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(Taylor, 1936) Loof, 1989 Associated with Bell Pepper (Capsicum Annuum) in Egypt

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(Taylor, 1936) Loof, 1989 Associated with Bell Pepper (Capsicum Annuum) in Egypt Egypt. J. Agronematol., Vol. 19, No.1, PP.19-28 (2020) DOI: 10.21608/EJAJ.2020.105860 First Report of Mesocriconema sphaerocephalum (Taylor, 1936) Loof, 1989 Associated with Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum) in Egypt Zafar A. Handoo1, Mihail R. Kantor1, Mostafa M.A. Hammam2, Moawad M.M. Mohamed2 and Mahfouz M. M. Abd-Elgawad2 1 Mycol. and Nematol. Genetic Diversity and Biol. Lab., USDA, ARS, Northeast Area, Beltsville Agric.Res. Center, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA 2 Plant Pathology Dept., National Research Centre, EI-Behooth St., Dokki 12622, Giza, Egypt. Email corresponding author: [email protected] Received: 22 June 2020 Revised :7 July 2020 Accepted:18 July 2020 ABSTRACT Ring nematodes of the genus, Mesocriconema are a group of polyphagous, migratory root-ectoparasites of plants. In a nematological survey of three governorates in Egypt, Mesocriconema sphaerocephalum (Taylor, 1936) Loof, 1989 was isolated from the rhizosphere of soil samples in five bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fields, as a new host record, at Badr Centre, El-Beheira governorate. Mesocriconema sphaerocephalum specimens were extracted from 5 out of 45 (11.1%) soil samples with a population density up to 23 individuals/250 g soil. Morphological and morphometrical analysis of females and juveniles were used for species identification. This species has been previously reported from Egypt on other hosts. Nevertheless, this is the first report of M. sphaerocephalum associated with pepper plants. Additional information on the distribution, importance, and status of this phytoparasite is presented. Keywords: Host plant, morphology, ring nematode, Egypt, species description, survey. INTRODUCTION A few plant parasitic nematode (PPN) groups have received insufficient attention compared with other species especially concerning their pathogenicity and damage to the host plants. Among them is the group of ring nematodes (Abd-Elgawad, 2020). It is well known that the Criconematidae family is a taxonomy commonly referred to as ring nematodes, due to the transversal annulation of the cuticle; typical wide cuticular annulation. All species of this group can parasitize broad range of host plants including monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous, herbaceous, and woody plants worldwide (Peraza- Padilla, 2014). Several criconematids have become notorious pests of crops. They can not only damage plant roots (Westerdahl & Duncan 2015), but also predispose them to the other biotic stresses (Inserra et al., 2014 and Maria et al., 2018a,b). Moreover, some of them were involved in the decline of cultivated crops (Nath et al., 2008 and Maria et al., 2020). Additionally, this remarkable group has been reported associated with Citrus sp. In Zafar et al. 20 Morocco; Zea mays L. in Kenya; Brassica oleracea L., Allium porrum L. and Lactuca sativa L. in Madagascar (Luc, 1970); coffee plantations in El Salvador (Raski & Golden, 1965); apricot in USA (Mckenry et al., 1990); peach and apple in Spain (Escuer & Palomo, 1991); vineyards in Italy (Coiro et al., 1991); avocado, mango and tamarind in Spain (Castillo & Gómez, 1993); Mussa sp. in Jordan (Yousef & S´Jacob, 1994); peach in Mexico (Luna-Guerrero et al., 2011); barley, wheat and sugar beet in the Slovak Republic (Šály, 1976); forage legumes at Alachua County, Florida, USA (Abd-Elgawad et al., 2018), and mulberry (Morus alba L.) trees in Costa Rica (Peraza-Padilla, 2014), and others. Considering the above-mentioned status of the Criconematidae, characterizing/identifying its species as well as knowledge of their occurrence, distribution, and pathogenicity is important since they may cause considerable damage to many economically important crops in Egypt (Adam et al., 2013; Handoo et al., 2015 and Ibrahim et al., 2000, 2010). Generally, nematologists have recorded more than 50 genera and 160 species of PPNs and free-living nematodes associated with many cultivated plants, grasses and weeds in Egypt (Ibrahim et al., 2010; Ibrahim & Handoo, 2016 and Mohamed et al., 2017). During our nematode inventory survey, a population of Mesocriconema was detected in the rhizosphere of bell pepper plants among other PPN species. As Mesocriconema was never associated with pepper from Egypt, the present work was dedicated to identifying the species status based on the morphological and morphometrical characters in the species-specific identification key of M. sphaerocephalum, the morphology characterization data of this population were compared with the existing species of the genus. Therefore, the paper describes M. sphaerocephalum and provides a morphological characterization of it to elucidate important morphological details. MATERIALS AND METHODS The nematological survey was carried out in El-Ismalia, El-Beheira, and El-Giza governorates (Fig. 1) to detect new parasites associated with pepper. A total of 45 soil and root composite samples were collected by a shovel (ca 30 cm diam. to a depth of 25 cm) from the rhizosphere region of plants that appeared relatively unhealthy; i.e. with suspected nematode disease symptoms such as poor growth, stunting, wilting, and yellowing. Three subsamples representing one Feddan (4200 m2) were randomly collected and mixed to form a composite sample of about 1 Kg soil per a pepper field for fifteen fields in a governorate. The soil type in each of the three governorates was sandy, loamy sand, or sandy loam. During sampling period, in August and September (fall season), there was no rain, clear sky, day temperature was 32-41° C, night temperature was 18-23°C, and soil was drip irrigated for pepper plants which were grown under the traditional farming system for production of pepper in Egypt (Zayed et al., 2017). Roots were washed free of soil and examined for galling where root-knot nematodes were extracted and identified according to Ibrahim et al. (2000). Using another technique followed by the latter authors for extracting migratory and ectoparasitic nematodes, roots having lesions were fragmented into small pieces and left in water for 36-48 h to extract such nematodes. Egypt. J. Agronematol., Vol. 19, No.1 (2020) First Report of Mesocriconema sphaerocephalum….. 21 Fig. 1 Soil samples collection area map. About one-fourth of each composite sample (exactly 250 g soil) was extracted using Cobb’s wet-sieving and centrifugal sugar flotation techniques (Ayoub, 1980). The used sieves were US Standard Sieve Series of 100, 200, and 325 mesh with openings of 149, 74, and 44 μ, respectively. The extracted PPNs were fixed in 5% formaldehyde solution, processed to anhydrous glycerin (Seinhorst, 1959), and examined under a compound microscope for species identification. Nematode identifications were based on the morphology of adult and larval forms. Of special interest, we exclusively presented herein Mesocriconema sphaerocephalum (Taylor, 1936) Loof, 1989 as the first report on bell pepper based on the identification key of Siddiqi (2000) and Geraert (2010). Photomicrographs of the specimens were made with a Nikon Eclipse Ni compound microscope using a Nikon DS-Ri2 camera. Measurements were made with an ocular micrometer on a Leica WILD MPS48, Leitz DMRB compound microscope. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Species classification: Our survey recorded M. sphaerocephalum (Taylor, 1936) Loof, 1989 on bell pepper in Al-Seen village, Badr Centre, El-Beheira governorate. M. sphaerocephalum was extracted from 5 of 45 (11.1%) soil samples. The density of this nematode was up to 23 individuals/250 g soil. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. sphaerocephalum on pepper. M. sphaerocephalum is related to the order Tylenchida (Siddiqi, 2000). According to Geraert (2010), it is now under genus Mesocriconema Egypt. J. Agronematol., Vol. 19, No.1 (2020) Zafar et al. 22 Andrassy, 1965 as M. sphaerocephalum (Taylor, 1936) Loof, 1989 with scientific classification as follows: Tylenchina Chitwood in Chitwood & Chitwood 1950. Criconematina Sidiqui 1980. Criconematiodea Taylor 1936 (1914) (Geraert 1966). Criconematidae Taylor 1936 (1914). Criconematinae Taylor 1936 (1914). Mesocriconema sphaerocephalum (Taylor 1936) Loof 1989. Synonymization: Mesocriconema sphaerocephalum is a synonym of the following: Criconemoides sphaerocephalus Taylor, 1936 Macroposthonia sphaerocephala (Taylor, 1936) De Grisse & Loof, 1965 Criconemella sphaerocephala (Taylor, 1936) Luc & Raski, 1981 Criconemoides citri Steiner, 1949 Macroposthonia citri (Steiner, 1949) Siddiqi, 1986 Criconemoides georgii Prasad, Khan & Mathur, 1966 Macroposthonia georgii (Prasad, Khan & Mathur, 1966) Siddiqi, 1986 Mesocriconema sphaerocephalum (Taylor 1936) Loof & De Grisse, 1989 Population from Badr Centre, El-Beheira governorate, Egypt. (Table 1; Figs. 1-2) Description (Females- n=10): Individual ring nematodes were hand-picked from nematode suspensions isolated from field samples and examined morphologically for species identification. Morphometric measurements of adult females (n = 10) included body length (mean ± standard deviation = 344.7 ± 26.9 μm, range = 300.0 – 373.0 μm), stylet (55.4 ± 0.9, 54.0 – 57.0), number of annules from anterior end to excretory pore (19.3 ± 2.1, 16.0 -22.0), V (percentage of length from anterior end to vulva position in total body length: 94.0 ± 0.5%, 93.3 – 94.5), R (total body annules:64.0 ± 2.1, 61.0 - 67.0), RV (total annules from vulva to tail terminus: 4.2 ± 0.7, 3.0 – 5.0), Rvan (total annules from anus to tail terminus: 2.5 ± 0.3, 2.0 – 3.0). Lip region appears truncated to slightly rounded having two annules that are smaller and narrower than
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