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Costumes Carved in Stone in Banteay Srei an Analysis of the Figural Depictions at a Tenth-Century Shaiva Sanctuary

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Costumes Carved in Stone in Banteay Srei an Analysis of the Figural Depictions at a Tenth-Century Shaiva Sanctuary Doctoral dissertation (PhD) Borbála Száva Costumes Carved in Stone in Banteay Srei An Analysis of the Figural Depictions at a Tenth-Century Shaiva Sanctuary Consultant: Prof. Dr. Gábor Vargyas (DSc) University of Pécs, Faculty of Humanities Interdisciplinary Doctoral School European Ethnology - Cultural Anthropology Doctoral Programme 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. FOREWORD .............................................................................................................................................. 5 1.1. Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................. 5 1.2. Transcriptions and Usage of Sanskrit and Khmer Names and Phrases .................................................... 9 1.3. Inventory Abbreviations Used in this Paper ........................................................................................... 10 1.4. Other Abbreviations Used in this Paper ................................................................................................. 10 1.5 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 11 1.6. Structure of the Paper ............................................................................................................................. 16 2. AN OUTLINE OF ANGKOR ..................................................................................................... ............. 26 2.1. A Brief Summary of the History of the Angkor Empire ........................................................................ 29 2.2. The Position of Banteay Srei in Angkor and in the History of Research into Angkor ........................... 32 3. THE SANCTUARY AREA OF BANTEAY SREI AND THE TYPES OF BUILDING FOUND THERE ............................................................................................................................................ ............. 35 4. THE HISTORY OF EXCAVATING BANTEAY SREI ............................................................ ............. 43 5. HISTORICAL DETAILS ABOUT WHEN BANTEAY SREI WAS BUILT AND ITS FOUNDER ..... 47 6. THE PRINCIPLES OF TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE IN ANGKOR ......................................... ............. 55 7. RELIGIOUS TRADITION IN BANTEAY SREI ...................................................................... ............. 61 8. MOTIF ANALYSIS AND STYLE PERIODS ........................................................................... ............. 70 8.1. The Style Periods of Khmer Art ............................................................................................................. 70 8.2. The Banteay Srei Style Category ........................................................................................................... 72 9. A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ATTIRE IN ANGKOR ....................................................... ............. 78 9.1. Attire ....................................................................................................................................................... 78 9.2. Jewellery ................................................................................................................................................. 87 10. DIFFERENT TYPES OF ATTIRE ........................................................................................... ............. 89 10.1. Types of Male Sampot ......................................................................................................................... 91 10.2. Types of Female Sampot ...................................................................................................................... 95 10.3. Types of Headdress and Hairstyles ...................................................................................................... 98 10.4. Belts .................................................................................................................................................... 105 10.5. Jewellery ............................................................................................................................................. 106 11. CLASSIFYING BANTEAY SREI ATTIRE INTO A STYLE CATEGORY OR SCHOOL, AND THE QUESTION OF ARCHAISATION ....................................................................................... ........... 112 11.1. The Banteay Srei style category ......................................................................................................... 112 11.2. Costumes on buildings regarded as “predecessors” to the sanctuary of Banteay Srei ....................... 114 11.3. The Question of the Style of Attire in Banteay Srei ........................................................................... 122 12. THE LOCATION OF NARRATIVE AND OTHER BAS-RELIEFS WITHIN THE SANCTUARY AREA ..................................................................................................................... ........... 126 2 12.1. A Definition of Narrative Reliefs ....................................................................................................... 126 12.2. The Direction of Circumambulation within the Sanctuary ................................................................ 129 12.3. The Question of the “Iconographic Programme” ............................................................................... 133 13. NARRATIVE AND ICONIC RELIEFS ................................................................................... ........... 137 13.1. The Bas-Reliefs of the First Enclosure ............................................................................................... 138 13.2. The Bas-Reliefs of the External Enclosures ....................................................................................... 162 13.3. The Different Types of Sampot in the Narrative and Iconic Reliefs .................................................. 169 14. OTHER NON-NARRATIVE RELIEFS ON THE SANCTUARY TOWERS ......................... ........... 176 15. STATUES RECOVERED FROM BANTEAY SREI .............................................................. ........... 181 16. CLASSIFYING LINTELS AND PEDIMENTS BEARING NARRATIVE AND ICONIC RELIEFS IN TERMS OF FORM ................................................................................................... ........... 187 16.1. Lintel Compositions ........................................................................................................................... 187 16.2. Pediment Compositions ...................................................................................................................... 189 17. A THEMATIC COMPARISON BETWEEN THE BAS-RELIEFS OF BANTEAY SREI AND THE ICONOGRAPHIC PROGRAMME OF PASHUPATA SANCTUARIES ............................ ........... 192 18. PARALLELS AMONG OTHER ANGKORIAN TEMPLES FOR THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE NARRATIVE AND ICONIC RELIEFS IN BANTEAY SREI ............................................. ........... 199 19. CONCLUSIONS CONCERNING THE CONSTRUCTION OF BANTEAY SREI................ ........... 206 20. SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. ........... 212 21. APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................... ........... 220 I. Rulers of Angkor and the building erected during their reigns, as determined by Claude Jacques ......... 220 II. Maps of Cambodia and Siem Reap Province ......................................................................................... 222 III. Maps of Banteay Srei ............................................................................................................................ 223 IV. Items of Attire ....................................................................................................................................... 231 V. Illustrations ............................................................................................................................................. 233 22. BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................... ........... 289 23. DIGITAL ATTACHMENT: CATALOGUE OF THE FIGURAL DEPICTIONS OF BANTEAY SREI 3 Pediment of the third eastern gopura, Banteay Srei, depicting a scene of the Abduction of Tilottama. MG 18913. 4 1. FOREWORD 1.1. Acknowledgements First and foremost I would like to express my gratitude to my consultant, Gábor Vargyas, whose enthusiasm and support have given me sustenance ever since I first approached him with my application to join the doctoral programme. With his patient advice, professional guidance and indefatigable attention, he set a personal example that far exceeded the duties of a consultant, and thereby contributed immensely to the successful outcome of my research. I consider myself deeply honoured by the unconditional confidence that Richard de Unger has placed in my work, and by the support and friendship he has shown me throughout my efforts. There can be no doubt that without his gracious patronage, I would not have been able to carry out my research. Words are not enough for me to express how indebted I am to him for all his generosity and encouragement. For their unwavering trust in my work and their invaluable assistance, the teachers of the European Ethnology – Cultural
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