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(Nematoda: Tylenchida). Fauna of New Zealand 55, 232 Pp Wouts, W.M. 2006: Criconematina (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Fauna of New Zealand 55, 232 pp. EDITORIAL BOARD REPRESENTATIVES OF L ANDCARE R ESEARCH Dr D. Penman Landcare Research Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand Dr R. J. B. Hoare Landcare Research Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand REPRESENTATIVE OF UNIVERSITIES Dr R.M. Emberson c/- Bio-Protection and Ecology Division P.O. Box 84, Lincoln University, New Zealand REPRESENTATIVE OF M USEUMS Mr R.L. Palma Natural Environment Department Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa P.O. Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand REPRESENTATIVE OF OVERSEAS I NSTITUTIONS Dr M. J. Fletcher Director of the Collections NSW Agricultural Scientific Collections Unit Forest Road, Orange NSW 2800, Australia * * * SERIES EDITOR Dr T. K. Crosby Landcare Research Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand Fauna of New Zealand Ko te Aitanga Pepeke o Aotearoa Number / Nama 55 Criconematina (Nematoda: Tylenchida) W. M. Wouts *Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand *Author’s present address: 87 Chessell Drive, Duncraig, Perth, W.A. 6023, Australia [email protected] Manaaki W h e n u a PRESS Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand 2006 4 Wouts (2006): Criconematina (Nematoda: Tylenchida) Copyright © Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd 2006 No part of this work covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means (graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping information retrieval systems, or otherwise) without the written permission of the publisher. Cataloguing in publication Wouts, W. M. Criconematina (Nematoda:Tylenchida) / W. M. Wouts. — Lincoln, N.Z. : Manaaki Whenua Press, Landcare Research, 2006. (Fauna of New Zealand, ISSN 0111-5383 ; no. 55) ISBN 0-478-09381-0 1. Tylenchida — Identification. 2. Tylenchida — New Zealand — Identification. I. Title. II. Series. UDC 595.132 Suggested citation: Wouts, W. M. 2006. Criconematina (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Fauna of New Zealand 55, 232 pp. Prepared for publication by the series editor and the author using computer-based text processing, layout, and printing at Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand. M~ori text by H. Jacob, Auckland. Published by Manaaki Whenua Press, Landcare Research, P.O. Box 40, Lincoln, Canterbury, N.Z. Website: http://www.mwpress.co.nz/ Printed by PrintLink Ltd, Wellington Front cover: Ogma alternum sp. nov., female (Photograph: B. E. Rhode). Publication of the Fauna of New Zealand series is the result of a research investment by the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology under contract number CO9X0501. Fauna of New Zealand 55 5 POPULAR SUMMARY HE WHAKARAPOPOTOTANGA Phylum Nematoda Rudolphi, 1808 Class Secernentea von Linstow, 1908 Order Tylenchida Thorne, 1949 Suborder Criconematina Siddiqi, 1980 Criconematina nematodes Illustration / Whakaahua: Ogma sturhani sp. nov. fe- male posterior end (Illustrator / Kaiwhakaahua: B. E. Rhode). Nematodes or eelworms are unsegmented roundworms – predominantly microscopic. The phylum Nematoda is subdivided into the classes Secernentea and Adenophorea. Plant parasitism occurs in Tylenchida of class Secernentea (the group to which the suborder Criconematina belongs), and Dorylaimida of class Adenophorea. Plant parasitic nematodes possess a hardened mouth piece – a stylet – ~ with which they can puncture plant cells. In Tylenchida Ng nematode Criconematina (Tylenchina, Hoplolaimina, and Criconematina) the stylet Ko te noke rango (te noke tuna ki ‘tahi), he momo noke is a stomatostyle developing from tissues of the stoma porotaka he wehenga kore tÇna tinana – he mÇkitokito (mouth). In the Dorylaimida (Longidoridae and anÇ hoki te nuinga. I te pori Nematoda, e rua ng~ Trichodoridae) the stylet is an odontostyle as it develops karangatanga, ko te Secernentea me te Adenophorea. T‘r~ from oesophageal tissue; their feeding on plant roots can t‘tahi rÇpã o te karangatanga Secernentea (te rÇpã nÇ reira do direct damage to their host, but they are better known mai te pãtoi wh~iti Criconematina) ko Tylenchida te ingoa, for their ability to transmit plant viruses. me t‘tahi anÇ o te karangatanga Adenophorea ko Many tylenchids cause damage to agricultural crops, Dorylaimida te ingoa, he pirinoa te mahi a ‘nei rÇpã. He especially in monocultures where their population numbers whai w~hanga kamukai ~hua m~rÇ ‘nei toke rango pirinoa. can build up to high levels when favoured crops are M~ te w~hanga kamukai m~rÇ nei e taea ai e r~tou ng~ replanted in quick succession. Criconematina, the suborder pãtau tipu te werowero, e toroa ai ng~ painga o roto. I ng~ of tylenchs described in this monograph, generally feed on Tylenchida (ng~i Tylenchina, ng~i Hoplolaimina, me ng~i tree roots, and their damage is restricted to commercial Criconematina), ka hangaia ng~ w~hanga kamukai nei ki orchards planted with infested plant material or replanted ng~ pãtau o te waha, ~, ka k§ia he stomatostyle. I ng~ in infested soil. In their native habitat they generally cause Dorylaimida (ng~i Longidoridae me ng~i Trichodoridae), no damage. Of the 68 species known to be present in New ka tipu mai ng~ w~hanga kamukai i ng~ pãtau o te pã kai, Zealand, 47 are endemic (46 belonging to the subfamily nÇ reira ka k§ia he odontostyle. I t~ r~tou kaikai i ng~ Criconematinae). In the family Criconematidae the cuticle pakiaka o te tipu, t‘r~ tonu ka takakinotia te tipu, engari has distinct transverse striae giving the specimens a ringed ko t~ r~tou harihari wheori tipu t~ r~tou mahi kino e kaha appearance. In the subfamily Criconematinae these rings ake ana te mÇhiotia. bear scales or spines in the females or the juveniles or both. He maha ng~ tylenchid ka takakino i ng~ tipu Criconematids are microscopic. Their characters can ahuwhenua. He kaha ake t‘nei raruraru i ng~ m~ra kotahi only be observed with the compound microscope at high anake te momo kai e tipu ana i roto. }, ina tere tonu, ina magnification using immersion oil. Specimens, therefore, rite tonu te whakatÇ i t‘tahi momo tipu e pai ana ki a have to be preserved and processed by fixing in a low r~tou, k~tahi ka h‘ k‘ atu. Kai ai te Criconematina, ar~, te concentration of formaldehyde and slow saturation with pãtoi wh~iti o ng~ tylench e whakaahuatia ana i t‘nei glycerol and subsequent mounting on microscope slides. tuhinga, i ng~ pakiaka r~kau, ~, ka wh~iti mai ng~ raruraru Criconematids are transparent and the individual species e hua ake ana i t‘nei mahi a r~tou ki ng~ m~ra huar~kau (continued overleaf) (haere tonu) 6 Wouts (2006): Criconematina (Nematoda: Tylenchida) can be identified on characters inside and on the surface of pakihi i muia ng~ r~kau e ‘nei moroiti i mua i te the body. In Criconematina, the two sexes differ markedly whakatÇkanga, ko te oneone r~nei i muia. I Ç r ~tou k~inga (sexual dimorphism) and several of the structures of the ake, me uaua ka raru he tipu i a r~tou. O ng~ momo e 68 e male are poorly developed or absent. Diagnostic characters, mÇhiotia ana kei Aotearoa e noho ana, e 47 nÇ konei anake therefore, are restricted to the females. The main internal (e 46 nÇ te wh~nau wh~iti Criconematinae). I te wh~nau character is the stylet. Its base has distinct knobs for the Criconematidae, he maha ng~ r~rangi rere whakapae kei te adhesion of muscles that control the movement of the stylet. kahu~rai, ko te mÇwhiti te ~hua ki te titiro atu. I te wh~nau Both the length of the stylet and the size and shape of the wh~iti Criconematinae, he unahi, he tarakina r~nei, ko ng~ knobs are used for the identification of species. Another mea e rua r~nei e mau mai ana ki ng~ mÇwhiti o ng~ uwha, useful internal character is the shape of the oesophagus. o ng~ k Çhungahunga, o r~ua tahi r~nei. External characters are the length, width, and shape of the He hanga mÇkitokito ng~ Criconematid, nÇ reira hei nematode. The size of the rings of the cuticle, their total ~ta tirotiro i ng~ ~huatanga wh~iti, me karu whakarahi number, and the number in front of the excretory pore and pãhui kua meatia kia tino kaha t~na mahi, ~, me rumaki te posterior to the opening of the female reproductive system arotahi ki te hinu i te tuatahi. Me ~ta rokiroki ng~ tautauira are also important. In species with scales and spines, their nei, ar~, me whakamate ng~ pãtau katoa ki te formalde- number per cuticle ring and their length can all be useful. hyde, k~tahi ka kÇkuhu atu i te glycerol, ka t~pae ai ki Characters of the lip region and the shape of the scales and waenganui i ng~ papa kÇataata. He pãataata ng~ their various appendages can best be demonstrated with Criconematid, nÇ reira ka wh~ia ko ng~ ~huatanga photographs taken by a scanning electron microscope. whakawaho, whakaroto anÇ hoki o te tinana hei tautohu i In New Zealand, taxonomic study of nematodes started t‘n~ momo, i t‘n~. I roto i a ng~i Criconematina, he tino in the early 1960s. Initially it only covered free-living rerek‘ te ~hua o te toa me te uwha. Ko ‘tahi ~huatanga e nematodes, but gradually plant and insect parasitic kitea ana i ng~ uwha, kei te tino ngoikore, kei te ngaro r~nei nematodes were also included. The original intention of i ng~ toa. NÇ reira, e wh~ia ana ko ng~ ~huatanga kei ng~ this contribution was to summarise all studies on Tylenchida uwha hei tautohu i ng~ momo. Ko te ~huatanga whakaroto and combine them in one work. It was soon recognised, matua, ko te w~hanga kamukai.
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