Comprehensive Transcriptome Profiling of Root-Knot Nematodes During Plant Infection and Characterisation of Species Specific Trait Chinh Nghia Nguyen
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Vector Capability of Xiphinema Americanum Sensu Lato in California 1
Journal of Nematology 21(4):517-523. 1989. © The Society of Nematologists 1989. Vector Capability of Xiphinema americanum sensu lato in California 1 JOHN A. GRIESBACH 2 AND ARMAND R. MAGGENTI s Abstract: Seven field populations of Xiphineraa americanum sensu lato from California's major agronomic areas were tested for their ability to transmit two nepoviruses, including the prune brownline, peach yellow bud, and grapevine yellow vein strains of" tomato ringspot virus and the bud blight strain of tobacco ringspot virus. Two field populations transmitted all isolates, one population transmitted all tomato ringspot virus isolates but failed to transmit bud blight strain of tobacco ringspot virus, and the remaining four populations failed to transmit any virus. Only one population, which transmitted all isolates, bad been associated with field spread of a nepovirus. As two California populations of Xiphinema americanum sensu lato were shown to have the ability to vector two different nepoviruses, a nematode taxonomy based on a parsimony of virus-vector re- lationship is not practical for these populations. Because two California populations ofX. americanum were able to vector tobacco ringspot virus, commonly vectored by X. americanum in the eastern United States, these western populations cannot be differentiated from eastern populations by vector capability tests using tobacco ringspot virus. Key words: dagger nematode, tobacco ringspot virus, tomato ringspot virus, nepovirus, Xiphinema americanum, Xiphinema californicum. Populations of Xiphinema americanum brownline (PBL), prunus stem pitting (PSP) Cobb, 1913 shown through rigorous test- and cherry leaf mottle (CLM) (8). Both PBL ing (23) to be nepovirus vectors include X. and PSP were transmitted with a high de- americanum sensu lato (s.1.) for tobacco gree of efficiency, whereas CLM was trans- ringspot virus (TobRSV) (5), tomato ring- mitted rarely. -
Morphology and Taxonomy of Xiphinema ( Nematoda: Longidoridae) Occurring in Arkansas,USA
江西农业大学学报 2010,32( 5): 0928 - 0945 http: / /xuebao. jxau. edu. cn Acta AGriculturae Universitatis JianGxiensis E - mail: ndxb7775@ sina. com Morphology and Taxonomy of Xiphinema ( Nematoda: Longidoridae) Occurring in Arkansas,USA YE Weimin 1,2 ,ROBBINS R. T. 1 ( 1. Department of Plant PatholoGy,NematoloGy Laboratory,2601 N. YounG Ave. ,University of Arkan- sas,Fayetteville,AR 72704,USA. 2. Present address: Nematode Assay Laboratory,North Carolina Depart- ment of AGriculture and Consumer Services,RaleiGh,NC 27607,USA) Abstract: In a survey,primarily from the rhizosphere of hardwood trees GrowinG on sandy stream banks, for lonGidorids,828 soil samples were collected from 37 Arkansas counties in 1999—2001. One hundred twenty-seven populations of Xiphinema were recovered from 452 of the 828 soil samples ( 54. 6% ),includinG 71 populations of X. americanum sensu lato,33 populations of X. bakeri,23 populations of X. chambersi and one population of X. krugi. The morpholoGical and morphometric characteristics of these Arkansas species are presented. MorpholoGical and morphometric characteristics are also Given for two populations of X. krugi from Hawaii and North Carolina. Key words: Arkansas; morpholoGy; SEM; survey; taxonomy; Xiphinema americanum; X. bakeri; X. chambersi; X. krugi. 中图分类号: Q959. 17; S432. 4 + 5 文献标志码: A 文章编号: 1000 - 2286( 2010) 05 - 0928 - 18 Xiphinema species are miGratory ectoparasites of both herbaceous and woody plants. Direct feedinG dam- aGe may result in root-tip GallinG and stuntinG of top Growth. In addition,some species -
Theory Manual Course No. Pl. Path
NAVSARI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Theory Manual INTRODUCTORY PLANT NEMATOLOGY Course No. Pl. Path 2.2 (V Dean’s) nd 2 Semester B.Sc. (Hons.) Agri. PROF.R.R.PATEL, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR Dr.D.M.PATHAK, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR Dr.R.R.WAGHUNDE, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE NAVSARI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY BHARUCH 392012 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION What are the nematodes? Nematodes are belongs to animal kingdom, they are triploblastic, unsegmented, bilateral symmetrical, pseudocoelomateandhaving well developed reproductive, nervous, excretoryand digestive system where as the circulatory and respiratory systems are absent but govern by the pseudocoelomic fluid. Plant Nematology: Nematology is a science deals with the study of morphology, taxonomy, classification, biology, symptomatology and management of {plant pathogenic} nematode (PPN). The word nematode is made up of two Greek words, Nema means thread like and eidos means form. The words Nematodes is derived from Greek words ‘Nema+oides’ meaning „Thread + form‟(thread like organism ) therefore, they also called threadworms. They are also known as roundworms because nematode body tubular is shape. The movement (serpentine) of nematodes like eel (marine fish), so also called them eelworm in U.K. and Nema in U.S.A. Roundworms by Zoologist Nematodes are a diverse group of organisms, which are found in many different environments. Approximately 50% of known nematode species are marine, 25% are free-living species found in soil or freshwater, 15% are parasites of animals, and 10% of known nematode species are parasites of plants (see figure at left). The study of nematodes has traditionally been viewed as three separate disciplines: (1) Helminthology dealing with the study of nematodes and other worms parasitic in vertebrates (mainly those of importance to human and veterinary medicine). -
STUDIES on XIPHINEMA AMERICANUM SENSU LATD with DESCRIPTIONS of FIFTEEN NEW SPECIES (NEMATODA, LONGIDORIDAE) by Lima
~emat~mfli't (1979), 7 51-106. Laboratorio di Nematologia Agraria del C.N.R. - 70126 Bari, Italy STUDIES ON XIPHINEMA AMERICANUM SENSU LATD WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF FIFTEEN NEW SPECIES (NEMATODA, LONGIDORIDAE) By FRANCO LAMBERTI AND TERESA BLEVE-ZACHEO Lima (1965) was the first to hypothesize that Xiphinema ameri canum Cobb, 1913 was a complex of different species in which he listed X. americanum, X. brevicolle Lordello et Da Costa, 1961, X. opisthohysterum Siddiqi, 1961 and four undescribed species (Lima, 1968). One of them was later described as X. mediterraneum Martelli et Lamberti, 1967 (Lamberti and Martelli, 1971) and recently synon ymized with X. pachtaicum (Tulaganov, 1938) Kirijanova, 1951 (Sid diqi and Lamberti, 1977). The morphometrical variability in X. ame ricanum was also studied by Tarjan (1968) who, after having examined 75 world-wide collected populations, concluded that the species status of X. brevicolle, X. opisthohysterum and Lima's Mediterranean species, presently X. pachtaicum, was justified but that all the other variations he had observed should be considered as geographical variants, cor related with climatic influences, within the X. americanum complex (Tarjan, 1969). In 1974 Heyns stated that «demarcation of species within the group is problematical and unsatisfactory although several of the species proposed by Lima seem to be justified ». Because of the importance of X. americanum as a vector of some plant viruses (Taylor and Robertson, 1975) we thought it useful to carry out studies which would clarify the identity of several popu lations from different geographical locations and establish the re lationships with this and the other related species. -
ABSTRACT WONG, TSZ WAI SAMMI. Management of Root-Knot
ABSTRACT WONG, TSZ WAI SAMMI. Management of Root-knot Nematodes in North Carolina and Sensitivity of Watermelon Pathogens to Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors. (Under the direction of Dr. Lina Quesada-Ocampo). Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are some of the most economically important and common plant parasitic nematodes in North Carolina cropping systems. These nematodes can be managed using chemical control and cultural methods such as crop rotation. While the southern root-knot nematode, M. incognita, has been a large problem in North Carolina, the guava root-knot nematode, M. enterolobii has become an emerging threat that is impacting many sweetpotato growers. To understand the incidence and distribution of root-knot nematodes (RKN) in the state, soil samples from fields rotated with sweetpotato were collected from 2015 to 2018 across all counties of North Carolina. Amongst these samples, the highest occurrence of RKN-positive were found in Cumberland, Sampson, and Johnston counties. In addition, Sampson and Nash counties had the highest average RKN population density while Wayne and Greene counties had the lowest average RKN population density. Moreover, we analyzed the host susceptibility of 18 plants for a North Carolina population of M. enterolobii by conducting greenhouse trials and measuring the eggs per gram of fresh root (ER) after 45 days. The tomato ‘Rutgers’ was used as a susceptible control. M. enterolobii was able to reproduce on all plants. Two watermelon varieties, cabbage, pepper, one soybean variety, and tobacco were rated as good hosts. Broadleaf signalgrass, corn, one peanut variety, sudangrass, and nutsedge were less susceptible to M. enterolobii and considered poor hosts. -
Molecular and Morphological Characterisation of Species
Nematology, 2011, Vol. 13(3), 295-306 Molecular and morphological characterisation of species within the Xiphinema americanum-group (Dorylaimida: Longidoridae) from the central valley of Chile ∗ Pablo MEZA 1,2, ,ErwinABALLAY 1 and Patricio HINRICHSEN 2 1 Faculty of Agronomy, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Santa Rosa 11315, Santiago, Chile 2 Biotechnology Laboratory, INIA La Platina, Avenida Santa Rosa 11610, Santiago, Chile Received: 7 January 2010; revised: 21 June 2010 Accepted for publication: 21 June 2010 Summary – Species of the Xiphinema americanum-group are among the most damaging nematodes for a diverse range of crops. This group includes 51 nominal species throughout the world. They are very difficult to identify by traditional taxonomic methods. Despite its importance in agriculture, the species composition of this group in many countries, including Chile, remains unknown. In order to identify the species in the central valley of Chile, we studied the morphological, morphometric and molecular diversity of 13 populations. Through classical taxonomic methods two species, X. inaequale and X. peruvianum, were identified with clear differences in the shape of the lip region. The DNA sequences of the ITS of ribosomal genes revealed divergences in the nucleotide sequences of the two species from 7.3% in ITS1 to 14.7% in ITS2. These results confirmed the presence of two distinct species, namely X. peruvianum and X. inaequale, in the northern and southern parts of the central valley of Chile, respectively. PCR-RFLP was developed for rapid species identification of these two species. Keywords – molecular, morphology, morphometrics, taxonomy, Xiphinema californicum, Xiphinema inaequale, Xiphinema peruvia- num. The Xiphinema americanum-group comprises 51 nom- nologies has opened a new spectrum of possibilities in ne- inal species found all over the world (Lamberti et al., matode taxonomy. -
Meloidogyne Enterolobii
Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin (2016) 46 (2), 190–201 ISSN 0250-8052. DOI: 10.1111/epp.12293 European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Organisation Europe´enne et Me´diterrane´enne pour la Protection des Plantes PM 7/103 (2) Diagnostics Diagnostic PM 7/103 (2) Meloidogyne enterolobii Specific scope Specific approval and amendment This Standard describes a diagnostic protocol for Approved in 2011-09. Meloidogyne enterolobii1. This Standard should be used in Revision approved in 2016-04. conjunction with PM 7/76 Use of EPPO diagnostic Terms used are those in the EPPO Pictorial Glossary of protocols. Morphological Terms in Nematology2. of infested plants and plant products, in soil, adhering to 1. Introduction farm equipment or by irrigation water. Currently, close to 100 species of root-knot nematodes have Infestation by root-knot nematodes affects growth, yield, been described (Hunt & Handoo, 2009). All members are obli- lifespan and tolerance to environmental stresses of affected gate endoparasites on plant roots and they occur worldwide. plants. Typical symptoms include stunted growth, wilting, About 10 species are significant agricultural pests, while four leaf yellowing and deformation of plant organs. Crop dam- are major pests and are distributed worldwide in agricultural age due to root-knot nematodes may consist of reduced areas: Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica, quantity and quality of yield. Meloidogyne arenaria and Meloidogyne hapla. The root-knot Meloidogyne enterolobii was first described from Hainan nematode Meloidogyne enterolobii is polyphagous and has Island, China, in 1983. At present, this species has been many host plants including cultivated plants and weeds. It recorded from Africa (Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Malawi, attacks woody as well as herbaceous plants. -
Diagnostic Methods for Identification of Root-Knot Nematodes Species from Brazil
Ciência Rural, Santa Maria,Diagnostic v.48: methods 02, e20170449, for identification 2018 of root-knot nematodes specieshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20170449 from Brazil. 1 ISSNe 1678-4596 CROP PROTECTION Diagnostic methods for identification of root-knot nematodes species from Brazil Tiago Garcia da Cunha1 Liliane Evangelista Visôtto2* Everaldo Antônio Lopes1 Claúdio Marcelo Gonçalves Oliveira3 Pedro Ivo Vieira Good God1 1Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Campus Rio Paranaíba, Rio Paranaíba, MG, Brasil. 2Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Campus Rio Paranaíba, 38810-000, Rio Paranaíba, MG, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]. *Corresponding author. 3Instituto Biológico, Campinas, SP, Brasil. ABSTRACT: The accurate identification of root-knot nematode (RKN) species (Meloidogyne spp.) is essential for implementing management strategies. Methods based on the morphology of adults, isozymes phenotypes and DNA analysis can be used for the diagnosis of RKN. Traditionally, RKN species are identified by the analysis of the perineal patterns and esterase phenotypes. For both procedures, mature females are required. Over the last few decades, accurate and rapid molecular techniques have been validated for RKN diagnosis, including eggs, juveniles and adults as DNA sources. Here, we emphasized the methods used for diagnosis of RKN, including emerging molecular techniques, focusing on the major species reported in Brazil. Key words: DNA, esterase, Meloidogyne, molecular biology, morphological pattern. Métodos diagnósticos usados na identificação de espécies do nematoide das galhas do Brasil RESUMO: A identificação acurada de espécies do nematoide das galhas (NG) (Meloidogyne spp.) é essencial para a implementação de estratégias de manejo. -
Nematode-Article.Pdf
Nicol, Stirling, Rose, May and Van Heeswijck Nematodes in viticulture 109 Impact of nematodes on grapevine growth and productivity: current knowledge and future directions, with special reference to Australian viticulture J.M. NICOL1,2, G.R. STIRLING3, B.J. ROSE4,P.MAY1 and R. VAN HEESWIJCK1,5 1 Department of Horticulture,Viticulture and Oenology, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia 2 Present address: CIMMYT International, 06600 Mexico, D.F. Mexico 3 Biological Crop Protection, Moggill, Qld 4070,Australia 4 Performance Viticulture, St Andrews, Vic. 3761,Australia 5 Corresponding author: Dr Robyn van Heeswijck , facsimile +61 8 83037116, e-mail [email protected] Abstract Grapevines, like most other crops and especially horticultural crops, suffer from attacks by plant- pathogenic nematodes. The types of nematodes found in vineyards and their distribution in Australia and other regions of the world are described, together with an assessment of their impact on vineyard productivity. Relationships between nematode population density and potential damage to grapevines is tabulated, based on published data. Information on reducing nematode impact by means of rootstocks is summarised and also tabulated. Control by other means is discussed, including soil fumigants and nematicides, biological control agents and plants with nematicidal properties. Special attention is paid to improving nematode resistance in rootstocks or even own-rooted Vitis vinifera cultivars by conventional breeding and by genetic engineering. Areas for future research are identified, and we provide conceptual tools plus information for long term control of nematodes in vineyards. Keywords: nematodes, grapevine, Australian viticulture, rootstocks, resistance, plant breeding 1 Introduction reproduction, which can be both heterosexual and Grape production in Australia, in contrast to most other parthenogenetic. -
Nematoda, Dorylaimida)
Nematol. mediI. (1987), 15: 103-109. Istituto di Nematologia Agraria, C.N.R. - 70126 Bari, Italy and The International Potato Center - Lima, Peru A REPORT OF SOME XIPHINEMA SPECIES OCCURRING IN PERU (NEMATODA, DORYLAIMIDA) by F. LAMBERTI, P. JATALA and A. AGOSTINELLI! Records of species of Xiphinema Cobb from Peru are occasional and infrequent (Tarjan, 1969; Jatala, 1975; Lamberti and Bleve-Zacheo, 1979). In the nematode collection of the International Potato Center (CIP) in Lima, Peru, there are specimens belonging to this genus, collected in the past by one of us (J atala). An examination of the slide collection revealed the presence of species still unreported from this country. The morphometrics of some females were studied and are commented on here. Nematodes were fixed with 5% hot formalin and mounted in anhydrous glycerin. Xiphinema brasiliense Lordello, 1951 occurred in the rhizosphere of mango trees (Mangifera indica L.) in San Ramon, the Jungle area. The morphometrics of this mono delphic species (only the posterior gonad is present) are as follows: n=3 9 9; L=2 (1.99-2.02) mm; a=34 (32-36); b=4.7 (4.4-5); c=59 (53-65); c'=0.9 (0.9-0.98); V=30 (29-30); odontostyle= 137 (135-139) pm; odontophore=76 (74-78) ~m; oral aperture to guiding ring= 128 (127-129) pm; taillength=34 (31-37) ~m. The peruvian specimens of X. brasiliense (Fig. 1, a and b) do not differ morphologically from the original description (Lordello, 1951) based on specimens from the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, with the value of the c ratio as amended by Sturhan (1963). -
Xiphinema Americanum Sensu Lato
EPPO quarantine pest Prepared by CABI and EPPO for the EU under Contract 90/399003 Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests Xiphinema americanum sensu lato IDENTITY • Xiphinema americanum sensu lato Name: Xiphinema americanum Cobb sensu lato Synonyms: Tylencholaimus americanus (Cobb) Micoletzky Taxonomic position: Nematoda: Longidoridae Common names: American dagger nematode (English) Notes on taxonomy and nomenclature: For some time the designation of X. americanum has been disputed. Tarjan (1969) considered that X. americanum was a single species with large intraspecific variation, whereas Lima (1968) argued for a species complex containing seven species. Lamberti & Bleve-Zacheo (1979) divided the species into 15 new species and believed that at least 25 species could be recognized as belonging to the species complex. Current opinion puts the number of species at more than 40, one of which is X. americanum sensu stricto. However, the differences between several described species are small, while there is little information on intraspecific variability. For these reasons, and because the illustrations of many of the species are poor, few taxonomists would claim to be able to separate the species with certainty. An international group of taxonomists, under the auspices of EPPO, is currently making a morphological study of the species complex to try to clarify the relationships within it. Other research is directed towards the use of genetic techniques to distinguish species (Vrain et al., 1992). In the meantime, it is difficult to interpret most of the published data on the distribution, host/parasite relationships and virus-vector abilities of the component species. This data sheet considers X. americanum sensu lato, the species complex as a whole. -
ABSTRACT SCHWARZ, TANNER. Distribution
ABSTRACT SCHWARZ, TANNER. Distribution, Virulence, and Sweetpotato Resistance to Meloidogyne enterolobii in North Carolina. (Under the direction of Dr. Eric Davis). Meloidogyne enterolobii is an aggressive root-knot nematode (RKN) species that has been detected in North Carolina (NC) within the last decade. Its ability to infect a wide range of host plants and overcome root-knot nematode resistance genes has threatened economic crop production. In collaboration with the North Carolina Department of Agriculture (NCDA) Nematode Assay Lab, DNA from RKN samples from economic crops grown in the eastern-half of North Carolina were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to assay for the presence of M. enterolobii. This species was detected in Columbus, Sampson, Harnett, Johnston, Wayne, Greene, Wilson, and Nash counties in this survey. Three populations of M. enterolobii from NC sweetpotato farms, and one population from a NC soybean farm have been cultured on roots of greenhouse tomato plants (Lycopersicon lycopersicum L.). A study to assess potential differences in virulence among the four cultured North Carolina populations of M. enterolobii on six selected sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] genotypes found no difference in virulence among the four populations of M. enterolobii that were tested. Potential resistance to M. enterolobii in 91 selected sweetpotato genotypes was evaluated in greenhouse experiments. Genotype susceptibility to M. enterolobii was assessed as the number of nematode eggs per gram of root. Sweetpotato genotype was significantly different (P ˂ 0.001) for gall rating, total eggs, and eggs per gram of root based on mean separations, and based upon Fisher’s LSD t test (alpha=.05), sweetpotato genotypes that supported 500 eggs/gram root or less were classified as resistant to M.