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International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 8 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.908.375

Nutrient-Rich Beans with Benefit ( radiata (L.) Wilczek): A Review

Jyoti Prakash Sahoo1*, Ambika Prasad Mishra2, Deviprasad Mishra1 and Kailash Chandra Samal1

1Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, 2Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, BBSR -751003, India

*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

Mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek), commonly known as greengram, is a significant grain crop cultivated across the globe and is native to India. It is the most useful pulse crop having an economic significance towards the nutritional security and K e yw or ds sustainable agriculture. As it is rich in vitamins, minerals and proteins which are easily digestible, it is an inseparable ingredient in Indian diet when supplemented with cereals Mungbean, particularly rice. It assimilates the atmospheric nitrogen with the bacterial Genetics, Molecular symbiotic association. It subsequently provides the requirement of nitrogen for itself and marker, QTLs, Crop the next crop in that particular land. It is a short duration crop and due to its photo and improvement thermo insensitive characteristics, it is generally used for crop diversification and crop Article Info intensification purposes. A seed of mungbean is highly nutritious for human consumption.

It contains edible proteins, fats, fibers and carbohydrates. Mungbean is a tropical legume Accepted: widely cultivate in the subtropical climatic conditions across the globe. It can tolerate dry 24 July 2020 land condition for cultivation and decrease the depletion of soil nutrient status. It is Available Online: 10 August 2020 constantly used as a fodder crop and a green manuring crop since decades. This review aims to highlight the importance of greengram as a crop in the context of food security, improvement of its agronomic characters and the progress on the recent research and development to explore its genetics using recent developed biotechnological tools.

Introduction contain, this crop is commonly taken as a balanced diet in India. Precisely when Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) is one improved with oats, they give a perfect mix of of the economically important pulse crops. It essential amino acids with high biological belongs to the subgenus Ceratotropis and is importance. In symbiotic association with having a diploid genome with 2n=22. This Rhizobium, mungbean can assimilate crop is of minor importance with constrained atmospheric nitrogen and enables the criteria spatial distribution and has watchfully been to meet the essential nitrogen requirement of employed in cytogenetic experiments. On its own along with the succeeding crops (Ali, account of quality protein and minerals 1992). In India, when it is grown between

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wheat and rice precisely, it gives around 33 - is less and these are generally marketed as 37 kg nitrogen (N) per hectare for the fresh sprouts or in processed form. Mungbean succeeding crop. It has also been reported production increases the income of the farmer that, these crops have a smooth weed flora of through the sale of the beans either in fresh or (20-45%) when used as an intercrop with tall processed form. The cultivation of the cereal crops (Ali, 1992) and consequently mungbean also reduces the farm inputs after sustain the cost of weed control. cultivation (Mehandi et al., 2019). In many relevant cases, these minor crops like On dry weight basis, the highly nutritious greengram are grown for staple food seeds of mungbean contain around 24-28% purposes, contributing to the global food easily digestable protein, around 1.5% fat supply. Therefore, this review aims to outline content, 3.5-4.5% fibre content, 4.5-5.5% ash the status on mungbean towards the resistance content and 59-65% carbohydrates content breeding for the biotic and abiotic stresses to (Tsou et al., 1979). Mungben seeds provide increase its yield and its potential contribution 334-344 kcal energy when supplemented with towards the global food security that could rice (Mehandi et al., 2019). The haulms of increase farmer's income. mungbean are traditionally used for fodder. The beans and husks of the mungbean have a Origin and ecology great utility for cattle feed purposes. Also the greengram crops are cultivated for hay, green The mungbean is native to north eastern manure and cover crop purposes. As the India. According to the morphological stems and leaves of mungbean are evidence, researchers have considered that, comparatively less hairy, it yields better hay var. sublobata is the progenitor of mungbean. content than uradbean. In the present The detailed studies on wide collections of situation, for 95% of the caloric intake in the var. sublobata and its breeding behavior daily basis, the global food supply chain is suggested that the var. sublobata is a based on thirty different food crops out of polymorphic taxon with two distinct which 60% of the caloric intake in daily basis morphological groups and can be designated is supplemented by mostly four important as Vigna radiata var. sublobata (Rachie et al., crops i.e., rice, wheat, maize and potato 1974). The wild collections have including some minor crops. Across the globe characteristics like annual growth habit, erect in the context of mungbean production, only type, photoperiod insensitivity, more the continent Asia accounts for 90% with an pods with high number of seeds, and smaller average yield of about 400 kg per hectare leaves. The present day cultivars of mungbean (Mehandi et al., 2019). might have emerged from new combinations of the already existing variants, changes in To human diet, mungbean supplies growth habit and seed size have been brought necessarily significant amount of about by possible accumulation of recessive carbohydrates and proteins as it contains mutant genes. Mungbean is a tropical grain lysine which is an essential amino acid legume crop typically cultivated in the generally lacking in cereals. Though it is subtropical countries. This legume performs having a poor quantity of methionine, the excellent in loamy soils with an annual beans contain the high level of free radical rainfall of about 750-900 mm. It is resistant to activity (Mehandi et al., 2019). Sprouts of drought and susceptible to water logging. It is mungbean are the rich source of vitamins and grown in kharif, winter and summer seasons minerals. The production time of the sprouts in different agro-ecological conditions. It is a

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very useful intercrop during the cultivation of nonappearance of commendable ideotypes for crops like sugarcane, maize, cotton, different cropping system and cropping groundnut, sorghum and pigeonpea during patterns, biotic and abiotic stress kharif season. While during winter season, it susceptibility and non-accessibility of viable is cultivated as a relay crop with the cereal seeds. The significant yield restricting crop particularly rice and cultivated as a catch variables are seedling vigour, excessive crop during summer season or spring season. flower production, flower drops, poor pod setting, poor harvest index, monocarpic Historical frame of reference senescence, low response to inputs, narrow adaptation, indeterminate growth habit, In 1948, a promising variety, Type 1, was staggered maturity and sensitivity to released to cultivate in UP and it was a locally photoperiods and temperature. selected germplasm from Bihar. During the period from 1948 to1970, some important During kharif season, mungbean yellow varieties of mungbean, Co 1, ADT 1, Jalgaon, mosaic infection (MYMV) and during spring Khargone 1, Krishna, G 65 were developed season cercospora leaf spot disease caused by for cultivation through selection procedure. In C. canescens are the significant disease 1972, Jawahar 45 (Hybrid 45) was released infections which cause severe yield loss to for cultivation in Madhya Pradesh and in mungbean. During the vegetative stage, 1972, Type 44 was released for cultivation in defoliation coours and the defoliators like Uttar Pradesh. Probably, these two varieties semi-looper and hairy caterpillar are the were the first two varieties developed through important pests which cause yield loss. Action hybridization. A variety named Virat was of thrips begins at the bud stage and postures released by ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur with 55 days difficult issues when the yield accomplishes of maturity characteristics. It is recommended top blossoming, bringing about substantial for rice-wheat cropping system. Type 1 has bloom drop. There is no resistant variety been used afterward as one of the parents in against these insect pests. hybridization programmes for the development of improved varieties like Type Varieties developed in the past with resistance 2, K 851, T 44 and Sunaina. Utilization of T to single stress may not be a viable solution as 44 in hybridization has resulted in the new diseases and insect pests are emerging development of Pusa Baisakhi which, in turn, leading towards pest resurgence. Therefore, has given PIMS 4 and Jyoti. Through varieties having resistance to more than one mutation breeding procedure, about 14 stress provide greater crop insurance towards varieties have been developed using gamma the biotic stresses. rays or EMS (Ethyl Methane Sulphonate) as mutagens and the varieties developed through For mungbean, high yielding cultivars with mutation are CO 4, Pant Moong 2, TAP 7, crop duration of 85–90 days for kharif season BM 4, MUM 2 and TARM 1(Mehandi et al., and 65–70 days for spring season with 2019). decreased photoperiod affectability are required. For summer season, early varieties Production constraints and research needs of 55–60 days are suitable for cultivation. In recent practice, large seeded varieties like The significant limitations in the way to Pusa Vishal, SML 668, TMV 37, and so forth accomplish high return are absence of have been created which have extraordinary reasonable hereditary changeability, market value.

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Qualitative trait genetics and mapping of greengram cultivation and achieving a good genes or QTLs yield.

Information on the genetics of some unusual Breeding approaches and crop traits in a crop is crucial to design its breeding improvement strategies programmes. Qualitative traits are responsible The breeding strategies to develop disease for the major agronomic characters which resistance high yielding greengram varieties directly impact on the yield parameters. are generally included the traditional breeding Several studies have been conducted to know methods like wide hybridization, pedigree the genetics of qualitative traits of greengram, selection, pureline selection and mutation which are presented in Table 1. Genetic breeding strategies. Major emphasis should be diversity assessment utilizing the random given to the short durability, photo-thermo RAPD markers shows close relatedness and insensitivity, synchronous maturity and similarity among mungbean accessions. The MYMV (mungbean yellow mosaic virus), investigation uncovers restricted narrow powdery mildew disease and CLS genetic hereditary base of Indian cultivars (Cercospora leaf spot) resistance while presumably due the repeated use of limited experimenting on selection procedure. More ancestors in their pedigrees. This perception than 150 accessions have been developed so has additionally been affirmed utilizing far in India by employing pure line selection RAPD (Betal et al., 2004; Afzal et al., 2004) procedure and pedigree selection followed by and ISSR (Sinha et al., 2004; Saini et al., hybridization (Mehandi et al., 2019). 2004) markers. Mungbean is adapted to tropical and

subtropical lowlands for extensive cultivation. AFLP markers have additionally been utilized in mungbean to investigate the genetic It is relatively tolerant to abiotic stresses, like diversity of mungbean germplasms (Ghat et drought and heat stress but its productivity is al., 2005). The long primers yielded affected by soil salinity. Along with the altogether higher number of discrete and greengram in the field in standing recognizable groups just as polymorphic condition, soil salinity interferes with groups than 10-base primers. The outcomes symbiotic associations such show that long primers can be utilized as Rhizobium sp. which is essential for proficiently for breaking down hereditary biological nitrogen fixation resulting growth decent variety and the connections in and yield reduction (Wati et al., 2017). Salt mungbean germplasm. Expanding the seed tolerant mungbean crop , such as V. weight has been one of the significant goals to marina (sustain in highly saline conditions) grow high yielding assortments. RFLP may not be suitable to cross with mungbean markers are used to find major QTLs for the due to which these are not available for seed weight in mungbean (Mehandi et al., breeding for salt tolerant varieties 2019). Studies on the hereditary connection development (Chankaew et al., 2014). between hard seededness and seed weight, be Mungbean yellow mosaic disease is one of that as it may, are not indisputable. QTL the most important growth limiting biotic mapping approach (Table 2) utilizing factor in mungbean cultivation. Against molecular markers have been utilized to yellow mosaic virus disease, moderate examine the linkage connection between resistance has been found in the genepools of some genes or QTLs with remarkable traits mungbean, but this is not sufficient enough to having economic importance towards explore resistant varieties.

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Table.1 Genetics of qualitative traits in greengram

Traits Characteristic features Genes involved Reference Growth habit Indeterminate, Erect, semi-erect, semi- Single dominant or dwarf mutant gene involved Siddique et al.,2006, Khattak et spreading or twining type al.,2002, Pathak et al.,1963, Pande et al.,1988, Talukdar et al., 2003 Pigmentation Anthocyanin and purple pigmentation in Single dominant genes (Pppl) involved Pathak et al., 1963, Rheenen et al., hypocotyl, epicotyl, stem and petiole 1965, Mishra et al., 1970, Dwivedi et al., 1985 Leaf size Pentafoliate, Ninefoliate, Narrow Single recessive, 2 recessive gene (nil, n12), 2 Dwivedi et al., 1985, Chhabra et al., lanceolate leaf, Trilobite leaf dominant gene (Tibl and T1b2) involved 1990, Bhadra et al., 1991, Sareen et al., 1985 Stem fasciation Stem fasciations on floral organs Single recessive gene (fsl) involved Dwivedi et al., 1990 Infloroscence Number of clusters per node Single dominant gene involved Singh et al., 1995, Saini et al., 1974 Flower colour Petal colour (red, yellow, olive yellow) Single dominant gene involved Bose et al., 1939, Murty et al., 1972 Pubescence Dense plant pubescence Single dominant gene (Dp) involved Murty et al., 1972 Pod colour Black or brown mature pod Single dominant gene involved Siddique et al., 2006 Pod shattering Dominant Single gene involved Singh et al., 1975 Seed coat colour Black, brown, green and yellow 4 genes involved (Two Complementary) Watt et al., 1977, Mehandi et al., 2013 Seed coat Dull and rough Single dominant gene involved Siddique et al., 2006 Cotyledon Green colour Single recessive gene (gc) involved Thakare et al., 1980 Seededness Hard seededness Single dominant gene (Hdl) involved Lambrides et al., 1996 Photoperiod Insensitive response Single recessive gene involved Verma et al., 1971

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Table.2 Genes or QTLs mapped for some remarkable traits in greengram

Trait Marker Genes or QTLs and map distance Reference

Seed weight RFLP Identification of a Major QTL, association Lambrides et al., between seed weight and hard seededness 1996, Fatokun et (Mapping Population F2), 4 loci for hard al., 1992, seededness Humphry et al., 2005 CLS resistance SSR First time QTL mapping for CLS Sompong et al., resistance in mungbean (qCLS) located 2010 between markers CEDG117 and VR393 PW resistance RFLP Genes, ‘13 m’ and ‘Thiz2’ identified in a Sahli et al., 1979, cross population VC3890 × TC1966 and Chaitieng et al., Identification of Two QTLs, ‘13MR1’ 2003 and ‘PMR2’ Bruchids resistance SNP Major resistance QTL mapped on cr no. 5 Schafleitner et al., 2016 Domestication purpose SSR Total map distance of 727.6 cM Isemura et al., 2012 MYMV resistance SNP Total map distance 1291.7 cM Mathivathana et al., 2019 (RFLP – Restriction fragmented length polymorphism, SSR – Simple sequence repeats, SNP – Single nucleotide polymorphism, CLS – Cercospora leaf spot, MYMV – Mungbean yellow mosaic virus, QTLs – Quantitative trait locus, cM – Centmorgan, PW - Powdery mildew, cr no. – chromosome number)

Studies suggested that, mutation breeding in stored mungbean grains (Lambrides et al., mungbean resulted a certain significant level 2000) during storage. Marker-assisted of resistance against yellow mosaic disease selection (MAS) is a relevant aspect regarding using the hybrids accessions and moderately mungbean breeding and now a days, genome- resistant accessions of mungbean (Ashraf et wide association mapping is an important al., 2001). biotechnological tool to map the genes which are linked to some important agronomic traits. The resistance line NM94 (derived from But, though mungbean is a minor crop, low mutation breeding) is now registered for funds inputs limit the population size for yellow mosaic disease and now recommended phenotypic analysis and ultimately result the for cultivation because of its high yielding mapping of simple oligogenic or monogenic criteria. ML1628, a variety which is found traits. Examples of some important traits resistance to multiple strains of the virus recently mapped in mungbean are tolerance to causing MYMD, was released from Punjab drought and high heat stress (Liu et al., 2017), Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana, development in seed starch content (Masariet India (Nair et al., 2017). Major store grain al.,2017), salinity tolerance (Chankaew et al., pests of mungbean like Bruchids 2014), resistance to powdery mildew disease (Callosobruchus sp.) lay their eggs on pods (Poolsawat et al., 2017), yellow mosaic virus when the crop is in the standing condition in disease(Singh et al., 2017), and bruchid the field, which after hatching can destroy all resistance (Schafleitner et al., 2016,

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How to cite this article:

Jyoti Prakash Sahoo, Ambika Prasad Mishra, Deviprasad Mishra and Kailash Chandra Samal. 2020. Nutrient-Rich Beans with Benefit (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek): A Review. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 9(08): 3280-3289. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.908.375

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