Enemy's Resistance
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Greek Quagmire
The Greek quagmire. Prologue. October, 26 th 1940, Saturday. In the hall of the Italian Embassy in Athens, the Italians and their Greek guests are commenting the performance of Puccini's Madame Butterfly finished recently. Suddenly, in the offices, the teletypes begin to tap. The officials are coming and going. They are trying to remain calm, but more than one of them, pale-faced, troubled and tense, is widening the collar of his shirt. The Italian Plenipotentiary Minister, Emanuele Grazzi, sees all that movement and breaks into a cold sweat. He knows what that movement means, or at least he understands this intuitively: from Rome the ultimatum to Greece is coming. He hopes in some hitch, in some difficulty of deciphering: he does not want to deliver to General Metaxas, Greek Prime Minister, a declaration of war right in the middle of an official reception. It would be extremely embarrassing, anyway. He is lucky, at least about this. It is late, the text is long: time is requested in order to decipher it . The Greek guests leave the Italian Legation; Metaxas is at his residence in Kefissià. He is not yet an enemy. "You are the strongest" He turns into an enemy at three a.m. of Monday, October 28th. The communication has been deciphered and translated. Grazzi accompanied by military attaché Colonel Luigi Mondini and by the interpreter De Salvo, gets into car and heads to the residence of Metaxas. The guard at the door confuses the colours of the flag on the fender of the diplomatic car , he mistakes the green for blue and announces to the Greek Prime Minister the visit of the French ambassador. -
The German Military Mission to Romania, 1940-1941 by Richard L. Dinardo
The German Military Mission to Romania, 1940–1941 By RICHARD L. Di NARDO hen one thinks of security assistance and the train- ing of foreign troops, W Adolf Hitler’s Germany is not a country that typically comes to mind. Yet there were two instances in World War II when Germany did indeed deploy troops to other countries that were in noncombat cir- cumstances. The countries in question were Finland and Romania, and the German mili- tary mission to Romania is the subject of this article. The activities of the German mission to Romania are discussed and analyzed, and some conclusions and hopefully a few take- aways are offered that could be relevant for military professionals today. Creation of the Mission The matter of how the German military mission to Romania came into being can be covered relatively quickly. In late June 1940, the Soviet Union demanded from Romania the cession of both Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. The only advice Germany could give to the Romanian government was to agree to surrender the territory.1 Fearful of further Soviet encroachments, the Roma- nian government made a series of pleas to Germany including a personal appeal from Wikimedia Commons King Carol II to Hitler for German military assistance in the summer of 1940. Hitler, Finnish Volunteer Battalion of German Waffen-SS return home from front in 1943 however, was not yet willing to undertake such a step. Thus, all Romanian requests were rebuffed with Hitler telling Carol that Romania brought its own problems upon itself by its prior pro-Allied policy. -
Confidence Men the Mediterranean Double-Cross System, 1941-45 By
Confidence Men The Mediterranean Double-Cross System, 1941-45 by Brett Edward Lintott A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Department of History, in the University of Toronto © Copyright by Brett Edward Lintott, 2015 Abstract Confidence Men The Mediterranean Double-Cross System, 1941-45 Brett Edward Lintott Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Toronto, 2015 This dissertation provides an analysis of the Mediterranean double-cross system of the Second World War, which was composed of a number of double agents who were turned by the Allies and operated against their ostensible German spymasters. Utilizing many freshly released archival materials, this study assesses how the double-cross system was constructed, why it was an effective instrument, and how it contributed to Allied success in two areas: security and counter-intelligence, and military deception. The focus is thus on both organization and operations. The chapters cover three chronological periods. In the first — 1941-42 — the initial operational usage of a double agent is assessed, along with the development of early organizational structures to manage and operate individual cases as components of a team of spies. The second section, covering 1943, assesses three issues: major organizational innovations made early that year; the subsequent use of the double agent system to deceive the Germans regarding the planned invasion of Sicily in July; and the ongoing effort to utilize double agents to ensure a stable security and counter-intelligence environment in the Mediterranean theatre. The third and final section analyzes events in 1944, with a focus on double-cross deception in Italy and France, and on the emergence of more systematic security and counter-intelligence double-cross operations in Italy and the Middle East. -
Significance of the Greek Resistance Against the Axis in World War Ii
TEE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE GREEK RESISTANCE AGAINST THE AXIS IN WORLD WAR II by JOHN THOMAS MALAKASIS B. A., Kansas State University, 1964 A MASTER'S THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF ARTS Department of History and Philosophy KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 1966 approved by:_:' )8 A v^. 1 I se s [II THE BATT] IV .41 V 51 VI G —ANGLO- . 76 II THE 80 E C? THE GREE 101 : TABLE 0? MAPS Page Figure 1. A map of the Balkan Peninsula: the Balkan Pact. 2 Figure 2. A map of the Italian Invasion and the Greek Counter-Offenslve. 31 Figure 3. A nap of the major Italian Offensive in Spring, 1941. 50 Figure 4. The German attack against the Fortified Position. 75 Figure 5. A map of Crete, 1941. 94 . he ot: e yet.. be: t»8, was experie: sa -evolv. .. , a : pn- Soc; . late 3 cc ~z .ad due to her s he •-ertainty grew greater *ly obtained a s: ie Bal L, 1939, ne .a. Respite the sympathies of the Fascist ant of Greece, tho Italian expansion in Eastc diter- nean could not be overlookec ia str .. followed tl - alian oto- ber 28, 19< of the Greek peopl< . IP rs oT . ttatora ere not able to bene. IB C-Tco'r: nation. Out of th( people to 1 the invader arose the Epic of Greece, the Greek resistance and victory in the mountains of Eplru • .a purpose Is to pre t ..'. account of the d ~ic, • especi litary, aspects .e Grecc- .Ian conflict as well fts of the Greco -Cerman one, with emphasis iCt is a sign! cfeat .. -
Battle for the Ruhr: the German Army's Final Defeat in the West" (2006)
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2006 Battle for the Ruhr: The rGe man Army's Final Defeat in the West Derek Stephen Zumbro Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Zumbro, Derek Stephen, "Battle for the Ruhr: The German Army's Final Defeat in the West" (2006). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 2507. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/2507 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. BATTLE FOR THE RUHR: THE GERMAN ARMY’S FINAL DEFEAT IN THE WEST A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by Derek S. Zumbro B.A., University of Southern Mississippi, 1980 M.S., University of Southern Mississippi, 2001 August 2006 Table of Contents ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................iv INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................1 -
Ofbattle Italian
\r Ql \ ORDER OFBATTLE OF. THE ITALIAN ARMY JULY 1943 This document must not fall into enemy hands MILITARY INTELLIGENCE SERVICE WASHINGTON Di. C. fl '1, I~ Tj H> FOREWORD Order of Battle intelligence consists of carefully sifted and evalu- ated information received from a great variety of sources on the organization, strength, and disposition of enemy forces. This information, if complete and accurate, not only facilitates the planning of military operations but enables commanders in the field to judge the enemy's local capabilities and to make their decisions accordingly. The purpose of this text is to furnish intelligence officers with a detailed picture of the basic composition and disposition of the Italian Army. The first part, comprising sections I to IV, is for general orientation on the structure of the Army and its high command, the types of units and their organization, and the other Italian militarized and auxiliary formations. The second part, consisting of sections V to VII, is the Order of Battle proper, giving specific data on the names, numbers, composition, location, and commanders of all identified units of the Italian Army. This latter type of information is of course constantly changing, and it is therefore intended to issue sectional or complete revisions of the book at suitable intervals. More details on the basic organization of units, means of identi- fication, symbols, and abbreviations will be found in the forth- coming Technical Manual on the Italian Armed Forces and the MIS Special Series publication. on Italian military abbreviations, signs, and symbols. All intelligence personnel concerned with the Italian Army should become thoroughly familiar with the contents and arrange- ment of this book so that they can perform their duties more intlligently and can use the great mass of factual data given here as quickly and efficiently as possible. -
TURKISH DIPLOMACY, 1936-1945 a Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts
RUSSOPHOBIC NEUTRALITY: TURKISH DIPLOMACY, 1936-1945 A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History By Onur Isci, M.A. Washington, DC February 27, 2014 Copyright 2014 by Onur Isci All Rights Reserved ii RUSSOPHOBIC NEUTRALITY: TURKISH DIPLOMACY, 1936-1945 Onur Isci, M.A. Thesis Advisor: Mustafa Aksakal, Ph.D ABSTRACT This dissertation tells the story of Soviet-Turkish rivalry during the crucible of World War II. By 1939, Turkey began fast reverting to its old imperial attitude, when Istanbul’s foreign policy had been dictated largely by the Sultan’s fear of Russia. The state of wartime affairs between Ankara and Moscow gradually fell in sharp contrast with the cordial atmosphere of the 1920s and 1930s. As opposed to previous historians who have dismissed Turkey’s wartime neutrality as a wily strategy of capitalizing on war, I argue that the underlying factor, guiding the Turkish state in its quest to remain neutral was the revival of Russophobia amongst the ruling circles in Ankara. There had never been a moment during the war for neither the Allies nor the Axis to depart Turkey from its neutrality unless some form of guarantee had soothed its Russian complex. A closer examination of the Turkish archives and the parliamentary minutes reveals that Turkey desired a German victory over Russia provided that this was followed by a British victory over Germany. In other words, Turks very much hoped to see another Brest-Litovsk status quo: two separate wars involving Germany, conducted independently by Britain and the USSR without cooperation. -
Forschungen Südost
Herausgegeben vom Institut für Ost- und Südosteuropaforschung Südost- Forschungen Band 73 • 2014 Internationale Zeitschrift für Geschichte, Kultur und Landeskunde Südosteuropas Die jährlich erscheinende Zeitschrift ist ab Band 11 (1946/52) über den Verlag De Gruyter Oldenbourg, Rosenheimer Straße 143, D-81671 München, zu beziehen. Preis pro Band 122,- € zzgl. Versandkosten. Indices zu den Bänden 1 (1936) - 62 (2003) in: Südost-Institut München 1930-2005. München 2005, oder auf http://www.ios-regensburg.de/publikationen/zeitschriften/ suedost-forschungen.html. Beiträge sowie alle die „Südost-Forschungen“ betreffenden Besprechungsstücke, Anfragen und Mitteilungen sind zu senden an die Redaktion der Südost-Forschungen: Dr. Peter Mario Kreuter, Institut für Ost- und Südosteuropaforschung, Landshuter Straße 4, D-93047 Regens- burg, E-Mail: [email protected], Tel. + 49 / 941 / 9435472. Für redaktionelle Hinweise siehe unter http://www.ios-regensburg.de/fileadmin/doc/SOF/manuskriptgestaltung.pdf Inhaltsverzeichnis Aufsätze Schwerpunkt Griechenland Costis J. AILIANOS: The Balkan Conundrum and Relations between Austria-Hungary and Greece, 1912-1914 ........................................................ 1-37 Jürgen KILIAN: Krieg auf Kosten anderer. Wehrmachtfinanzierung in Griechenland während des Zweiten Weltkriegs .............................................. 38-59 Carl FREYTAG: „Alles war in wirrer Bewegung auf ein vollkommenes Chaos hin“. Otto Braun, Hermann Neubacher, die „Deutsch-Griechische Warenausgleichsgesell- schaft mbH“ (DEGRIGES) -
8.98 to $12.98 XT' $2.6I-$2.98
>K , I& ATV^APRIL 14,19U v Averaga Daily drenlatloii ^CE 0 arichest6p EventfXg^IIerejlft For the Moath at MoKh, 1844 ^Corporal GlayioB R. Fuller, Jr Loval Circle Of ' Ming’s paugh-| MpS^HowardMpii: Howard LL Grant,Grant, whowho hhs| A rdeetlng of f M Toung ^ TI1S MAHchsatar- Mlnlfipter*’ .As- has returned to Eglin Field, Vipr- Janette /an. twlrts/ugh- Ralph W . 8 torg/ C ^ 122 Bum- tets has set the ilatr of Tiie.vlav. iteed a patient at the Mi morial>tuiblicknv»'l al >.8 dub is / scheduled tor soolatlon; will hold its 'monthly ters o t ' aha. Mrs. L croy.’Ted- Vnit street, hhs returtwl: to duty Anrll 25 for a/iininmce sale, thei lii^pllal for the nad two month.S; \V<dnr.s<lay evening. April J.9, at mooting at ‘Tsmids Beth Sholom, Ids, after spending a fu rlo u g ^ a tl his'Jtome, 69 Charter Oak sUbet: ^ o ^ T p w n fojel, o y l ^ Bissell street, >15^0 with the /erihsait Matitto ttfto*' Droceeds" to bd Used for Its workj,fins relumed to hcc„ home. 108;S‘/;A t the ^mool str^t Rsgrea- ’Tuesday at tC t/ a. m. Luncheon spending.-w thlrty-14sy furldV»rt at proceeds to bd Used for Us worK^tins leiu m m t° have jMeh/wnflned to their hok[ie o f chert for-.*ihutine. a,... InHlj*’ .Summit . street,bf . >^ itioH TCo 11 tioii Ok > 5^ ^ " wlU toUoo;. Rov.. Marshall Budd of for yfas/ptutt Iv e weehs with his home. He enlisted in the Marl-' will tnke/ace^d,ai)y oOtWshi^ the .Wapping. -
Third Reich's Relations with the Turkish Republic 1933-1944
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1968 Third Reich's relations with the Turkish Republic 1933-1944 Michael William Rollin The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Rollin, Michael William, "Third Reich's relations with the Turkish Republic 1933-1944" (1968). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5202. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5202 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. }1H THE THIRD REICH'S RELATIONS WITH THE TURKISH REPUBLIC 1933 - 19^ Michael Wm„ Rollin B. A. University of Montana, 19^3 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts University of Montana 1968 Approved by: T ~ Chairman, Board of Examiners De^n, Graduate School June 3, 1968 Date UMI Number: EP40666 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI EP40666 Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). -
War in the Balkans: an Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman
War in the Balkans This page intentionally left blank War in the Balkans AN ENCYCLOPEDIC HISTORY FROM THE FALL OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE TO THE BREAKUP OF YUGOSLAVIA Richard C. Hall, Editor Copyright © 2014 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data War in the Balkans : an encyclopedic history from the fall of the Ottoman Empire to the breakup of Yugoslavia / Richard C. Hall, editor. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–1–61069–030–0 (hard copy : alk. paper) — ISBN 978–1–61069–031–7 (ebook) 1. Balkan Peninsula—History, Military—20th century—Encyclopedias. I. Hall, Richard C. (Richard Cooper), 1950– editor. DR45.W37 2014 949.600403—dc23 2014014296 ISBN: 978–1–61069–030–0 EISBN: 978–1–61069–031–7 1817161514 12345 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America As ever for Audrey This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Maps, xiii Balkan Entente, 1934, 20 Preface, xv Balkan League, 20 Introduction, xvii Balkan Pact, 1954, 21 Balkan War, First, 1912–1913, -
ITL Order of Battle 1943-07.PDF
OO i: ,,,.1 01 R"- ER 0 -BA TIE OF THE. IT A L AN AR MY :1 JUY14 ;ri:'I-----:~;I; ~ _ __L COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF SCHOOL Fort Leavenworth, Kansas LIBRARY REGULATIONS 1. Books, pamphlets, and periodicals must be charged at the loan desk (signature on book-loan card) before being taken from the Library. 2. Any item drawn from the Library must be returned within one month. Exceptions to this regulation are as follows: (1) Material issued to classes as a whole. (2) Material issued to instructors for pro- fessional use. (3) New books which are in demand must be returned within one week. (4) Books required for faculty use are sub- ject to recall at any time. (5) All persons having library material in their possession will return same before leaving the post permanently. (6) Books loaned outside the School must be returned within two weeks. 3. Reference books and current periodicals will not be removed from the library. LIBRARY BUREAU CAT. NO. 1169.6 \r Ql \ ORDER OFBATTLE OF. THE ITALIAN ARMY JULY 1943 This document must not fall into enemy hands MILITARY INTELLIGENCE SERVICE WASHINGTON Di. C. fl '1, I~ Tj H> FOREWORD Order of Battle intelligence consists of carefully sifted and evalu- ated information received from a great variety of sources on the organization, strength, and disposition of enemy forces. This information, if complete and accurate, not only facilitates the planning of military operations but enables commanders in the field to judge the enemy's local capabilities and to make their decisions accordingly.