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TAXON:Volkameria Inermis L. SCORE:9.0 RATING:High Risk TAXON: Volkameria inermis L. SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Volkameria inermis L. Family: Lamiaceae Common Name(s): garden quinine Synonym(s): Clerodendrum commersonii (Poir.) Spreng. seaside clerodendrum Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. unarmed glory bower Volkameria commersonii Poir. Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 23 Mar 2021 WRA Score: 9.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Naturalized, Scrambling Shrub/Liana, Thicket-Forming, Bird-Dispersed, Water-Dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y Creation Date: 23 Mar 2021 (Volkameria inermis L.) Page 1 of 18 TAXON: Volkameria inermis L. SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 y 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 >3 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 n growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 y=1, n=-1 n yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 23 Mar 2021 (Volkameria inermis L.) Page 2 of 18 TAXON: Volkameria inermis L. SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes Wu, Z. Y. & P. H. Raven, (eds). 1994. Flora of China. Vol. 17 (Verbenaceae through Solanaceae). Science Press, Beijing, No evidence and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis. 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2021). Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2021). Personal Communication NA Creation Date: 23 Mar 2021 (Volkameria inermis L.) Page 3 of 18 TAXON: Volkameria inermis L. SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "Native Asia-Temperate CHINA: China [Fujian Sheng, Guangdong Sheng, Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu, Hainan Sheng] EASTERN ASIA: Japan [Kyushu (s.), Ryukyu Islands], Taiwan Asia-Tropical INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: Bangladesh, India [Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu (incl. Rameswaram island), West Bengal, Karnataka], Sri Lanka PAPUASIA: Indonesia [Papua], Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant INDO-CHINA: Indochina, India [Andaman and Nicobar Islands], Germplasm System. (2021). Germplasm Resources Myanmar, Thailand Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National MALESIA: Indonesia [Kalimantan, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Islands, Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Maluku, Sumatera], Malaysia [Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor, Johor, https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/. [Accessed 22 Mar 2021] Melaka, Pahang, Perak], Philippines [Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Cagayan Valley (Region II), Eastern Visayas (Region VIII), Panay, Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao] Australasia AUSTRALIA: Australia [New South Wales (n.e.), Queensland, Northern Territory (n.)] Pacific NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC: Marshall Islands, United States [Northern Mariana Islands] SOUTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: French Polynesia SOUTHWESTERN PACIFIC: Fiji, New Caledonia, Vanuatu" 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/. [Accessed 22 Mar 2021] 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) n Source(s) Notes Zich F.A., Hyland B.P.M., Whiffin T., Kerrigan R.A. (2020). "Altitudinal range very small, at or slightly above sea level. Usually Clerodendrum inerme. Australian Tropical Rainforest grows in close proximity to the sea and is often found near margins Plants, Edition 8. https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/. or on the margins of beach forest. Also occurs in Asia, Malesia and [Accessed 22 Mar 2021] the Pacific islands." Creation Date: 23 Mar 2021 (Volkameria inermis L.) Page 4 of 18 TAXON: Volkameria inermis L. SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Top Tropicals. (2021). Clerodendrum inerme, Volkameria "C. inerme is an evergreen mangrove plant, which has found a place inermis. in our gardens, is able to thrive near the ocean at the high tide mark, https://toptropicals.com/catalog/uid/Clerodendrum_iner making it a potential weed in the coastal environment." me.htm. [Accessed 22 Mar 2021] Dave's Garden. (2021). Volkameria Species, Glory Bower, "Hardiness: Indian Privet, Sorcerers Bush, Wild Jasmine - Volkameria USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F) inermis. https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/56224/. USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F)" [Accessed 22 Mar 2021] Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes "Native: ASIA-TEMPERATE China: China - Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan Eastern Asia: Japan - Kyushu [s.], Ryukyu Islands; Taiwan ASIA-TROPICAL Indian Subcontinent: Bangladesh; India - Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu [incl. Rameswaram island], West Bengal; Sri Lanka North Indian Ocean: India - Andaman and Nicobar USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Indo-China: Indochina; Myanmar; Thailand Germplasm System. (2021). Germplasm Resources Malesia: Indonesia - Irian Jaya, Java, Kalimantan, Lesser Sunda Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National Islands, Moluccas, Sumatra; Malaysia - Johore, Malacca, Pahang, Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Perak, Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor; Papua New Guinea; Philippines - https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/. [Accessed 22 Mar 2021] Batan, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Panay, Sulu Archipelago AUSTRALASIA Australia: Australia - New South Wales [n.e.], Northern Territory [n.], Queensland PACIFIC Northwestern Pacific: Marshall Islands; Northern Mariana Islands South-Central Pacific: French Polynesia Southwestern Pacific: Fiji; New Caledonia; Solomon Islands; Vanuatu" Imada, C. (2019). Hawaiian Naturalized Vascular Plants Checklist (February 2019 update). Bishop Museum No evidence from Hawaiian Islands Technical Report 69. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes "Clerodendrum inerme (Linnaeus) J. Gaertner (Confirmed) Imada, C.T., Staples, G.W. & Herbst, D.R. 2005. Annotated First Collected: 1974 Checklist of Cultivated Plants of Hawai͚i. Locations: http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/HBS/botany/cultivatedp Harold L. Lyon Arboretum (Confirmed) lants/. [Accessed 22 Mar 2021] Ho͚omaluhia Botanical Garden (Confirmed) Waimea Arboretum & Botanical Garden" Creation Date: 23 Mar 2021 (Volkameria inermis L.) Page 5 of 18 TAXON: Volkameria inermis L. SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer El Mokni, R., Kasri, M., & El Aouni, M. H. (2013). "It is popularly known as ͞Seaside Clerodendron͟in English (cf. Volkameria inermis (Lamiaceae) a new alien species Manoharan & al. 2008). It was introduced in all tropical and inter- naturalized to the Tunisian coast, first record for North- tropical countries in the world (cf. N͛guessan & al. 2010)." Africa. Flora Mediterranea 23: 117-122 "This plant has aggressive growth characteristics and may prove to Starr, F., Starr, K. & Loope, L. (2003). Clerodendrum naturalize in places where it is planted, such as Hawai'i.
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