastern Imperial Eagle VU CR Aves

Mekong Freshwater NL 24 Hemitrygon laosensis EN Chondrichthyes Stingray

25 Pterocarpus macrocarpus Burma Padauk EN NL Magnoliopsida

26 Manis javanica Sunda Pangolin CR EN Mammalia

27 Manis pentadactyla Chinese Pangolin CR EN Mammalia

28 Muntiacus vuquangensis Large-antlered Muntjac CR NL Mammalia

29 Panthera pardus ssp. delacouri Indochinese Leopard CR NL Mammalia

30 Pseudoryx nghetinhensis Saola CR EN Mammalia

31 Cuon alpinus Dhole EN EN Mammalia

32 Chrotogale owstoni Owston's Civet EN NL Mammalia

33 Elephas maximus Asian Elephant EN CR Mammalia

34 Nesolagus timminsi Annamite Striped Rabbit EN NL Mammalia

35 Nomascus gabriellae Red-cheeked Gibbon EN EN Mammalia

Southern White-cheeked NL 36 Nomascus siki EN Mammalia Gibbon

37 Panthera tigris Tiger EN NL Mammalia

Red-shanked Douc NL 38 Pygathrix nemaeus CR Mammalia Langur

39 Trachypithecus germaini Indochinese Lutung EN NL Mammalia

40 Trachypithecus hatinhensis Hatinh Langur EN EN Mammalia

41 Viverra megaspila Large-spotted Civet EN VU Mammalia

Spotted Giant Flying 42 Petaurista elegans LC EN Mammalia Squirrel

43 Arctictis binturong Binturong VU EN Mammalia

44 Bos gaurus Gaur VU EN Mammalia

45 Helarctos malayanus Sun Bear VU NL Mammalia

46 Lutrogale perspicillata Smooth-coated Otter VU EN Mammalia

47 Panthera pardus Leopard VU CR Mammalia

48 Ursus thibetanus Asiatic Black Bear VU EN Mammalia

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No. Scientific Name Common Name Class Name IUCN IUCN Category Vietnam Red Data Book

49 Nycticebus pygmaeus Pygmy Slow Loris EN VU Mammalia

50 Crocodylus siamensis Siamese Crocodile CR CR Reptilia

51 Cuora bourreti Bourret's Box Turtle CR NL Reptilia

52 Indotestudo elongata Elongated Tortoise CR EN Reptilia

53 Cuora mouhotii Keeled Box Turtle EN NL Reptilia

Three Horned-scaled NL 54 Protobothrops sieversorum EN Reptilia Pitviper

55 Python reticulatus Reticulated Python LC CR Reptilia

56 Varanus salvator Common Water Monitor LC EN Reptilia

57 Ophiophagus hannah King Cobra VU CR Reptilia

Notes: CR : Critically Endangered; EN : Endangered; VU : Vulnerable; NT: Near Threatened; DD : Data Deficient; NA : Not Assessed; LC: Least Concern; NL : Not Listed

Source: IBAT, 2020

7.11.9.2 Restricted Range Species According to IFC PS6, restricted range species is defined as species with a limited extent of occurrence (EOO):

 For terrestrial vertebrates and plants, restricted-range species are defined as those species that have an EOO less than 50,000 square kilometres (km2).

 For marine systems, restricted-range species are provisionally being considered those with an EOO of less than 100,000km2.

 For coastal, riverine, and other aquatic species in habitats that do not exceed 200 km width at any point (for example, rivers), restricted range is defined as having a global range of less than or equal to 500 km linear geographic span (i.e., the distance between occupied locations furthest apart). These species are candidates for screening against Critical Habitat Criterion 2. There are 13 restricted range species predicted to occur within the Study Area after screening IBAT (Table 7.20).

Table 7.20 Restricted Range Species Predicted within the Study Area

S/N Scientific Name Common Name Class IUCN Vietnam Estimated category Redbook EOO (km2)

1 Poropuntius Yellow Tail Brook Actinopterygii EN NL 28,680 deauratus Barb

2 Lophura edwardsi Vietnam Pheasant Aves CR EN 18,000

3 Cussetia Magnoliopsida DD NL 50,000 diversifolia

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S/N Scientific Name Common Name Class IUCN Vietnam Estimated category Redbook EOO (km2)

4 Magnolia Magnoliopsida DD NL 50,000 duperreana

5 Pseudoryx Saola Mammalia CR EN 14,000 nghetinhensis

6 Nesolagus Annamite Striped Mammalia EN NL 44,000 timminsi Rabbit

7 Nomascus siki Southern White- Mammalia EN NL 45,000 cheeked Gibbon

8 Trachypithecus Hatinh Langur Mammalia EN EN 38,000 hatinhensis

9 Nok hualon Bare-faced Bulbul Aves LC NL 34,000

10 Stachyris herberti Sooty Babbler Aves LC VU 28,500

11 Garrulax Chestnut-eared Aves VU NL 19,400 konkakinhensis Laughingthrush

12 Cuora bourreti Bourret's Box Aves CR NL 46,000 Turtle

13 Hipposideros Shield-nosed Leaf- Mammalia VU NL 39,000 scutinares nosed Bat Notes: CR : Critically Endangered; EN : Endangered; VU : Vulnerable; NT: Near Threatened; DD : Data Deficient; NA : Not Assessed; LC: Least Concern; NL : Not Listed

7.11.9.3 Migratory and/or Congregatory Species Species identified as migratory and/or congregatory within the Study Area using the relevant BirdLife International database and IUCN species profiles are also listed in order to assess against the thresholds for critical habitat Criterion 3 (Migratory and/or congregatory species). There are 246 migratory species and 12 congregatory species that were predicted as candidates, as shown in Appendix D.

7.11.9.4 Species identified Literature Review Flora: A systematic review of literature sources revealed no relevant information on flora diversity of the Huong Tan commune. However, there were various publications on flora diversity of the Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve and Quang Tri province. (Mahood and Tran 2008) studied plant diversity at Bac Huong Hoa Natural Reserve and reported 25 threatened species both at national and global scale (Table 7.21). (Xuyen, et al. 2016.) recorded 129 species of ferns and fern allies. In addition, various plant species new-to-science have been recently described in the Bac Huong Hoa-Dakrong corridor, as mentioned in (Xuyen, et al. 2016.), (Xu, et al. 2018) and (Cai, et al. 2020).

Table 7.21 Threatened Plant Species at Bac Huong Hoa Natural Reserve as Reported by Mahood, S. P. and Tran Van Hung (2008)

Vietnam Red Data book ID Scientific name IUCN Red List (2020) (2007)

1 Amoora dasyclada NL VU

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Vietnam Red Data book ID Scientific name IUCN Red List (2020) (2007)

2 Anoectochilus cetaceus NL EN

3 Aquilaria crassna CR EN

4 Ardisia silvestris NL VU

5 Asarum balansae NL EN

6 Cephalotaxus manii VU VU

7 Chukrasia tabularis NL VU

8 Cinnamomum balansae EN VU

9 Cinnamomum parthenoxylon DD CR

10 Cirsium japonicum NL VU

11 Coscinium fenestratum NL VU

12 Croton touranensis VU VU

13 Dendrobium amabile NL EN

14 Dendrobium farmeri NL VU

15 Dipterocarpus grandiflorus NL VU

16 Dipterocarpus hasseltii CR CR

17 Dipterocarpus kerrii NL CR

18 Erythrophleum fordii NL EN

19 Fagerlindia depauperata NL VU

20 Lithocarpus fenestratus NL VU

21 Lithocarpus haemispherica NL VU

22 Madhuca pasquieri NL EN

23 Melientha suavis NL VU

24 Paramichelia baillonii NL VU

25 Strychnos ignatii NL VU Notes: CR : Critically Endangered; EN : Endangered; VU : Vulnerable; NT: Near Threatened; DD : Data Deficient; NA : Not Assessed; LC: Least Concern; NL = Not Listed Non-volant mammalian fauna: there have been various studies on the non-volant mammals of Huong Hoa-Dakrong area, such as (Dang, Can and Nghia 2007) ; (D. N. Manh ND 2009); (Trung, et al. 2013). According to (NT, et al. 2013), there are 33 records of species of conservation interest in Huong Hoa Nature Reserve, which includes:

 Red-shanked Douc Langur (Pygatthrix nemaeus) [IUCN CR;

 Northern White-cheeked Gbibon (Nomascus leucogenys) [IUCN CR]; and

 Sao La (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis) [IUCN CR, VNRB EN]. Remarkably, the Sao La is believed to occur in both Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve (Thai et al. 2013) and Dakrong Nature Reserve (D. N. Manh ND 2009). Many endangered large mammals such as Large- antlered Muntjac (Muntiacus vuquangensis) [IUCN CR] and the Annamite Muntjac (Mutiacus truongsonensis) [IUCN DD, VNRB DD] are believed to occur in the region. The primate diversity in both

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Bac Huong Hoa and Dakrong Nature Reserve is considered significant. There are eight (8) records of primate species (three (3) families) that were found in the Bac Huong Hoa- Dakrong condor (Thanh, Hai DT and Tuan NN 2018). Of these species, eight (8) are listed as species of conservation interest (lowest ranking was VU) by the IUCN Red List (2020). The Red-shanked Douc Langur and Northern White-cheeked Gibbon are both listed as CR species in IUCN Red List and have been targeted by multiple conservation campaigns (Mittermeier 2010); (Nadler 2010); (Rawson, et al. 2011). Bat fauna: (Dang, et al. 2008); (Kuskop SV 2013); (Manh ND, Dang NX and Nghia NX 2009); Ngo Kim Thai et al, 2013; (Vuong 2013) has indicated that almost nothing is known about bat diversity in the protected areas surrounding the Project Area, whereas bat records in Bac Huong Hoa and Dakrong Nature Reserves consist of at least 55 bat species. Among these records, 6 species are currently considered nationally threatened based on Vietnam Red Data Book (MOST, 2007). Of the species only the Shield-nosed Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros scutinares) is considered threatened (Vulnerable) in accordance with the IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2020) as it is only known from a few locations within the Annamite Range, the population is small and projected to decline at a rate of 10% over the next 15 years (Furey, et al. 2019). In addition, two species have been categorised as “DD - data deficient" in the IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2020) as little or no information is available on their abundance and distribution. While four (4) other species have not yet having been assessed by the IUCN as they were either recently described or are being re-evaluated by their species rank. Avian fauna: the Project is about 18 km west from Dakrong Nature Reserve, which is recognized internationally as an IBA (Tordoff 2002); (Birdlife International. 2020) (Tordoff 2002; Birdlife International 2020). According to Birdlife International (2020), Dakrong Nature Reserve is a part of the Annamese Lowlands EBA that shelters various endemic bird species such as the Vietnam Pheasant (Lophura edwardsi) [IUCN CR]. (Trai, et al. 2005) recorded 217 bird species of 48 families, 16 orders in Dakrong Nature Reserve. Many of the bird species can cover the 18 km distance from the Project Area to Dakrong Nature Reserve with ease. Birds may also migrate short distances between the Dakrong Nature Reserve and the Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve, thus passing through the Project Area. Herpetofauna: A few herpetofauna studies had been conducted in the surrounding areas. According to the latest paper of ‘herpetofauna in the North Central Vietnam’, a Vietnamese document (Hoang Ngoc Thao et al., 2020) and in the ‘A collection of amphibians and reptiles from Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve’ (Nguyen, et al. 2016), 36 amphibian species and 77 reptilian species were recorded in the Quang Tri province. At least one (1) species that was new-to-science has been described at the Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve (Orlov and Ho 2005). According to Nguyen et al. (2016), the Impressed Tortoise (Manouria impressa) [IUCN VU] and the Big-headed Turtle (Platysternon megacephalum) [IUCN EN] should be the priority for herpetofauna conservation in Bac Huong Hoa area.

7.11.9.5 Species Identified from Desktop Species of conservation interest were also identified using other datasets to diversify the source of information. Specifically, three reliable biodiversity databases were used to obtain information regarding the potential occurrences of conservation species including:

 Occurrence database of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (available at: https://www.gbif.org/);

 Occurrence database of the Cornell Lab of Ornithology (https://ebird.org/); and

 Occurrence database of the California Academy of Sciences (https://www.inaturalist.org/) According to GBIF database, there are 166 bird species and 10 bat species recorded within the Study Area (see Appendix E). Of these species, there are 31 species of conservation interest including five (5) avian fauna species, one (1) fish species, 18 flora species and seven (7) mammal species (Table 7.22).

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For eBird database, there are 214 avian fauna records within the Study Area (see Appendix F). Of these records, there is only one (1) conservation interest, which was the Crested Argus (Rheinardia Ocellata) [IUCN EN]. In addition, the iNaturalist provides the presence of Red-shanked Douc Langur (Pygathrix nemaeus) [IUCN CR] in Dong Ha, which is approximately 45km from the Project Area.

Table 7.22 Species of Conservation Interest Base on GBIF Database

No. Class Scientific Name Common name IUCN Vietnam Red Data Book

1 Aves Urocissa whiteheadi Hainan Magpie EN NL

2 Aves Rheinardia ocellata Crested Argus EN NL

3 Aves Chloropsis cochinchinensis Javan Leafbird EN NL

4 Aves Lophura edwardsi Vietnam Pheasant CR EN

5 Aves Pavo muticus Green- Peafowl EN NL

6 Flora Madhuca pasquieri VU EN

7 Flora Fernandoa adenophylla NL VU

8 Flora Pterocarpus macrocarpus Burma Padauk EN EN

9 Flora Knema mixta VU NL

10 Flora Calamus poilanei NL EN

11 Flora Oryza rufipogon Wild Rice LC VU

12 Flora Magnolia rufibarbata EN NL

13 Flora Ixodonerium annamense NL VU

14 Flora Castanopsis ferox NL VU

15 Flora Lithocarpus fenestratus LC VU

16 Flora Lithocarpus vestitus NL EN

17 Flora Castanopsis lecomtei NL VU

18 Flora Castanopsis hystrix NL VU

19 Flora Murraya glabra NL VU

20 Flora Musa coccinea Okinawa Torch EN NL

21 Flora Cinnamomum Martaban Camphor Wood LC CR parthenoxylon

22 Flora Horsfieldia longiflora VU NL

23 Mammalia Hipposideros scutinares Shield-nosed Leaf-nosed Bat VU NL

24 Mammalia Rhinolophus thomasi Thomas's Horseshoe Bat LC VU

25 Mammalia Pseudoryx nghetinhensis Saola CR EN

26 Mammalia Nycticebus coucang Slow Loris EN NL

27 Mammalia Trachypithecus cristatus Silvered Langur VU NL

28 Mammalia Manis pentadactyla Chinese Pangolin CR EN

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No. Class Scientific Name Common name IUCN Vietnam Red Data Book

29 Mammalia Tragulus javanicus Java Mousedeer DD VU

Notes: CR : Critically Endangered; EN : Endangered; VU : Vulnerable; NT: Near Threatened; DD : Data Deficient; NA : Not Assessed; LC: Least Concern; NL = Not Listed

7.11.10 Invasive Species Invasive species are non-native species to a particular ecosystem and whose introduction and spread causes, or are likely to cause, socio-cultural, economic, environmental harm or harm to human health. These species become naturalized in their introduced range, and often reproduce in large numbers and spread over a large area. This can result in competition and damage to native species. Invasive species have the capacity to exacerbate their role in ecosystem degradation through a combination of threats from habitat change, climate change over-exploitation of ecosystem resources and pollution. These further enhance their threat to biodiversity and human health. According to the Global Invasive Species Database23, Vietnam is home to 131 invasive species, of which 102 are terrestrial species and 29 are aquatic species (freshwater and marine). The list of invasive species in Vietnam are shown in Appendix G. The invasive species recorded during field surveys are listed in Section 7.11.13.2.1.

7.11.11 Ecologically Appropriate Area for Analysis In accordance with IFC PS6 an Ecologically Appropriate Area for Analysis (EAAA) for analysis should be identified to determine the presence of critical habitat for each species. This is the area of analysis to assess the applicability of the critical habitat criteria and thresholds. PS6 notes when defining the boundaries the following aspects should be considered: distribution of the species or ecosystems, ecological patterns, processes, features, and functions that are necessary for maintaining them. The EAAA contains three key ecosystem which is renowned as the terrestrial environment. The majority of candidate species aligned with ecosystems within EAAAs have been defined for this assessment (Table 7.23). The EAAA was defined based on the existing Project Area, the surrounding environmental condition, surrounding land uses, likely species of conservation interest present (particularly migratory birds, mammals and terrestrial reptiles), main habitat types for critical habitat candidate species, natural barriers and existing anthropogenic impacts. The EAAA possesses a range of land class types including bare land, vegetation, surface water, agricultural land and built-up which are scattered throughout the area. The EAAA covers approximately 853 ha (Figure 7.26). The identified candidate species groups, main habitat types associated with these species, and type of EAAA that these habitat types have been included in, are outlined below in Table 7.23.

Table 7.23 Candidate Species Habitat Requirements and EAAA

No. Identified candidate species EAAA Comment on inclusion/exclusion of groups habitat type

1 Migratory birds; resident birds, Vegetation/ The area within the EAAA contains tall forest dwelling herpetofauna and Plantation plantation such as Acacia, which could be mammals, flora used by candidate species assessed.

23 GISD, 2019. Available at: http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/. Accessed: 01 April 2020

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No. Identified candidate species EAAA Comment on inclusion/exclusion of groups habitat type

2 Migratory birds; resident birds Agricultural and The area within the EAAA contains cleared bare land and cultivated areas, which may be used by candidate species assessed.

3 Fishes Surface water The area within the EAAA contains lakes and streams, which could be used by candidate species assessed.

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Figure 7.26 Ecologically Appropriate Area for Analysis of the Project

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7.11.12 Natural Habitat and Modified Habitat

7.11.12.1 Land Classification Landsat 8 satellite image with resolution 30m per pixel was used to calculate the normalised differential vegetation index (NDVI) of the Study Area, which was subsequently used to determine the vegetation cover. Calculated NDVI resulted in a raster output with each pixel assigned a value from -1 to 1, where values within -1 to 0 range are unlikely vegetation cover, and values within 0 to 1 represent vegetation cover. The healthier vegetation cover is, the thicker canopy it has. Thicker canopy will have higher NDVI value. The calculated NDVI within the Project Area and its proximity is illustrated in Figure 7.27. The result of land classification is presented in Figure 7.28.

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Figure 7.27 Vegetation Class in Proximity to Project Area

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Figure 7.28 Land Classification within Study Area

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Vegetation classes derived from the Study Area are described below with satellite imagery and photographs, and are shown in Figure 7.29-Figure 7.33. All satellite imagery were obtained from Google Earth.

 Bare land: Bare land are areas with no dominant vegetation cover on at least 90% of the area or areas covered by lichens/moss. The presence of bare land within the area is predominantly due to the land clearance for the purpose of agriculture. Bare land is considered modified habitat.

Figure 7.29 Satellite Imagery of Bare Land

 Vegetation: - Vegetation refers to the forest, a large area of land covered with trees and other plants. According to the Vietnam regulation, the forest is classified into three categories including production forest, special-use forest, and protection forest. The special-use and protection forest are considered natural habitat. - The protection forest within the EAAA is planted forest such as pines, cajuput, and is considered as modified habitat. - The production forest within the EAAA is planted forest, including forests planted with state budget funds and forests planted with forest owners’ investment funds (their own funds, loans, joint venture or association funds not originating from the state budget) or with the State’s support and funds from other sources which will be categorised as modified habitat. The production forest within the EAAA was confirmed planted production forest and was classified as modified habitat.

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Figure 7.30 Satellite Imagery of Vegetation

 Surface water: Surface water generally refers to rivers and water bodies. Species of conservation interest may include aquatic bird as open-water areas and large concentrations of aquatic stocks are natural attractants to many birds. The lake is utilized by humans but still maintains important ecological services, thus this area is considered natural habitat.

Figure 7.31 Satellite Imagery of Surface Water

 Agricultural Land: Agriculture refers to agricultural land and annual crop land. This area is considered modified habitat.

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Figure 7.32 Satellite Imagery of Agriculture Land

 Non-vegetated land (built-up): Non-vegetated land refers to urban and built-up land that is generally void of vegetation. No species of conservation interest are likely to occur in this land class. This area is considered modified habitat.

Figure 7.33 Satellite Imagery of Non-Vegetated Land

7.11.12.2 Natural/Modified Habitat Assessment According to ADB SPS, the definition of Natural Habitat, Modified Habitat and Critical Habitat are presented as below:

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Natural Habitat These are land and water areas where the biological communities are formed largely by native plant and animal species, and were human activity has not essentially modified the area’s primary ecological functions. In areas of natural habitat, the project will not significantly convert or degrade such habitat, unless the following conditions are met: ■ No alternatives are available; ■ A comprehensive analysis demonstrates that the overall benefits from the project will substantially outweigh the project costs, including environmental costs; ■ Any conversion or degradation is appropriately mitigated. Mitigation measures will be designed to achieve at least no net loss of biodiversity. They may include a combination of actions, such as post-project restoration of habitats, offset of losses through the creation or effective conservation of ecologically comparable areas that are managed for biodiversity while respecting the ongoing use of such biodiversity by Indigenous Peoples or traditional communities, and compensation to direct users of biodiversity.

Modified Habitat These areas are characterised by an environment that has been altered by human activity, and its population of native species reduced. In areas of modified habitat, where the natural habitat has apparently been altered, often through the introduction of alien species of plants and animals, such as in agricultural areas, the borrower/client will exercise care to minimize any further conversion or degradation of such habitat, and will, depending on the nature and scale of the project, identify opportunities to enhance habitat and protect and conserve biodiversity as part of project operations.

Critical Habitat It is an area of high biodiversity value, which includes habitat supporting critically endangered or endangered species; having special significance for endemic or restricted-range species; sites supporting migratory species; areas supporting globally significant concentrations of individuals of congregatory species; areas with unique assemblages of species associated with key evolutionary processes or providing key ecosystem services; and areas with biodiversity of significant social, economic, or cultural importance to local communities. No project activity will be implemented in areas of critical habitat unless the following requirements are met: ■ There are no measurable adverse impacts, or likelihood of such, on the critical habitat which could impair its high biodiversity value or the ability to function. ■ The project is not anticipated to lead to a reduction in the population of any recognized endangered or critically endangered species or a loss in area of the habitat concerned such that the persistence of a viable and representative host ecosystem be compromised. ■ Any lesser impacts are mitigated in accordance with the requirement of mitigation measure mentioned above for natural habitat

There is currently no methodology within ADB SPS, IFC PS6 and the associated Guidance Note (GN) on the approach to assess the distribution of these habitat types. ERM has utilised methods used

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previously in consultation with the IFC to complete this assessment using remote sensing techniques for the Study Area. The vegetation class assessment above, remote sensing and management plan have been used to define these areas. The modified habitat dominates the study area, account for 99.68% and 100% within EAAA and Project Area respectively (Table 7.24).

Table 7.24 Natural and Modified Habitat Areas within the Study Area

Habitat Type EAAA (ha) Project Area (ha)

Area (ha) Percent (%) Area (ha) Percent (%) Area (ha)

Natural Habitat 2.74 0.32% 0 0%

Modified Habitat 851.9 99.68% 26.04 100%

Total 854.64 100% 26.04 100%

Figure 7.34 shows the natural and modified habitat areas. Natural habitats within the EAAA consist of freshwater account for 0.32% while modified habitats comprise bare land, agricultural land, and vegetation. The vegetation occupies the largest percentage within the EAAA accounting for 75.08%, followed by bare land (17.94%), agricultural land (6.54%), built-up areas (0.12%).

Table 7.25 Habitats and Area within EAAA

Habitat Type Natural/ Modified EAAA Habitat Area (ha) Percent (%)

Bare Land Modified 153.31 17.94

Agricultural Land Modified 55.87 6.54

Vegetation/ Plantation Modified 641.69 75.08

Built-up Modified 1.03 0.12

Freshwater Natural 2.74 0.32

Total 854.64 100

The total area of the Project Footprint is approximately 26.04 ha, which is 100% area modified habitat (Table 7.26).

Table 7.26 Habitats and Area within Project Footprint

S/N Habitat Type Total Area Habitat Type (ha) (ha) Bareland Agricultural Land Bare land (Production (Production (Protection Forest) Forest) Forest)

I Fixed-term Land Use 11.64 4.5 7.102 0.038

1 Turbine foundations 1.8 1.2 0.6 -

2 Transmission line 35KV and 0.6 - 0.562 0.03824 63 TL towers

24 There are five 35kV tower footings insider the protection forest area

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S/N Habitat Type Total Area Habitat Type (ha) (ha) Bareland Agricultural Land Bare land (Production (Production (Protection Forest) Forest) Forest)

3 Internal roads (including 9.24 3.3 5.94 available access road and - extended area)

II Temporary Land Use 14.4 10.5 3.9 -

1 Laydown area and Crane 14.4 10.5 3.9 - installation area

Total acquired land (I+II) 26.04 15.0 11.002 0.038

Natural Habitat 0 0 0 0

Modified Habitat 26.04 15.0 11.002 0.038

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Figure 7.34 Natural and Modified Habitat Areas within Study Area

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7.11.13 Biodiversity Field Surveys ERM contracted biodiversity specialists to undertake biodiversity surveys of the Project Area and surrounds. Biodiversity survey reports are provided in Appendix H and Appendix T.

7.11.13.1 Field Survey Program Multidisciplinary biodiversity field surveys were undertaken within the Project Area and surroundings. A summary of the survey activities is provided in Table 7.27.

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Table 7.27 Field Surveys Undertaken within the Study Area

Survey Date Survey Survey Methods Survey Effort Technique

Flora First Survey (14th- Line Transect Line transect surveys occurred along roads (10 m buffer) The length of line transect is estimated at 15th May 2020) Survey connecting to each designed wind-turbine. Plants with flowers or approximately 5km. fruits or with both were collected, photographed, pressed, dried

and deposited in field herbarium. Common plant species were not collected but identified in the field. The specimens were identified by morphology and based mainly on an illustrated flora of Vietnam (Pham Hoang, 1999), floras of adjacent area, monographs, type specimens and protologues.

Vegetation Results from the line transect survey were used as ground truth 11 reference points were used. The reference type mapping data for the remote sensing analysis. Additionally, Google aerial points along with the transect survey and the imagery, Esri aerial imagery are utilized to identify by observation from Stateline. visualization with software QGIS version 3.12. 16.626237°, 106.688142°

16.626507°, 106.684797°

16.623507°, 106.687902°

16.616895°, 106.685346°

16.627646°, 106.698009°

16.613851°, 106.696842°

16.619955°, 106.686546°

16.641601°, 106.679351°

16.639480°, 106.696695°

16.634446°, 106.691253°

16.621563°, 106.684174°

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Survey Date Survey Survey Methods Survey Effort Technique

Avifauna First Survey (13th- Vantage Point At each point, one experienced bird observer equipped with 2 vantage point surveys occurred in a 7-day (Bird) 21st May 2020) Survey25 binoculars and a camera with long tele lens (Nikon D4 with lens period, 36 hours and 39 hours totally in first and 400mm F2.8 and TC 2X) would be stationed and actively scan second survey respectively . Two VPs (VP1: th Second Survey (4 - the whole area within a 2km radius from the vantage point for (16.62879° N; 106.70275° E); and VP2: th th 8 Octorber and 10 avifauna’s activity (16.61791° N; 106.68056° E)). Survey time: November 2020) 06:00-11:00 and 14:00-18:00

First Survey (13th- Transect The observers moved slowly along transects by walking and Survey times were from 06:00-10:00 and then 21st May 2020) Survey using binoculars to detect bird species, and counted the number 15:00-18:00 as these are the most active times of individuals present. Identifiable vocalizations were also for birds. Total length of transect is 8.9 km where th Second Survey (30 counted as records. GPS positions, photographs (where the surveys had been conducted repeatedly. st September, 1 Oct, possible), distance and compass bearing of the sighted animals th th 4 Oct, 10 Nov, were recorded. All observers undertaking the surveys are highly th 26 11 Nov 2020) skilled at identifying all taxa in the region by direct observation or their species-specific vocalizations. Observations were checked against field guides including but not limited to Field Guide to the Birds of Southeast Asian

Bat First Survey (13th - Acoustic Six stationary acoustic monitoring stations were deployed in Each Echo Meter Touch and SM4Bat FS was set 15th May 2020) monitoring strategic points inside the area. At each station, a high-sensitive to automatically start recording at 17:30 and stop station recording system, the hand-held Echo Meter Touch and SM4Bat recording at 7:30 next day. Each station was Second Survey (19th- FS was deployed to record bat acoustic signals between sunset surveyed for one night with 11.5 hours per 21th September (local time 17:30) and sunrise (local time 7:30). station in first and second survey. Total of 138- 2020)26 hour survey were conducted in six stations. Represented as number of bat passes/registered per hour.

Mist-net/ Harp A series of mist-nets with 360m2mnh mesh size and harp trap of Mist –nets and harp traps were set up in three trap 86.4m2mnh were set up in strategic points inside the Project locations. There were 2160 m2-mist-net-hours

25 Scottish Natural Heritage. 2014. Recommended bird survey methods to inform impact assessment of onshore wind farms:1–37. 26 The second surveys were carried out in two separated period times due to the typhoons occurred in the Central Vietnam

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Survey Date Survey Survey Methods Survey Effort Technique Area to collect bat samples. The use of harptraps (1.8mx2.0m) (mnh) of mist-nest and 518.4 m2- harp-trap-hours was effective only at certain sites where retain some patches of (hth) of harp trap. Survey time for mist-net is scrubs; while mist-nets were suitable for capturing fruit eating 17:30-07:30 next day while survey time for harp and open-space foraging bats and were set at ground level (up trap is 18:00-05:30 next day. to 6 m high

Non-volant First Survey (17th- Line Transect Surveyors followed transects, spotted and identified all The survey was conducted in both daytime (4:00 mammal 18th May 2020) Survey encountered wild animals. The opportunistic observations were to 12:00) and night-time (16:30 to 23:00) to taken both in day and night time in order to fit with different record both diurnal and nocturnal animals. active time of different group of mammals, for example, primates Total transect 9.54 km. are mainly active at daytime while small carnivores are often active at night time. GPS positions, photographs (where Total survey hours: 12 hours possible), distance and compass bearing to the sighted animals Each transect was survey one time. were recorded for further analysis.

Rapid survey The interview was followed semi-structure interview protocol, Three interviewers would approach six local interview with customized questionnaire that have both close and open peoples. Both responders are farmers. questions. Image catalogue was shown to local people to check their final confirmation.

Herpetofauna First Survey (14th - Line Transect Diurnal survey was carried out along main road where turbines Total transect 6.77 km. 15th May 2020) Survey proposed to build, small trails from the main road that across Total survey hours: 14,5 hours different habitats (planted Acacia forests, coffee farm and rice fields), and along water reservoirs. Nocturnal survey was along Each transect was survey one time. rice fields and small streams surrounding.

Rapid survey The interview was followed semi-structure interview protocol, Two interviewers would approach two interview with customized questionnaire that have both close and open responders. Both responders are farmers. questions. Image catalogue was shown to local people to check their final confirmation.

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7.11.13.2 Terrestrial Biodiversity

7.11.13.2.1 Terrestrial Flora

7.11.13.2.1.1 Line Transect Survey Available roads are utilised and line transects are designed to cover all kinds habitat. Line transects that are located along access roads close to proposed WTGs were selected for flora survey. At each transect, plants occurring in the areas within 10 m along both sides of the roads. Estimated about total length of 5km transects were carried out, which divided into two areas following the turbine- concentration, area 1 (Lien Lap 1) covered WT01 to WT06 and the Met mast while area 2 (Lien Lap 2) covered TB07 to TB12. The effort of line transect is presented in Figure 7.35.

Figure 7.35 Location of Line Transect Survey A total of 39 taxa (mostly identified to species) from 27 families were recorded. The most common families were Asteraceae, Rubiaceae and Euphorbiaceae (four species). The survey area was divided into two areas, named Lien Lap 1 and Lien Lap 2. Lien Lap 1 The vegetation at Lien Lap 1 was predominately comprised of plantations of Acacia hybrid, coffee, tea, banana and Trẩu Vernicia montana. The understory in coffee and tea plantation was composed of a dense layer of invasive species as Xuyến chi Bidens pilosa, Cỏ cứt heo Ageratum conyzoides, Cỏ lào Chromolaena odorata, a few bushes of Sục sạc Crotalaria spp. and Pennisetum polystachion. Additionally, the understory along the transects was dominated by Pteridophyte as Ráng Tây Sơn thẳng Dicranopteris linearis, Thạch tùng Lycopodiella cernua, An điền leo Hedyotis scandens, Đót Thysanolaena latifolia and Blumea balsamifera. Several moss and lichen species were recorded in the ground layer such as Pottiaceae and Cladonia sp. Small tree and shrubs species of Asteraceae, Malvaceae, Melastomaceae, Primulaceae, Rubiaceae and vine species such as Convolvulaceae,

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Fabaceae, Menispermaceae, Rosaceae were recorded. Medium trees (7–10 m) generally from the family Altingiaceae, Apocynaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Hyperiaceae, Lecythidaceae were recorded. The biggest tree (Ficus sp.) in Lien Lap 1 had a height of 20 m. An invasive species recorded in this area was Mai dương (Mimosa pigra). The Mimosa pigra was recorded next to a big stream and pond. The number of invasive species here was high which can be explained by the marginal effect. specifically by human activities and transportation that contribute to the proliferation of invasive species along the roads. Two individuals of Burma Padauk (Pterocarpus macrocarpus) [IUCN EN] were recorded next to the road within Lien Lap 1. These individuals appeared to be in a healthy condition. Lien Lap 2 The vegetation at Lien Lap 2 was different from Lien Lap 1 due to changes in topography (steep slopes with significant soil erosion in Lien Lap 2). The plantations in this area was dominated by Acacia hybrids, banana and cassava with the understory dominated by Hồng nhung Melinis repens, Ageratum conyzoides, Fabaceae vine, Convolvulaceae vine. Small tree, bush and shrub species were sparse and usually found as species of Meliaceae, Poaceae, Rubiaceae. A few individuals of Eurycoma longifolia (ethnological significance - medical) were recorded in Lien Lap 2. Medium trees within Lien Lap 2 were generally species of Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae and Meliaceae. Invasive species were recorded, which included Mimosa pudica, Pennisetum polystachion, Melinis repens, and hence the construction through this area should also be made under invasive species management.

Table 7.28 List of Identified Flora Species in Listed IUCN Red List

ID Vietnamese name Scientific name Family IUCN Red VNRB List

1 Từ bi xanh, Đại bi, Băng phiến Blumea balsamifera Asteraceae LC NL

2 Sâu trắng, Bạch giao, Trao, Sau Liquidambar formosana Altingiaceae LC NL sau

3 Giáng Hương trái to (Burma Pterocarpus macrocarpus Fabaceae EN EN Padauk) Notes: CR : Critically Endangered; EN : Endangered; VU : Vulnerable; NT: Near Threatened; DD : Data Deficient; NA : Not Assessed; LC: Least Concern

7.11.13.2.1.2 Vegetation Type Mapping Five vegetation types (Figure 7.36) were recognized from transect surveys in Project Area:

 Acacia: The plantation of “Acacia hybrid”, an introduced species from Australia which is considered as reforestation. Acacia here was new planting, estimated about 2 years to 5 years, it occupied 27% of the Project Area.

 Mixed plantation: Banana, coffee and tea plantation associates with Trau Vernicia montana, Sau sau Liquidambar formosana, Ageratum conyzoides, Bidens pilosa and Chromolaena odorata was the most dominant land in Lien Lap project which occupied over 70%.

 Paddy rice: Some small piece of land at lower elevation along stream were used as paddy rice fields.

 Wetland: A few areas were identified as wetland including fishponds,damp and streams, these are manmade wetlands which do not have high value of biodiversity.

 Non-vegetated land: Eroded land and cleared areas were identified as non-vegetated land.

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In general, the Project Area was mainly private lands covered by mixed plantation dominated coffee and tea.

Figure 7.36 Vegetation Types of Project Area

7.11.13.2.1.3 Invasive Species The flora survey recorded eight invasive species within the Project Area (Table 7.29).

Table 7.29 List of Plant Invasive

ID Vietnamese name Scientific name Family IUCN Red List VNR B

1 Thượng lảo, Tai hùm Erigeron canadensis Asteraceae NL NL

2 Cỏ lào Chromolaena odorata Asteraceae NE NL

3 Đuôi voi nhiều gié, Cỏ Mỹ Pennisetum polystachion Poaceae NL NL

4 Hồng nhung, hồng nhan bạc Melinis repen Poaceae NL NL phận

5 Cỏ cứt heo Ageratum conyzoides Asteraceae NL NL

6 Xuyến chi, Song nha Bidens pilosa Asteraceae NL NL

7 Mai dương Mimosa pigra Fabaceae LC NL

8 Mắc cỡ, trinh nữ Mimosa pudica Fabaceae NL NL Notes: CR : Critically Endangered; EN : Endangered; VU : Vulnerable; NT: Near Threatened; DD : Data Deficient; NE : Not Evaluated; LC: Least Concern; NL: Not Listed

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7.11.13.2.2 Avifauna (Birds)

7.11.13.2.2.1 Transect Survey Species composition was compiled from 32 mackinnon-lists, of which 21 lists were collected in first survey and 11 were collected in second survey. Total 55 bird species were recorded, 46 species were detected during first survey and 30 species were dectected during second survey. All recorded species are considered as common in the region, none of them are listed threatened category in IUCN red list nor Vietnam Red Data Book. Table 7.30 bellow shows detail records of each species including relative species (RSA) is its frequency of occurrence throughout 32 mackinnon-lists in percentage and detected times (DT) reflex to number of times that species was observed/heard during surveys.

Table 7.30 List of Bird Species Recorded along the Terrestrial Transects

No. Scientific name English name IUCN First Survey Second Both survey Survey

RSA DT RSA DT RSA DT

1 Pycnonotus Sooty-headed LC 57.14% 12 63.64% 7 59.38% 19 aurigaster Bulbul

2 Apus nipalensis House Swift LC 52.38% 11 63.64% 7 56.25% 18

3 Lanius schach Long-tailed LC 42.86% 9 54.55% 6 46.88% 15 Shrike

4 Spilopelia Eastern Spotted LC 28.57% 6 45.45% 5 34.38% 11 chinensis Dove

5 Centropus Greater Coucal LC 23.81% 5 54.55% 6 34.38% 11 sinensis

6 Eudynamys Western Koel LC 52.38% 11 0.00% 0 34.38% 11 scolopaceus

7 Dicrurus Hair-crested LC 28.57% 6 36.36% 4 31.25% 10 hottentottus Drongo

8 Garrulax White-crested LC 28.57% 6 36.36% 4 31.25% 10 leucolophus Laughingthrush

9 Gracupica Black-collared LC 14.29% 3 63.64% 7 31.25% 10 nigricollis Starling

10 Cuculus Indian Cuckoo LC 42.86% 9 0.00% 0 28.13% 9 micropterus

11 Acridotheres Common Myna LC 9.52% 2 45.45% 5 21.88% 7 tristis

12 Cypsiurus Asian Palm- LC 28.57% 6 0.00% 0 18.75% 6 balasiensis swift

13 Psilopogon Lineated Barbet LC 14.29% 3 27.27% 3 18.75% 6 lineatus

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No. Scientific name English name IUCN First Survey Second Both survey Survey

RSA DT RSA DT RSA DT

14 Psilopogon Moustached LC 28.57% 6 0.00% 0 18.75% 6 incognitus Barbet

15 Artamus fuscus Ashy LC 19.05% 4 18.18% 2 18.75% 6 Woodswallow

16 Orthotomus Dark-necked LC 19.05% 4 18.18% 2 18.75% 6 atrogularis Tailorbird

17 Ardeola bacchus Chinese Pond- LC 23.81% 5 0.00% 0 15.63% 5 heron

18 Coracina Large LC 23.81% 5 0.00% 0 15.63% 5 javensis Cuckooshrike

19 Dicrurus Black Drongo LC 19.05% 4 9.09% 1 15.63% 5 macrocercus

20 Dicrurus Ashy Drongo LC 19.05% 4 9.09% 1 15.63% 5 leucophaeus

21 Orthotomus Common LC 23.81% 5 0.00% 0 15.63% 5 sutorius Tailorbird

22 Acridotheres Crested Myna LC 0.00% 0 45.45% 5 15.63% 5 cristatellus

23 Columba liva Rock Pigeon LC 9.52% 2 18.18% 2 12.50% 4

24 Spilornis cheela Crested LC 14.29% 3 9.09% 1 12.50% 4 Serpent-eagle

25 Hypsipetes Black Bulbul LC 0.00% 0 36.36% 4 12.50% 4 leucocephalus

26 Garrulax Masked LC 14.29% 3 9.09% 1 12.50% 4 perspicillatus Laughingthrush

27 Psilopogon Coppersmith LC 14.29% 3 0.00% 0 9.38% 3 haemacephalus Barbet

28 Lalage Black-winged LC 14.29% 3 0.00% 0 9.38% 3 melaschistos Cuckooshrike

29 Mixornis gularis Pin-striped Tit- LC 0.00% 0 27.27% 3 9.38% 3 babbler

30 Centropus Lesser Coucal LC 9.52% 2 0.00% 0 6.25% 2 bengalensis

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No. Scientific name English name IUCN First Survey Second Both survey Survey

RSA DT RSA DT RSA DT

31 Cacomantis Plaintive LC 9.52% 2 0.00% 0 6.25% 2 merulinus Cuckoo

32 Amaurornis White-breasted LC 9.52% 2 0.00% 0 6.25% 2 phoenicurus Waterhen

33 Halcyon White-breasted LC 4.76% 1 9.09% 1 6.25% 2 smyrnensis Kingfisher

34 Psilopogon Green-eared LC 0.00% 0 18.18% 2 6.25% 2 faiostrictus Barbet

35 Pericrocotus Scarlet Minivet LC 9.52% 2 0.00% 0 6.25% 2 flammeus

36 Crypsirina temia Racquet-tailed LC 4.76% 1 9.09% 1 6.25% 2 Treepie

37 Corvus Large-billed LC 0.00% 0 18.18% 2 6.25% 2 macrorhynchos Crow

38 Pycnonotus Stripe-throated LC 4.76% 1 9.09% 1 6.25% 2 finlaysoni Bulbul

39 Zosterops Swinhoe's LC 9.52% 2 0.00% 0 6.25% 2 simplex White-eye

40 Pellorneum Puff-throated LC 9.52% 2 0.00% 0 6.25% 2 ruficeps Babbler

41 Copsychus Oriental LC 9.52% 2 0.00% 0 6.25% 2 saularis Magpie-robin

42 Aethopyga Crimson LC 9.52% 2 0.00% 0 6.25% 2 siparaja Sunbird

43 Lonchura Scaly-breasted LC 4.76% 1 9.09% 1 6.25% 2 punctulata Munia

44 Streptopelia Red Turtle-dove LC 4.76% 1 0.00% 0 3.13% 1 tranquebarica

45 Phaenicophaeus Green-billed LC 4.76% 1 0.00% 0 3.13% 1 tristis Malkoha

46 Clamator Chestnut- LC 4.76% 1 0.00% 0 3.13% 1 coromandus winged Cuckoo

47 Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret LC 0.00% 0 9.09% 1 3.13% 1

48 Egretta garzetta Little Egret LC 0.00% 0 9.09% 1 3.13% 1

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No. Scientific name English name IUCN First Survey Second Both survey Survey

RSA DT RSA DT RSA DT

49 Pernis Oriental Honey- LC 4.76% 1 0.00% 0 3.13% 1 ptilorhynchus buzzard

50 Ictinaetus Black Eagle LC 0.00% 0 9.09% 1 3.13% 1 malaiensis

51 Prinia rufescens Rufescent LC 4.76% 1 0.00% 0 3.13% 1 Prinia

52 Prinia inornata Plain Prinia LC 4.76% 1 0.00% 0 3.13% 1

53 Zosterops Indian White- LC 0.00% 0 9.09% 1 3.13% 1 palpebrosus eye

54 Eumyias Verditer LC 4.76% 1 0.00% 0 3.13% 1 thalassinus Flycatcher

55 Cinnyris Olive-backed LC 4.76% 1 0.00% 0 3.13% 1 jugularis Sunbird

Jacknife estimation (described in method section) indicates that 67 species occurrence in Lien Lap project area (12 more species if further survey is carried out), this result reflex that our surveys have conducted relative comprehensively. The accumulated curve below also shows that it is nearly approached asymptotic.

Figure 7.37 Species Accumulation Curve of Birds at Lien Lap Project

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Two seasonal surveys were analyzed separately, the results show an estimation by Jacknife is 57 species in first survey and 41 species in second survey while the actual results were 50 and 48 respectly.

7.11.13.2.2.2 Vantage Point The methodology used for avian surveys followed standard survey methodologies, consistent with the Scottish Natural Heritage Guidance (Scottish Natural Heritage, 2014). For the Lien Lap proposed wind power project, two (2) VPs were chosen as follows:

 VP1: 16.62879° N; 106.70275° E; and

 VP2: 16.61791° N; 106.68056° E.

Figure 7.38 Locations of Two Vantage Points Used in First Survey 2020 Survey

Species considered prone to collision A total of 30 species was recorded in second survey (Appendix T) while 35 recorded in first survey (27 species at VP1 and 11 species at VP2) (Table 7.31, Figure 7.39). None of those recorded species are listed as species of conservation interest in accordance with the IUCN Red List or Vietnamese regulation (such as “Decree No 6/2019 on regulation of endangered, rare, precious fauna and flora and the implementation of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species”). Since several typhoons occurred in the Central of Vietnam during October to November 2020, the hazard weather has affected bird’s activities, therefore very few birds were observed especially from October 5th to the end of second survey. The most common species in the Project Area reported in this survey was the House Swift (Apus nipalensis) [IUCN LC]. This species possibly inhabits forest areas. Generally, species diversity and abundance of birds in VP1 point was greater than VP2. This can be explained by the different habitats.

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The landscape surrounding VP1 is mixed plantation while surrounding VP2 is dominated by mono plantation of Acacia.

Table 7.31 List of Bird Species Recorded during the Vantage Point Survey

No. Scientist Name Common Name Taxa English name IUCN VNRB Red List

1 Streptopelia Red Turtle-dove Columbidae Pigeons, Doves LC NL tranquebarica

2 Spilornis cheela Crested Serpent-eagle Accipitridae Hawks, Eagles LC NL

3 Spilopelia chinensis Eastern Spotted Dove Columbidae Pigeons, Doves LC NL

4 Phaenicophaeus tristis Green-billed Malkoha Cuculidae Cuckoos LC NL

5 Pycnonotus finlaysoni Stripe-throated Bulbul Pycnonotidae Bulbuls LC NL

6 Pycnonotus aurigaster Sooty-headed Bulbul Pycnonotidae Bulbuls LC NL

7 Psilopogon lineatus Lineated Barbet Megalaimidae Asian Barbets LC NL 8 Psilopogon incognitus Moustached Barbet Megalaimidae Asian Barbets LC NL

9 Psilopogon Coppersmith Barbet Megalaimidae Asian Barbets LC NL haemacephalus

10 Pernis ptilorhynchus Oriental Honey- Accipitridae Hawks, Eagles LC NL buzzard

11 Pericrocotus flammeus Scarlet Minivet Campephagidae Cuckoo-shrikes LC NL

12 Orthotomus atrogularis Dark-necked Tailorbird Cisticolidae Cisticolas LC NL

13 Lanius schach Long-tailed Shrike Laniidae Shrikes LC NL

14 Lalage melaschistos Black-winged Campephagidae Cuckoo-shrikes LC NL Cuckooshrike

15 Halcyon smyrnensis White-breasted Alcedinidae Kingfishers LC NL Kingfisher

16 Garrulax perspicillatus Masked Leiotrichidae Laughingthrushes LC NL Laughingthrush

17 Garrulax leucolophus White-crested Leiotrichidae Laughingthrushes LC NL Laughingthrush

18 Eumyias thalassinus Verditer Flycatcher Muscicapidae Chats and Old LC NL World flycatchers

19 Eudynamys Western Koel Cuculidae Cuckoos LC NL scolopaceus

20 Dicrurus macrocercus Black Drongo Dicruridae Drongos LC NL

21 Dicrurus leucophaeus Ashy Drongo Dicruridae Drongos LC NL

22 Dicrurus hottentottus Hair-crested Drongo Dicruridae Drongos LC NL

23 Cypsiurus balasiensis Asian Palm-swift Apodidae Swifts LC NL

24 Cuculus micropterus Indian Cuckoo Cuculidae Cuckoos LC NL

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No. Scientist Name Common Name Taxa English name IUCN VNRB Red List

25 Crypsirina temia Racquet-tailed Treepie Corvidae Crows and jays LC NL

26 Copsychus saularis Oriental Magpie-robin Muscicapidae Chats and Old LC NL World flycatchers

27 Columba livia Rock Pigeon Columbidae Pigeons, Doves LC NL

28 Clamator coromandus Chestnut-winged Cuculidae Cuckoos LC NL Cuckoo

29 Cinnyris jugularis Olive-backed Sunbird Nectariniidae Sunbirds LC NL

30 Centropus sinensis Greater Coucal Cuculidae Cuckoos LC NL

31 Centropus bengalensis Lesser Coucal Cuculidae Cuckoos LC NL

32 Cacomantis merulinus Plaintive Cuckoo Cuculidae Cuckoos LC NL 33 Artamus fuscus Ashy Woodswallow Artamidae Woodswallows LC NL

34 Ardeola bacchus Chinese Pond-heron Ardeidae Herons LC NL

35 Apus nipalensis House Swift Apodidae Swifts LC NL Notes: CR : Critically Endangered; EN : Endangered; VU : Vulnerable; NT: Near Threatened; DD : Data Deficient; NA : Not Assessed; LC: Least Concern; NL: Not Listed

Comparision bird data between two surveys 2000 1779 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 738 600 421 400 146 200 35 30 0 Number of species Number of records Total individual counted

First Survey Second Survey

Figure 7.39 Summary Data Records from VP Counts

Height of flights The height of flights were observed in three bands including band 1 (<30m), band 2 (30-180m), band 3 (>180m). The proposed turbine height is 105m, the diameter is 150m (refer to Project Description), thus the rotor swept zone (RSZ) is 30-180m. In order to assess the risk collision between birds and wind turbines, the collision risks of birds employed the flights in band 2 will be considered higher in comparison with band 1 and band 3.

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The first surveys indicated a majority of recorded flight time was in band 1 (<30m) accounting for 52.3% of total recorded times. While 47.6% of total flights was observed in band 2 or RSZ (30-180 m). One flight occurred in band 3 (>180 m) by Crested Serpent-eagle (Spilornis cheela) [IUCN LC] for only 15 seconds. All recorded species during the first survey were Least Concern in the IUCN Red List and not listed in Vietnam Red Data Book. Most species flew under 30m, which were below the blade’s height in commercial windfarm turbines. Of the 35 species observed during the VPs count, 24 of them were recorded at least one time flight in Band 2 or RSZ (30-180 m). One species House Swift (Apus nipalensis) [IUCN LC], however, flew repeatedly in Band 2 that totalled 6,255 seconds, which is equivalent to 75% of flight time recorded by all species (8,325 seconds) in Band 2. The species that had flights in band 2 (30-180m) are listed as Least Concern in IUCN Red List. As the number of records were low in second survey, bird activities data were low significant for statistical analysis. During second survey, a total of 4125 seconds were recorded. In which, 2,010 seconds were observed that birds flew below RSZ accounted for 49% whilst 2,055 seconds that birds flew into RSZ (50%) and only 60 seconds that birds flew over RSZ (01%).

Figure 7.40 Comparison Bird Data between Two Surveys

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Figure 7.41 Bird Activities Observed in Band 2 (30-180m) in VP1 (First Survey)

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