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Geschiedenis Van Het Taekwon-Do

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Geschiedenis Van Het Taekwon-Do Auteurs: Karel van Orsouw - 9de Dan oktober 2017 Sytze van der Meer - 5de Dan © Copyright stichting United Taekwon-do International - 2017 GESCHIEDENIS VAN HET TAEKWON-DO 1. HISTORISCHE ACHTERGRONDEN De oorsprong van de zelfverdedigings- en vechtkunst ‘Taekwon-do’ ligt in Korea. De naam Taekwon-do is afgeleid van ‘taekgyeon’ (vaak geschreven als taekyon, taekkyon of taekyun en 택택 in het Koreaanse schrift Hangul). Taekyon was een vorm van zelfverdediging die rond het jaar 1800 ontstond en begin twintigste eeuw nauwelijks meer beoefend werd in Korea. Hoewel er dus enig verwantschap bestaat tussen Taekyon en Taekwon-do, is deze slechts oppervlakkig. Behalve dat in beide Detail uit het Koreaanse schilderij Dae sporten de beoefenaars zich veel van Kwae Do waarop twee beoefenaars van traptechnieken bedienen zijn er verder de vechtkunst Taekyon te zien zijn. geen overeenkomsten en verschillen de traptechnieken enorm. Men probeert vaak om Taekwon-do een langere geschiedenis toe te dichten dan historisch kan worden bewezen, om zo de link tussen Taekwon-do en Taekkyon in stand te houden. Taekwon-do is echter vrij recent ontstaan uit het Japanse Karate. Het is in dit artikel niet de bedoeling een erg uitgebreid verhaal over de historische achtergrond van Taekwon-do te schrijven. De bedoeling van dit verhaal is veel meer de geïnteresseerde Taekwondoka enigszins op de hoogte te brengen hoe het Taekwon-do in Korea historisch gegroeid is en hoe de introductie van Taekwon-do in Nederland verliep en zich daarna ontwikkelde. Of liever gezegd, tegen wat voor achtergrond heeft het Taekwon-do zich in de loop der tijd ontwikkeld. Op sommige zaken wordt iets uitgebreider ingegaan dan op andere, omdat over de historische benadering van Taekwon-do vrij veel misvattingen bestaan. Er wordt gestart met de oude geschiedenis (tot de tweede wereldoorlog) van Taekwon-do gevolgd door de geschiedenis van generaal Choi Hong Hi. Hierna worden de wereldbonden ITF en WTF kort toegelicht en als laatste de ontwikkeling van de twee grote bonden NTA en TBN in Nederland en de uitgangspunten van de UTI. Pagina 1 United Taekwon-do International 2. GESCHIEDENIS VAN TAEKWON-DO IN KOREA De drie koninkrijken Taekwon-do wordt veelal teruggevoerd tot de tijd waarin Korea verdeeld was in drie koninkrijken: Koguryo (37 v. Chr. – 668 n.Chr.), Paekche (18 v.Chr. – 660 n.Chr.) en Silla (57 v.Chr. – 936 n.Chr.). Tussen 540 en 576 regeerde in Silla koning Chinhung, die de eerste aanzet zou geven tot de uiteindelijke vereniging van de drie koninkrijken. Gedurende zijn regering kwam de zogenaamde Hwarang-groep (화화) op. Omdat Taekwon-do meestal in verband wordt gebracht met de Hwarang, is het nuttig iets over deze groep te vertellen. De bronnen, waaruit onze informatie over de Hwarang gehaald moet worden, bestaan uit kronieken van de drie koninkrijken (Samguk Sagi) geschreven door Kim Pusik (1075-1152) en de nalatenschap van de drie Koninkrijken (Samguk Yusa), geschreven door Iryon (1206-1281). Samguk Sagi : Samguk Yusa : Kronieken van de drie koninkrijken - is een Handschrift van de "memorabilia van historisch verslag van de periode die de drie koninkrijken" tentoongesteld in de Koreaanse geschiedenis ingegaan is het Instituut voor Koreanse studies als ‘Periode van de drie koninkrijken’. van de Nationale universiteit Kyujanggak in Seoul. Kim Pusik de schrijver van Samguk Sagi was een militair staatsgeleerde en Iryon de schrijver van Samguk Yusa was een boeddhistische monnik. Het feit dat Kim Pusik een militair was, heeft ertoe bijgedragen dat hij in zijn beschrijving van de Hwarang vooral de militaire momenten van de groep benadrukte, terwijl monnik Iryon juist de religieuze momenten van de groep naar voren haalde. Zowel de militair als de monnik echter zijn het erover eens dat Hwarang niet in de eerste plaats een militaire groep was. United Taekwon-do International Pagina 2 De Hwarang Hoewel het woord Hwarang op verschillende manieren vertaald is geworden, is de beste vertaling ervoor ‘bloemenjongen’: ‘Hwa’ betekent ‘bloem’ en het woordenboek geeft als vertaling voor ‘rang’: ‘jonge man’. De verdere taalkundige details over dit woord stoppen we hiermee en gaan over op het ontstaan van de Hwarang. Nog net tijdens de regering van koning Chinhung in 576, werden twee mooie vrouwen uitgekozen om allerlei dansen uit te voeren. Zij verzamelden ieder een groep om zich heen en werden de ‘Wonhwa’ genoemd. Wonhwa betekent: ‘De originele bloemen’. De leidsters van de twee Wonhwa groepen werden jaloers op elkaar. De ene leidster verdronk daarop de andere. Daarvoor werd ze echter ter dood veroordeeld. Dit leidde ertoe dat de Wonhwa uit elkaar vielen. Hierna werden knap uitziende jongens uitgekozen, voornamelijk uit de kringen van de edelen. Deze jongens werden Hwarang genoemd. Ze werden opgemaakt en droegen mooie kleren. Ze hielden zich hoofdzakelijk bezig met zingen, dansen, muziek en poëzie. Ze maakten tochten naar bergen en rivieren en amuseerden zich daar. Volgens de Samguk Sagi werden door al deze activiteiten de goeden van de slechten gescheiden. De laatsten vielen dan vanzelf af, terwijl de eersten aan het hof ontboden werden. Zowel de Samguk Sagi als de Samguk Yusa benadrukken verder het religieuze karakter van de Hwarang. De Hwarang wordt veelal in verband gebracht met het Boeddhisme en Confucianisme. De volgende voorschriften die door de Hwarang zijn aangenomen vindt je ook terug in Taekwon-do boeken van Choi Hong Hi zoals bijvoorbeeld: • Wees trouw aan de koning • Wees gehoorzaam aan je ouders • Wees eerzaam naar je vrienden • Nooit terugtrekken in een gevecht • Dood iemand op een rechtvaardige wijze Voor zover bekend is er geen reden om aan te nemen dat de Hwarang een militaire groep was of zelfs hoofdzakelijk een militaire groep. Het tegendeel lijkt meer het geval. Wel is het zo dat ze zich op een gegeven moment op het militaire pad begaven. Het beste is om de aard van Hwarang-groep als volgt samen te vatten: De Hwarang was een groep jongemannen, die zich met religieuze - en culturele zaken bezighielden, maar die af en toe half-militaristisch of zelfs heel erg Pagina 3 United Taekwon-do International militaristisch moesten zijn, omdat de tijd waarin ze leefden dat met zich meebracht. Uit de momenten waarop de Hwarang zich als een militaire groep moest gedragen, zijn inderdaad beroemde generaals en staatslieden voortgekomen. Ze zullen aan de strijd om de vereniging van de drie koninkrijken ongetwijfeld hun steentje hebben bijgedragen. Maar dat wil niet zeggen dat de Hwarang daardoor een pure militaire organisatie was, zoals sommige bronnen ons willen doen geloven. Hoe verging het de Hwarang verder? Aangenomen wordt dat de Hwarang na de vereniging van de drie koninkrijken gewoon doorgegaan zijn met wat ze altijd gedaan hadden n.l. zingen, dansen, muziek en gedichten maken. Eén en ander is echter niet altijd even duidelijk. Afstammelingen van Hwarang waren waarschijnlijk de rondtrekkende groepen, die een soort kermisachtige attractie brachten met zang, dans, acrobatiek e.d. China en Japan kennen zulke groepen ook. De naam Hwarang werd naast de andere namen ook aan deze rondtrekkende groepen gegeven. In verband Beeld van een hiermee moet dan nog gewezen worden op het aspect van Hwarang boogschutter te de homoseksualiteit van deze groepen. In al deze groepen paard. ook in China en Japan, kwam homoseksualiteit voor. Hierover valt in dit verband het volgende op te merken: Het element van de homoseksualiteit wordt met de latere Hwarang in verband gebracht, omdat de jongens vooral om hun uiterlijk gekozen werden. Ook in de Silla-tijd was dit al zo en het kon weleens voorkomen dat - zowel in het begin als later – deze jongens tot prostitutie gedwongen werden. Dat homoseksualiteit voorkwam is trouwens niet zo vreemd, omdat door het exclusieve mannelijke karakter van de groep men haast niet anders kon. Ook onder de Japanse Samoerai bijvoorbeeld kwam dit voor. Betekenis van Hwarang voor de ontwikkeling van het Taekwon-do Voor zover is na te gaan hebben ze in ieder geval geen directe invloed op het Taekwon-do uitgeoefend. Ongetwijfeld hebben de Hwarang zich in hun militaire momenten beziggehouden met allerlei vechtsystemen. Deze waren waarschijnlijk uit China afkomstig. Aangezien het niet precies duidelijk is welke vechtsporten invloed hebben uitgeoefend op het Taekwon-do behalve dan het Karate, zou men niet definitief kunnen concluderen dat de Hwarang iets met Taekwon-do te makken hebben gehad. Temeer als je bedenkt dat ze United Taekwon-do International Pagina 4 verder geen enkel vechtsysteem ontwikkeld hebben, zoals de militairen en ook de burgers dat in Japan wel hebben gedaan. Subak, Taekkyon en Kwon Bop In deze paragraaf worden enige namen nader onder de loep genomen, die vaak in verband worden gebracht met Taekwon-do. Niet altijd wordt er even objectief geschreven over de rol van de vechtsporten, met de bovenstaande namen uit de titel van deze paragraaf, in verband met het Taekwon-do. Daarom is er eens nagegaan wat de letterlijke vertaling is van deze vechtsporten. Choi Hong Hi bijvoorbeeld noemt Subak een soort ‘gevecht met de voeten en benen’ terwijl Richard Chun als vertaling voor Subak geeft ‘slaan met de vuisten en kopstoten’. De Chinese karakters waarmee je Subak schrijft geven de volgende betekenis te zien: Twee vechters uit een Koreaans manuscript uit de Koguryo periode . Het woord ‘Su’ betekent letterlijk ‘hand’ het woord ‘bak’ betekent ‘slaan met de vuisten, boksen’. Een van de boeken die geraadpleegd zijn om de betekenis van Subak te achterhalen, geeft als een van de vertalingen: een gevecht met de handen in een strijd of wedstrijd. Tot nog toe is er dus geen reden om aan te nemen dat Subak een vechtsport zou zijn, waarbij de benen of het hoofd gebruikt werden. Wel bestaat er het Koreaanse woord ‘bak ch’igi’, dat inderdaad kopstoten betekent, maar dit woord ‘bak’ heeft taalkundig niets te maken met het woord ‘bak’ in ‘Subak’.
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