DOCSLIB.ORG

Molecular and Morphological Characterisation of Species

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Molecular and Morphological Characterisation of Species Nematology, 2011, Vol. 13(3), 295-306 Molecular and morphological characterisation of species within the Xiphinema americanum-group (Dorylaimida: Longidoridae) from the central valley of Chile ∗ Pablo MEZA 1,2, ,ErwinABALLAY 1 and Patricio HINRICHSEN 2 1 Faculty of Agronomy, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Santa Rosa 11315, Santiago, Chile 2 Biotechnology Laboratory, INIA La Platina, Avenida Santa Rosa 11610, Santiago, Chile Received: 7 January 2010; revised: 21 June 2010 Accepted for publication: 21 June 2010 Summary – Species of the Xiphinema americanum-group are among the most damaging nematodes for a diverse range of crops. This group includes 51 nominal species throughout the world. They are very difficult to identify by traditional taxonomic methods. Despite its importance in agriculture, the species composition of this group in many countries, including Chile, remains unknown. In order to identify the species in the central valley of Chile, we studied the morphological, morphometric and molecular diversity of 13 populations. Through classical taxonomic methods two species, X. inaequale and X. peruvianum, were identified with clear differences in the shape of the lip region. The DNA sequences of the ITS of ribosomal genes revealed divergences in the nucleotide sequences of the two species from 7.3% in ITS1 to 14.7% in ITS2. These results confirmed the presence of two distinct species, namely X. peruvianum and X. inaequale, in the northern and southern parts of the central valley of Chile, respectively. PCR-RFLP was developed for rapid species identification of these two species. Keywords – molecular, morphology, morphometrics, taxonomy, Xiphinema californicum, Xiphinema inaequale, Xiphinema peruvia- num. The Xiphinema americanum-group comprises 51 nom- nologies has opened a new spectrum of possibilities in ne- inal species found all over the world (Lamberti et al., matode taxonomy. The growing accumulation of DNA se- 2002, 2004). Species identification is very challenging quences in GenBank has made genetic testing a comple- and often unreliable by traditional methods (Luc et al., mentary classification methodology (Blaxter, 2004; Grif- 1998; Chen et al., 2005). Although several keys have fiths et al., 2006). One of the most used molecular mark- been published (Lamberti & Carone, 1991; Lamberti et ers is the ITS region. The versatility, specificity and han- al., 2000, 2004), ambiguities still persist due to poorly dling ease of the experimental analysis of this genomic defined species boundaries and overlapping morphomet- region have been established since the late 1990s (Cherry rics (Luc & Baujard, 2001). Even the latest polytomous et al., 1997; Powers et al., 1997) and have allowed for key, published by Lamberti et al. (2004), demonstrated the construction of phylogenetic trees, estimation of popu- limited success in the classification of species found in lation diversity and determination of taxonomic relation- Florida (USA) (Gozel et al., 2006) and Serbia (Barsi & ships (Vrain et al., 1992; Cherry et al., 1997; Subbotin De Luca, 2008). Despite these difficulties, there has been et al., 2000; Gozel et al., 2006). Currently, 12 species a strong interest in the study and classification of species of the X. americanum-group have nucleotide sequences in this group. Research performed in Brazil (Oliveira et of ITS fragments in GenBank: X. brevicollum Lordello al., 2004), Taiwan (Chen et al., 2005), the USA (Gozel et & Da Costa, 1961, X. incognitum Southey, 1973, X. dif- al., 2006) and Serbia (Barsi & De Luca, 2008) has demon- fusum Lamberti & Bleve-Zacheo, 1979, X. oxycaudatum strated significant progress in this field. In these studies, Lamberti & Bleve-Zacheo, 1979, X. thornei Lamberti & molecular technologies have been used in combination Golden, 1986, X. pachtaicum Tulaganov, 1938, X. rivesi with traditional methods. The incorporation of these tech- Dalmasso, 1969, X. citricolum Lamberti & Bleve-Zacheo, ∗ Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2011 DOI:10.1163/138855410X518498 Also available online - www.brill.nl/nemy 295 P. M e z a et al. 1979, X. georgianum Lamberti & Bleve-Zacheo, 1979, X. Materials and methods laevistriatum Lamberti & Bleve-Zacheo, 1979, X. floridae Lamberti & Bleve-Zacheo, 1979 and X. tarjanense Lam- Thirteen nematode populations were collected between berti & Bleve-Zacheo, 1979. 2006 and 2008 from the rhizosphere of various fruit trees In Chile, the earliest records of the X. americanum- located in the central valley of Chile, between 26◦ and group were presented by Gonzalez and Valenzuela (1968) 36◦S (regions III to VII; Table 1). Some fixed specimens and Allen et al. (1971), who sampled these nematodes and DNA samples of X. californicum (Lamberti & Bleve- from vineyards and orchards of the central valley, where Zacheo, 1979) from UC-Davis (Davis, CA, USA) were most of the agriculture is developed. At the end of the included for comparison. 1980s, Lamberti et al. (1988) reported six species: X. cal- Nematodes were extracted by means of Cobb’s wet ifornicum Lamberti & Bleve-Zacheo, 1979, X. floridae, X. sieving technique. DNA was extracted from single fe- inaequale Khan & Ahmad, 1975, X. peruvianum Lamberti males of each population. Based on Oliveira et al. (2004), & Bleve-Zacheo, 1979, X. pachtaicum and X. utahense the following protocol was developed: adult females were Lamberti & Bleve-Zacheo, 1979. However, these identi- transferred in a solution of 2 M NaCl, placed in individual microtubes (0.6 ml) containing 20 μl of 0.25 M NaOH fications have not been confirmed by subsequent studies, ◦ leading to a lack of consensus among taxonomists about and incubated overnight at 25 C. Afterwards, they were incubated at 99◦C for 3 min, followed by the addition of which species are present in the country (Doucet et al., 20 μl of extraction buffer (5 μlof0.5MTris-HCl,10μl 1998; Lamberti et al., 2000). Nonetheless, species identi- of 0.25 M HCl and 5 μl of 2% Triton X-100) and an in- fication within the X. americanum-group in Chile is very cubation for 3 min at the same temperature. Then, 30 μl important due to their considerable potential to damage − of 10% Chelex™ and 5 μl of proteinase K (5 mg ml 1) various crops. The objective of this study was to iden- were added, followed by incubation at 55◦Cfor2h.Af- tify the species within the X. americanum-group in the ter that, the enzyme was inactivated at 95◦C for 10 min, central valley of Chile based on morphological, morpho- 2 μlofRNase(10mgml−1) was added and the sam- metric and molecular data from 13 populations collected ples were incubated at 37◦C for 30 min. Finally, the tubes from fruit trees between 2006 and 2008. These identi- were centrifuged at the maximum speed in an Eppendorf fications may provide the basis for adequate phytosan- microfuge for 15 min. The DNA obtained was stored at itary regulation and would be the starting point for the −20◦C until use. study of the biology, pathogenicity and spread of viral dis- Two primers that amplify the ITS region (ITS1, 5.8S eases. and ITS2), as well as short sections of the 18S and Table 1. Origin of the populations of Xiphinema americanum s.l. used in this study. Population Region Locality Host P1 III Rodeo, Chile Table grape (Vitis vinifera) P2 III Tierras Amarillas, Chile Table grape (V. vinifera) P3 IV Huatulame, Chile Citrus (Citrus macrophylla) P4 IV Punitaqui, Chile Wine grape (V. vinifera) P5 IV Ovalle, Chile Citrus (C. macrophylla) P6 IV El Palqui, Chile Citrus (C. macrophylla) P7 V Los Andes, Chile Table grape (V. vinifera) P8 V Casablanca, Chile Wine grape (V. vinifera) P9 R.M. Codigua, Chile Wine grape (V. vinifera) P10 R.M. Alhué, Chile Wine grape (V. vinifera) P11 VI Totihue, Chile Plum (Prunus cerasifera) P12 VI Nancagua, Chile Table grape (V. vinifera) P13 VII Longovilo, Chile Apple (Malus domestica B.) XC USA Davis, CA, USA Table grape (V. vinifera) R.M. = Metropolitan Region. 296 Nematology.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Vector Capability of Xiphinema Americanum Sensu Lato in California 1
    Journal of Nematology 21(4):517-523. 1989. © The Society of Nematologists 1989. Vector Capability of Xiphinema americanum sensu lato in California 1 JOHN A. GRIESBACH 2 AND ARMAND R. MAGGENTI s Abstract: Seven field populations of Xiphineraa americanum sensu lato from California's major agronomic areas were tested for their ability to transmit two nepoviruses, including the prune brownline, peach yellow bud, and grapevine yellow vein strains of" tomato ringspot virus and the bud blight strain of tobacco ringspot virus. Two field populations transmitted all isolates, one population transmitted all tomato ringspot virus isolates but failed to transmit bud blight strain of tobacco ringspot virus, and the remaining four populations failed to transmit any virus. Only one population, which transmitted all isolates, bad been associated with field spread of a nepovirus. As two California populations of Xiphinema americanum sensu lato were shown to have the ability to vector two different nepoviruses, a nematode taxonomy based on a parsimony of virus-vector re- lationship is not practical for these populations. Because two California populations ofX. americanum were able to vector tobacco ringspot virus, commonly vectored by X. americanum in the eastern United States, these western populations cannot be differentiated from eastern populations by vector capability tests using tobacco ringspot virus. Key words: dagger nematode, tobacco ringspot virus, tomato ringspot virus, nepovirus, Xiphinema americanum, Xiphinema californicum. Populations of Xiphinema americanum brownline (PBL), prunus stem pitting (PSP) Cobb, 1913 shown through rigorous test- and cherry leaf mottle (CLM) (8). Both PBL ing (23) to be nepovirus vectors include X. and PSP were transmitted with a high de- americanum sensu lato (s.1.) for tobacco gree of efficiency, whereas CLM was trans- ringspot virus (TobRSV) (5), tomato ring- mitted rarely.
    [Show full text]
  • Comprehensive Transcriptome Profiling of Root-Knot Nematodes During Plant Infection and Characterisation of Species Specific Trait Chinh Nghia Nguyen
    Comprehensive transcriptome profiling of root-knot nematodes during plant infection and characterisation of species specific trait Chinh Nghia Nguyen To cite this version: Chinh Nghia Nguyen. Comprehensive transcriptome profiling of root-knot nematodes during plant infection and characterisation of species specific trait. Agricultural sciences. COMUE Université Côte d’Azur (2015 - 2019), 2016. English. NNT : 2016AZUR4124. tel-01673793 HAL Id: tel-01673793 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01673793 Submitted on 1 Jan 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Ecole Doctorale de Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé Unité de recherche : UMR ISA INRA 1355-UNS-CNRS 7254 Thèse de doctorat Présentée en vue de l’obtention du grade de docteur en Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire de L’UNIVERSITE COTE D’AZUR par NGUYEN Chinh Nghia Etude de la régulation du transcriptome de nématodes parasites de plante, les nématodes à galles du genre Meloidogyne Dirigée par Dr. Bruno FAVERY Soutenance le 8 Décembre, 2016 Devant le jury composé de : Pr. Pierre FRENDO Professeur, INRA UNS CNRS Sophia-Antipolis Président Dr. Marc-Henri LEBRUN Directeur de Recherche, INRA AgroParis Tech Grignon Rapporteur Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphology and Taxonomy of Xiphinema ( Nematoda: Longidoridae) Occurring in Arkansas，USA
    江西农业大学学报 2010，32( 5): 0928 － 0945 http: / /xuebao． jxau． edu． cn Acta AGriculturae Universitatis JianGxiensis E － mail: ndxb7775@ sina． com Morphology and Taxonomy of Xiphinema ( Nematoda: Longidoridae) Occurring in Arkansas，USA YE Weimin 1，2 ，ROBBINS R． T． 1 ( 1． Department of Plant PatholoGy，NematoloGy Laboratory，2601 N． YounG Ave． ，University of Arkan- sas，Fayetteville，AR 72704，USA． 2． Present address: Nematode Assay Laboratory，North Carolina Depart- ment of AGriculture and Consumer Services，RaleiGh，NC 27607，USA) Abstract: In a survey，primarily from the rhizosphere of hardwood trees GrowinG on sandy stream banks， for lonGidorids，828 soil samples were collected from 37 Arkansas counties in 1999—2001． One hundred twenty-seven populations of Xiphinema were recovered from 452 of the 828 soil samples ( 54． 6% )，includinG 71 populations of X． americanum sensu lato，33 populations of X． bakeri，23 populations of X． chambersi and one population of X． krugi． The morpholoGical and morphometric characteristics of these Arkansas species are presented． MorpholoGical and morphometric characteristics are also Given for two populations of X． krugi from Hawaii and North Carolina． Key words: Arkansas; morpholoGy; SEM; survey; taxonomy; Xiphinema americanum; X． bakeri; X． chambersi; X． krugi． 中图分类号: Q959． 17; S432． 4 + 5 文献标志码: A 文章编号: 1000 － 2286( 2010) 05 － 0928 － 18 Xiphinema species are miGratory ectoparasites of both herbaceous and woody plants． Direct feedinG dam- aGe may result in root-tip GallinG and stuntinG of top Growth． In addition，some species
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Longidorus Americanum N
    Journal of Nematology 37(1):94–104. 2005. ©The Society of Nematologists 2005. Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Longidorus americanum n. sp. (Nematoda: Longidoridae), aNeedle Nematode Parasitizing Pine in Georgia Z. A. H andoo, 1 L. K. C arta, 1 A. M. S kantar, 1 W. Y e , 2 R. T. R obbins, 2 S. A. S ubbotin, 3 S. W. F raedrich, 4 and M. M. C ram4 Abstract: We describe and illustrate anew needle nematode, Longidorus americanum n. sp., associated with patches of severely stunted and chlorotic loblolly pine, ( Pinus taeda L.) seedlings in seedbeds at the Flint River Nursery (Byromville, GA). It is characterized by having females with abody length of 5.4–9.0 mm; lip region slightly swollen, anteriorly flattened, giving the anterior end atruncate appearance; long odontostyle (124–165 µm); vulva at 44%–52% of body length; and tail conoid, bluntly rounded to almost hemispherical. Males are rare but present, and in general shorter than females. The new species is morphologically similar to L. biformis, L. paravineacola, L. saginus, and L. tarjani but differs from these species either by the body, odontostyle and total stylet length, or by head and tail shape. Sequence data from the D2–D3 region of the 28S rDNA distinguishes this new species from other Longidorus species. Phylogenetic relationships of Longidorus americanum n. sp. with other longidorids based on analysis of this DNA fragment are presented. Additional information regarding the distribution of this species within the region is required. Key words: DNA sequencing, Georgia, loblolly pine, Longidorus americanum n. sp., molecular data, morphology, new species, needle nematode, phylogenetics, SEM, taxonomy.
    [Show full text]
  • Theory Manual Course No. Pl. Path
    NAVSARI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Theory Manual INTRODUCTORY PLANT NEMATOLOGY Course No. Pl. Path 2.2 (V Dean’s) nd 2 Semester B.Sc. (Hons.) Agri. PROF.R.R.PATEL, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR Dr.D.M.PATHAK, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR Dr.R.R.WAGHUNDE, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE NAVSARI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY BHARUCH 392012 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION What are the nematodes? Nematodes are belongs to animal kingdom, they are triploblastic, unsegmented, bilateral symmetrical, pseudocoelomateandhaving well developed reproductive, nervous, excretoryand digestive system where as the circulatory and respiratory systems are absent but govern by the pseudocoelomic fluid. Plant Nematology: Nematology is a science deals with the study of morphology, taxonomy, classification, biology, symptomatology and management of {plant pathogenic} nematode (PPN). The word nematode is made up of two Greek words, Nema means thread like and eidos means form. The words Nematodes is derived from Greek words ‘Nema+oides’ meaning „Thread + form‟(thread like organism ) therefore, they also called threadworms. They are also known as roundworms because nematode body tubular is shape. The movement (serpentine) of nematodes like eel (marine fish), so also called them eelworm in U.K. and Nema in U.S.A. Roundworms by Zoologist Nematodes are a diverse group of organisms, which are found in many different environments. Approximately 50% of known nematode species are marine, 25% are free-living species found in soil or freshwater, 15% are parasites of animals, and 10% of known nematode species are parasites of plants (see figure at left). The study of nematodes has traditionally been viewed as three separate disciplines: (1) Helminthology dealing with the study of nematodes and other worms parasitic in vertebrates (mainly those of importance to human and veterinary medicine).
    [Show full text]
  • STUDIES on XIPHINEMA AMERICANUM SENSU LATD with DESCRIPTIONS of FIFTEEN NEW SPECIES (NEMATODA, LONGIDORIDAE) by Lima
    ~emat~mfli't (1979), 7 51-106. Laboratorio di Nematologia Agraria del C.N.R. - 70126 Bari, Italy STUDIES ON XIPHINEMA AMERICANUM SENSU LATD WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF FIFTEEN NEW SPECIES (NEMATODA, LONGIDORIDAE) By FRANCO LAMBERTI AND TERESA BLEVE-ZACHEO Lima (1965) was the first to hypothesize that Xiphinema ameri­ canum Cobb, 1913 was a complex of different species in which he listed X. americanum, X. brevicolle Lordello et Da Costa, 1961, X. opisthohysterum Siddiqi, 1961 and four undescribed species (Lima, 1968). One of them was later described as X. mediterraneum Martelli et Lamberti, 1967 (Lamberti and Martelli, 1971) and recently synon­ ymized with X. pachtaicum (Tulaganov, 1938) Kirijanova, 1951 (Sid­ diqi and Lamberti, 1977). The morphometrical variability in X. ame­ ricanum was also studied by Tarjan (1968) who, after having examined 75 world-wide collected populations, concluded that the species status of X. brevicolle, X. opisthohysterum and Lima's Mediterranean species, presently X. pachtaicum, was justified but that all the other variations he had observed should be considered as geographical variants, cor­ related with climatic influences, within the X. americanum complex (Tarjan, 1969). In 1974 Heyns stated that «demarcation of species within the group is problematical and unsatisfactory although several of the species proposed by Lima seem to be justified ». Because of the importance of X. americanum as a vector of some plant viruses (Taylor and Robertson, 1975) we thought it useful to carry out studies which would clarify the identity of several popu­ lations from different geographical locations and establish the re­ lationships with this and the other related species.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterisation of Populations of Longidorus Orientalis Loof, 1982
    Nematology 17 (2015) 459-477 brill.com/nemy Characterisation of populations of Longidorus orientalis Loof, 1982 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in the USA and other countries and incongruence of phylogenies inferred from ITS1 rRNA and coxI genes ∗ Sergei A. SUBBOTIN 1,2,3, ,JasonD.STANLEY 4, Antoon T. PLOEG 3,ZahraTANHA MAAFI 5, Emmanuel A. TZORTZAKAKIS 6, John J. CHITAMBAR 1,JuanE.PALOMARES-RIUS 7, Pablo CASTILLO 7 and Renato N. INSERRA 4 1 Plant Pest Diagnostic Center, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832-1448, USA 2 Center of Parasitology of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii Prospect 33, Moscow 117071, Russia 3 Department of Nematology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA 4 Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, DPI, Nematology Section, P.O. Box 147100, Gainesville, FL 32614-7100, USA 5 Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, P.O. Box 1454, Tehran 19395, Iran 6 Plant Protection Institute, N.AG.RE.F., Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER, P.O. Box 2228, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece 7 Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, Apdo. 4084, 14080 Córdoba, Spain Received: 16 January 2015; revised: 16 February 2015 Accepted for publication: 16 February 2015; available online: 27 March 2015 Summary – Needle nematode populations of Longidorus orientalis associated with date palm, Phoenix dactylifera, and detected during nematode surveys conducted in Arizona, California and Florida, USA, were characterised morphologically and molecularly. The nematode species most likely arrived in California a century ago with propagative date palms from the Middle East and eventually spread to Florida on ornamental date palms that were shipped from Arizona and California.
    [Show full text]
  • Transcriptome Profiling of the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne Enterolobii During Parasitism and Identification of Novel Effector Proteins
    Ecole Doctorale de Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé Unité de recherche : UMR ISA INRA 1355-UNS-CNRS 7254 Thèse de doctorat Présentée en vue de l’obtention du grade de docteur en Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire de L’UNIVERSITE COTE D’AZUR par NGUYEN Chinh Nghia Etude de la régulation du transcriptome de nématodes parasites de plante, les nématodes à galles du genre Meloidogyne Dirigée par Dr. Bruno FAVERY Soutenance le 8 Décembre, 2016 Devant le jury composé de : Pr. Pierre FRENDO Professeur, INRA UNS CNRS Sophia-Antipolis Président Dr. Marc-Henri LEBRUN Directeur de Recherche, INRA AgroParis Tech Grignon Rapporteur Dr. Nemo PEETERS Directeur de Recherche, CNRS-INRA Castanet Tolosan Rapporteur Dr. Stéphane JOUANNIC Chargé de Recherche, IRD Montpellier Examinateur Dr. Bruno FAVERY Directeur de Recherche, UNS CNRS Sophia-Antipolis Directeur de thèse Doctoral School of Life and Health Sciences Research Unity: UMR ISA INRA 1355-UNS-CNRS 7254 PhD thesis Presented and defensed to obtain Doctor degree in Molecular and Cellular Biology from COTE D’AZUR UNIVERITY by NGUYEN Chinh Nghia Comprehensive Transcriptome Profiling of Root-knot Nematodes during Plant Infection and Characterisation of Species Specific Trait PhD directed by Dr Bruno FAVERY Defense on December 8th 2016 Jury composition : Pr. Pierre FRENDO Professeur, INRA UNS CNRS Sophia-Antipolis President Dr. Marc-Henri LEBRUN Directeur de Recherche, INRA AgroParis Tech Grignon Reporter Dr. Nemo PEETERS Directeur de Recherche, CNRS-INRA Castanet Tolosan Reporter Dr. Stéphane JOUANNIC Chargé de Recherche, IRD Montpellier Examinator Dr. Bruno FAVERY Directeur de Recherche, UNS CNRS Sophia-Antipolis PhD Director Résumé Les nématodes à galles du genre Meloidogyne spp.
    [Show full text]
  • Dorylaimida: Nordiidae) from California, with the First Molecular Study and an Updated Taxonomy of the Genus
    animals Article Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Kochinema farodai Baqri and Bohra, 2001 (Dorylaimida: Nordiidae) from California, with the First Molecular Study and an Updated Taxonomy of the Genus Sergio Álvarez-Ortega Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Campus de Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] Received: 16 November 2020; Accepted: 30 November 2020; Published: 4 December 2020 Simple Summary: In this paper, a population of a free-living nematode collected from Northern California (USA) is identified and studied. The aim of the present work is to characterize a Californian population of the nematode genus Kochinema, with morphological and molecular methods. In addition, a revision of this genus is also provided including an updated diagnosis, a list of species, a key to species identification, and a compendium of their main morphometrics and distribution data. Abstract: This paper deals with the morphological and molecular characterization of Kochinema farodai Baqri and Bohra, 2001, with an integrative approach. The finding of K. faroidai in California is a remarkable biogeographical novelty, as it is the first American record of the species. Molecular data herein obtained represent the first molecular study of the genus Kochinema. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations of a member of Kochinema are provided for the first time. Additionally, this contribution provides new insights into the phylogeny and taxonomy of the nematode genus Kochinema. A brief historical outline of the matter is presented. Then, the morphological pattern of the genus is revised and illustrated, the anterior position of amphids, whose opening is located on lateral lip, being its most relevant diagnostic feature.
    [Show full text]
  • The Systematic Position of the Family Ironidae and Its Relation to the Dorylaimida
    THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE FAMILY IRONIDAE AND ITS RELATION TO THE DORYLAIMIDA by A. COOMANS and A. VAN DER HEIDEN Instituut voor Dierkunde, Rijksuniversiteit Gent, Ledeganckstraat 35, B 9000 Gent, Belgium ABSTRACT A critical review is made of the similarities and differences existing between the Ironidae and the Dorylaimida. The most important diagnostic features of the main groups of Dorylaimida, up to the superfamily level, and of the Enoplidae are listed. The family Ironidae is subdivided into two subfamilies of which the Coniliinae constitute a new subfamily with Conilia Gerlach, 1956 as the type genus. From the detailed comparison of both groups it is concluded that the differences are important and that the similarities are probably the result of parallel evolution, occurring in two branches that evolved independently from a remote enoplid ancestor. It is further argued that Ironidae do not fit well in Tripyloidea and are at present better included in Enoploidea, On several occasions the similarities between Ironidae and Dorylaimida have been stressed, the extreme being the inclusion of the genera of the Ironidae in the family Dorylaimidae (W ie s e r , 1953). Ironidae are now usually classified under Tripyloidea in the Enoplida, but a close relationship between Ironidae and Dory­ laimida has been postulated, with Ironidae representing the ancestral type. COMPARISON OF THE MAIN FEATURES OF IRONIDAE AND DORYLAIMIDA Differences can be observed in e.g. the number and position of the lips (except Ironella), structure and outlet of the excretory system, position of the oesophageal gland outlets and habitat of most representatives. Similarities exist in general body shape, position and shape of the amphideal fovea, structure of the feeding apparatus, structure of the female reproductive system and of the male copulatory apparatus.
    [Show full text]
  • Two New Species of Xiphinema Cobb, 1913 (Nematoda, Dorylaimida) From
    Bull. Mus. natn. Hist. nut., Paris, 4e sér., 5, 1983, section A, no 2 : 521-529. Two new species of Xiphinema Cobb, 1913 (Nematoda, Dorylddda) from Malawi, East Africa by D. J. F. BROWN,M. Luc and V. MT. SAIEA Abstract. -- Descriptions are given of Xiphinema malawiense n. sp. and X. limbeense n. sp., both from the same location, from the rhizosphere of Citrus paradisi Marfad, at the Bvumbwe Agricultural Research Station, Limbe, Malawi. Both species were without males and were mor- phologically similar to each other and to X. coxi Tarjan, 1964. But they may be distinguished from each other and from the latter species by tail length and shape, spear length, and, mainly, by structures of the pseudo Z organ. Résumé. -- Description est donnée de Xiphinema malawiense n. sp. et de X. limbeense n. sp., provenant l'une et l'autre de la rhizosphere de Citrzis paradisi Marfad, sur la Station de Recherches Agricoles de Bvumbwe, à Limbe, Malawi. Les deux espèces, dont les mâles n'ont pas été trouvés, sont proches l'une de l'autre, et proches également de X. coxi Tarjan, 1964. Elles diffèrent entre elles, et de cette dernière espèce, par la forme et la longueur de la queue, la longueur du stylet et, principalement, par la structure du pseudo-organe Z. D. J. F. BROWN,Scottish Crop Research Institute, Inoergowrie, Dundee, U.K. M. Luc, Nématologiste de I'ORSTOM : Laboratoire des Vers associé au CNRS, 61, rue Buffon, 'i5231 Paris cedex 05. V. W. SAKA,Bvumbwe Agricultural Research Station, P. O. Box 67/34, Limbe, Malawi.
    [Show full text]
  • Nematode-Article.Pdf
    Nicol, Stirling, Rose, May and Van Heeswijck Nematodes in viticulture 109 Impact of nematodes on grapevine growth and productivity: current knowledge and future directions, with special reference to Australian viticulture J.M. NICOL1,2, G.R. STIRLING3, B.J. ROSE4,P.MAY1 and R. VAN HEESWIJCK1,5 1 Department of Horticulture,Viticulture and Oenology, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia 2 Present address: CIMMYT International, 06600 Mexico, D.F. Mexico 3 Biological Crop Protection, Moggill, Qld 4070,Australia 4 Performance Viticulture, St Andrews, Vic. 3761,Australia 5 Corresponding author: Dr Robyn van Heeswijck , facsimile +61 8 83037116, e-mail [email protected] Abstract Grapevines, like most other crops and especially horticultural crops, suffer from attacks by plant- pathogenic nematodes. The types of nematodes found in vineyards and their distribution in Australia and other regions of the world are described, together with an assessment of their impact on vineyard productivity. Relationships between nematode population density and potential damage to grapevines is tabulated, based on published data. Information on reducing nematode impact by means of rootstocks is summarised and also tabulated. Control by other means is discussed, including soil fumigants and nematicides, biological control agents and plants with nematicidal properties. Special attention is paid to improving nematode resistance in rootstocks or even own-rooted Vitis vinifera cultivars by conventional breeding and by genetic engineering. Areas for future research are identified, and we provide conceptual tools plus information for long term control of nematodes in vineyards. Keywords: nematodes, grapevine, Australian viticulture, rootstocks, resistance, plant breeding 1 Introduction reproduction, which can be both heterosexual and Grape production in Australia, in contrast to most other parthenogenetic.
    [Show full text]