KEY INFORMATION RESOURCES September 2017 Library and Research

Council of the European Union General Secretariat

Suggestions for further reading from

the holdings of the GSC Libraries and online

European Day of Languages 26.09.2017

Due to copyright issues, some online articles are only available on request at the Library

MULTILINGUALISM ...... 1 LANGUAGE SKILLS ...... 4 TRANSLATION ...... 6 EU RELATED POETRY IN DIFFERENT LANGUAGES ...... 7 LANGUAGE IN RELATION TO IDEOLOGY, RELIGION, AND CULTURE ...... 7

Multilingualism

Viva il latino : Storie e bellezza di una lingua inutile / Nicola Gardini. Milano : Garzanti, 2017.

Monograph available ita 807.1 GARD

A che serve il latino? È la domanda che continuamente sentiamo rivolgerci dai molti per i quali la lingua di Cicerone altro non è che un’ingombrante rovina, da eliminare dai programmi scolastici. In questo libro personale e appassionato, Nicola Gardini risponde che il latino è - molto semplicemente lo strumento espressivo che è servito e serve a fare di noi quelli che siamo. Gardini ci trasmette un amore alimentato da una inesausta curiosità intellettuale, e ci incoraggia con affabilità a dialogare con una civiltà che non è mai terminata perché giunge fino a noi, e della quale siamo parte anche quando non lo sappiamo. Grazie a lui, anche senza alcuna conoscenza grammaticale potremo capire come questa lingua sia tuttora in grado di dare un senso alla nostra identità con la forza che solo le cose inutili sanno meravigliosamente esprimere.

Multilingual Europe : facts and policies / edited by Guus Extra, Durk Gorter. Berlin : Mouton De Gruyter. Berlin : Mouton De Gruyter, 2008. Monograph available 094119

This book offers an inclusive perspective on the constellation of languages in Europe by taking into account official state languages, regional minority languages and immigrant minority languages as constituent parts of Europe’s identity. Both facts and policies on multilingualism and plurilingual education are addressed in case studies at the national and European level. The themes of the book are addressed from phenomenological, demographic, sociolinguistic and educational points of view

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Accommodating linguistic difference : five normative models of language rights / Xabier Arzoz. In: European constitutional law review : EuConst 2010, v. 6, n. 1, p. 102-122 Monograph available 29376/J

In the past few years, the theme of linguistic justice has started to receive some academic interest from the perspective of political theory. This movement has been preceded and accompanied by the rise of the linguistic human rights approach in sociolinguistics. This article will address what appears to be a methodological omission in the discussion on linguistic justice/ accommodation/ equality.

Language, discourse and identity in Central Europe : the German language in a multilingual space / edited by Jenny Carl and Patrick Stevenson. Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. Monograph available 092503

Focusing on contact between German and other languages, the contributors in this book, analyse the ways in which language practices and discourses on language have changed since the end of the Cold War.

Law and language in the European Union : the paradox of a Babel "united in diversity" / Richard L. Creech. Groningen : Europa Law, 2005. Monograph available in Central Library 083325

The European Economic Community, founded in 1957, consisted of six Member States with a combined total of four official languages. By 2004, this organisation had evolved into a European Union of twenty-five Member States with more than twenty official languages among them. This increase has presented numerous challenges to the EU's internal linguistic regime, where formal policy has been, with some notable exceptions, to treat all of these languages equally. Some of these languages - English in particular - have been more equal than others. Languages that lack nation-wide official status in any Member State - such as Catalan and Welsh - have been overtly denied equal treatment. Furthermore, the multilingual nature of the EU has had significant implications for any Member State that wishes to regulate the use of language within its territory, as such regulation can interfere with the rights accorded to citizens of other Member States to participate in free commercial movement throughout the Union. Law and Language in the European Union - now in paperback - examines how, in the linguistic realm, the EU has responded to the tensions that lie behind this paradoxical motto.

The theory and practice of multilingualism in the European Union / Arianna Kitzinger. Berlin : VDM Verlag

Dr. Müller, 2009. Monograph available in Central Library 092406

On 1 May 2004 ten new member states joined the European Union. It has been the biggest enlargement in the history of the Union. Economists counted, historians analysed and linguists started to worry. The central problem of their worries might be expressed in the question: "How will the EU be able to handle so many languages?" Or to put it in another way, "How can the EU cope with multilingualism?" This is a timely problem that demands a rational approach, and yet is often accompanied by emotional overtones. This thesis takes into consideration the puzzling question: Do you speak European? On the basis of the problem related above, a series of systematic questions will be raised so that we may introduce the present status and use of languages in the European Union from the aspect of linguistic diversity.

Can schools save indigenous languages? : Policy and practice on four continents / edited by Nancy H. Hornberger. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire : Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Monograph available in Central Library 094452

The precarious circumstances of the world’s indigenous languages are by now well known: of 6800 languages currently spoken in the world, not only are more than half at risk of extinction by the end of this century, but approximately 95 per cent are spoken by less than five per cent of the world’s population mainly indigenous languages and speakers. Meanwhile, more than half of the world’s states are officially monolingual, and less than 500 languages are used and taught in schools. Not only the survival of indigenous languages is precarious, but also especially the survival and economic viability of their speakers in national contexts where educational systems massively fail indigenous people, closing them out and leaving them illiterate and oppressed in their own land.

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Maltese and other languages. A Linguistic History of Malta / Joseph M. Brincat, La Valette : Midsea books, 2011. Monograph available in Language Library - 36 11 02 hist EN 1 02

Throughout the ages, the Maltese language has undergone a series of internal changes as well as modifications and accretions caused by various external forces. As a result the Maltese language has been shaped by its inhabitants' interactions with all the peoples who, throughout the centuries, have landed on the islands to govern it or establish colonies there. The increase in population was due not only to natural growth but also to cumulative waves of settlers from abroad. Social interaction between the locals and the visitors was strong, bilingual communication took place in various domains at all social levels and relations were especially strong when mixed marriages took place. For this reason, a history of the Maltese language must be seen in the wider context of a linguistic history of the Maltese islands and will offer linguists belonging to both the historical and typological fields an intriguing case study of what can be considered a "minor" language from the international point of view (used only in a small state, but spoken by the great majority of the islanders) which has managed to survive alongside a series of "major" languages such as Arabic, Latin, Sicilian, Italian and English, languages which were widely spoken and written abroad and which also enjoyed prestige in Malta itself but whose local circulation was generally limited to the literate minority.

Education, languages and linguistic minorities in the EU : challenges and perspectives / Gulara Guliyeva.

In: European law journal 2013, v. 19, n. 2.

Although, with the coming into force of the Lisbon Treaty, two provisions of EU primary law now refer to ’minorities’, there are no explicit EU competences and policies to promote the rights of minority groups in education. Nevertheless, EU law has a strong potential to impact the educational rights of linguistic minorities in Member States. To evaluate the right to access education, with an emphasis on the needs of minorities to preserve their identity, this paper first discusses the EU’s relevant competences in education (Part II) and then in languages (Part III). Based on the analysis of relevant EU provisions, the paper concludes that EU law is unlikely to offer meaningful protection to linguistic minorities without explicitly endorsing their educational rights. However, to do so, the EU needs a stronger competence in education and minority right.

The language of Europe : multilingualism and translation in the EU institutions : practice, problems and perspectives / Domenico Cosmai ; translated and edited by David Albert Best ; foreword by José Manuel

Barroso. Bruxelles : Ed. de l’Université de Bruxelles, 2014. Monograph available in the Language Library 32 31 03 trad EN 5 50

The Language of Europe offers a clear and comprehensive introduction to the policy area of multilingualism and to translation practice within the EU institutions. It proposes an in-depth analysis of the direct relationships between member-state languages and the problems of knowledge transfer between the diverse languages and cultures that make up the patchwork which is the EU. This volume incorporates a range of sample texts from a variety of EU official languages, provided in the source-language original and English target-language translation.

Respecting linguistic diversity in the European Union / edited by Xabier Arzoz. Amsterdam : John Benjamins, 2008. Monograph available in Central Library 088175

After the accession of ten new member-states in 2004, the number of official EU languages increased from eleven to twenty. In 2005, the Council of the European Union decided to expand the existing legal framework for Irish and for other languages, such as Basque, Catalan and Galician, which are official in all or part of the territory of a given member-state. On 1 January 2007 Bulgaria and Romania joined the EU, increasing the number of official EU languages still further. This book addresses the challenge of respecting linguistic diversity within the EU and is intended as an introduction to the issue for those not already familiar with EU law. It also provides an analysis of the potential of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union to enhance respect for linguistic diversity. Each chapter has been written by a recognised expert in the field. The appendices bring together the basic legal norms relating to linguistic diversity within EU institutions.

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Language Skills

Becoming biliterate : identity, ideology, and learning to read and write in two languages / Bobbie Kabuto. New York : Routledge, 2011. Monograph available 093779

Through the real-life context of one child learning to be bilingual and biliterate, this book raises questions and provides a context for pre-service and practicing teachers to understand and reflect on how children learn to read and write in multiple languages. Perspectives regarding identity and language ideologies are presented to help teachers refine their own pedagogical approaches to teaching linguistically diverse children. Readers are engaged in understanding early biliteracy through a process of articulating and questioning their own assumptions and beliefs about learning in multiple languages and literacies.

The importance of foreign language skills in the labour markets of Central and Eastern Europe : an assessment based on data from online job portals / by Miroslav Beblavý, Brian Fabo and Karolien Lenaerts In: CEPS Special Report 2016, n. 129.

This study examines the demand for foreign language skills on the Visegrad labour markets, using information extracted from online job portals. It finds that English is the most requested foreign language in the region, and the demand for English language skills appears to go up as occupations become increasingly complex. Despite the cultural, historical and economic ties with their German-speaking neighbours, German is the second-most-in-demand foreign language in the region. Interestingly, in this case there is no clear link with the complexity of an occupation. These findings have important policy implications with regards to the education and training offered in schools, universities and job centres.

Your language or mine? / Ramon Caminal and Antonio Di Paolo.

In: Think Tank Review (TTR); 30/2015.

Do languages matter beyond their communicative benefits? Caminal and Paolo explore the potential role of preferences over the use of language, both theoretically and empirically. Focusing on Catalonia, a bilingual society where everyone is fully proficient in Spanish, the authors use the language-in-education reform of 1983 to identify the causal effects of language skills. Results indicate that the policy change has improved the Catalan proficiency of native Spanish speakers, which in turn increased their propensity to find Catalan- speaking partners. Hence, the acquisition of apparently redundant language skills has expanded cooperation across speech communities. dii Slavic and East European language programs and heritage language communities / Susan Kresin.

In: East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies, 2017, v. 4 n. 1.

Among Slavic and East European heritage communities, the post-1989 geopolitical situation in central and eastern Europe has changed both emigration patterns and core aspects of the relationship between speakers in the homeland and abroad. Many speakers have both an enhanced motivation to maintain their heritage languages and greater resources to do so. Recent years have witnessed a rise in the number of community language schools, however there has been a decrease at college level. In this paper, the author suggests that by placing a greater emphasis on connections with heritage communities, we may be able to enhance the viability of Slavic and east European programs at college level.

Seamless language learning: second language learning with social media Wong, Lung-Hsiang, Sing-Chai, Ching & Poh-Aw, Guat. In: Comunicar 2017, v. 25, n. 50, p 9-21.

This paper describes a language learning model that applies social media to foster contextualised and connected language learning in communities. The model emphasises weaving together different forms of language learning activities that take place in different learning contexts to achieve seamless language learning. The author firstly identifies three key features of the language learning approach: authenticity, contextualisation and socialisation. Furthermore the authors propose the SMILLA (Social Media as Language Learning Artifacts) Framework to operate seamless language learning with the use of social media.

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Imersão recíproca – um método de ensino/aprendizagem para comunidades bi-/plurilíngues? Reseda Streb. In: Cadernos de Letras da UFF 2016, v. 26, n 53, p. 285- 300

A imersão recíproca representa um método pedagógico de extrema relevância para comunidades bi- /plurilíngues, tendo como proposta central a igualdade de duas línguas e culturas parceiras. Nosso foco será abordar as seguintes questões: como é a aplicação deste método na prática? Quais os desafios e as vantagens para o processo de aprendizagem? Estes pontos serão analisados e discutidos neste artigo.

Bilingual by choice : raising kids in two (or more!) languages / Virginie Raguenaud. Intercultural Press, 2009. Monograph available in Central Library 093722

Research shows that bilingual children are known to have more social, cultural and economic opportunities as they grow to adulthood and that learning a second language from birth can even result in protection against Alzheimer's later in life. Bilingual By Choice provides families with specific activities, games and insights that will show them how to not only teach their kids more than one language but also to help their kids retain and develop those language skills. For parents, educators, immigrants and expatriates, Bilingual by Choice deals directly with the obstacles to sustaining a second language, including unsupportive relatives, issues at school, frequent relocations and discrimination, countering each one with the author's first-hand experience with both sides of the growing- up-bilingual journey, as a child and as a parent. Commit to the choice, and help your children become bilingual-for life.

Langues sans frontières : à la découverte des langues de l’Europe / Georges Kersaudy. Paris, Éd. Autrement, 2004. Monograph available in Language Library - 32 31 03 ling FR 5 10 Expert, linguiste, et surtout polyglotte passionné, Georges Kersaudy nous entraîne ici dans un étonnant voyage de découverte, au fil d'une analyse comparative et jubilatoire des alphabets, des sons et des vocables. Avec une présentation inédite, en annexe, d'un vocabulaire parallèle de trente-neuf langues européennes ! Invitation à la curiosité, jeu stimulant où apparaissent des langues insoupçonnées ou méconnues aux structures similaires, aux termes communs, aux emprunts innombrables... L'Européen du XXIe siècle ne pourra plus ignorer cet aspect capital de la vie de notre continent. Cette quatrième édition mise à jour montre bien ce qu'est aujourd'hui l'Europe des langues. L'Union européenne, qui avait onze langues officielles en 2004, en a vingt-trois en 2007. Pour l'interprétation et la traduction, le nombre de combinaisons de langues à utiliser passe ainsi de 110 à 506. Ce n'est là qu'un des aspects de la situation linguistique de l'Europe. Défiant les idées reçues et les frontières imaginaires, l'auteur nous montre que cette complexité, cette diversité, cette formidable richesse de concepts et de mots, avec ses six alphabets, ses six branches distinctes et une bonne centaine de langues, sont non seulement un atout mais aussi un outil à la portée de tous.

As right as rain : the meaning and origins of popular expressions / Caroline Taggart. London : Michael O’Mara Books Limited, 2013. Monograph available in Staff Library eng 82-84 TAGG

Would you be down in the dumps if, when asked the definition of certain phrases, it was all Greek to you? Let’s not beat about the bush: the English language is littered with linguistic quirks, which, out of context, seem completely peculiar. If you can’t quite cut the mustard, this book will explain how on earth ’off the cuff’ came to express improvisation, why a ’gut feeling’ is more intuitive than a brainwave, and who the heck is ’happy’ Larry. These expressions and countless more become a piece of cake once you’ve read As Right as Rain - the perfect gift for any Tom, Dick or Harry with a love of language.

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Dictionnaire des Langues / Emilio Bonvini, Joëlle Busuttil, Alain Peyraube.

Monograph available in Language Library - 32 31 03 ling FR 2 03

Quelque 6000 langues sont parlées aujourd’hui dans le monde. La plupart d’entre elles cependant sont vouées à disparaître à court et moyen termes. La mort d’une langue précède souvent celle de toute une culture dont elle est l’expression la plus directe. Cet ouvrage a recensé plusieurs de ces langues dites aujourd’hui "en danger d’extinction". Conçu pour témoigner de la diversité des langues en ce début du XXIe siècle, ce dictionnaire est à la fois un ouvrage de référence et de consultation. On y trouve des informations essentielles et récentes destinées à des lecteurs, linguistes ou non, souhaitant disposer d’un aperçu rapide et fiable sur des langues particulières, de données précises pour une langue donnée ou encore d’informations sur une notion linguistique spécifique et ses occurrences.

Focusing on contact between German and other languages, the contributors in this book analyse the ways in which language practices and discourses on language have changed since the end of the Cold War.

Grand Dictionnaire Linguistique & Sciences du langage / Jean Dubois, Mathée Giacomo, Louis Guespin, Christiane Marcellesi, Jean-Baptiste Marcellesi, Jean-Pierre Mével. Paris : Larousse, 2007. Monograph available in Language Library - 32 31 03 ling FR 2 02

Tous les termes utiles pour décrire la langue française illustrés de commentaires et d'exemples : de abréviation à zézaiement, en passant par phonologie ou sociolinguistique. Des notices synthétiques sur les linguistes ou grammairiens qui, de Vaugelas à Jakobson, ont joué un rôle déterminant dans l'évolution des conceptions du langage. Plus de cent dossiers de synthèse pour comprendre les notions fondamentales de accent à voix, de dialecte à traduction. Un dictionnaire ouvert sur les sciences humaines au carrefour de la psychologie, de la sociologie, mais aussi de l'histoire et de la rhétorique, la linguistique et les sciences du langage sont essentielles dans la découverte et la compréhension de tous les phénomènes de communication.

Emergent Lingua Francas and World Orders: the Politics and Place of English as a World Language / Ghim-Lian Chew, Phyllis, New York : Routledge, 2009. Monograph available in Language Library - 32 31 03 ling EN 5 16 This book presents an alternative paradigm in understanding and appreciating World Englishes (WEs) in the wake of globalisation and its accompanying shifting priorities in many dimensions of modern life, including the emergence of the English language as the dominant lingua franca (ELF). Chew argues that history is a theatre for the realisation of lingua francas, offering a model that shows the present as derived from the past and as a bearer of future possibility, the understanding of which is rooted in the understanding of World Englishes and ELF. The book will engage with some of the current theoretical debates in WEs and includes, as a means of fleshing out the model, sociolinguistic case studies of Arabia, China Fujian, and Singapore.

Translation

Barroso. Bruxelles : Ed. de l’Université de Bruxelles, 2014. Monograph available 32 31 03 trad EN 5 50

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EU related poetry in different languages

The European constitution in verse / David Van Reybrouck en Peter Vermeersch. Brussels : Passa Porta, 2008. Monograph available in Central Library 090841

In 2008 and 2009 the European Constitution in Verse was by far the largest, most eye-catching project of the Brussels poetry collective. “If the EU is not going to get a political constitution, then let’s give it at least a poetical one!” That was the intention of the Brussels Poetry Collective. Together with over 50 European and non-European poets, the collective realised this magnificent project. The European Constitution in Verse is more than a frivolous revision of a political fiasco. The poetical constitution puts the discussion about the fundamental principles of Europe right where it belongs: in the public domain of free and committed citizens. The book was nominated for the 3rd European Book Prize Award. During the Passa Porta Festival 2009, the European Constitution in Verse was presented in Flagey. Following a tour of various European cities, the founders of the Constitution, better known as the Brussels Poets Collective, once again descended on the capital on the 8th of October 2010 in KVS. They were in good company, with poets from Friesland, Algeria, Spain and Zimbabwe. The Brussels Polyfolies choir provided a musical note with an alternative European Hymn.

Haiku / Herman Van Rompuy. Gent : PoezieCentrum, 2010.

Monograph available in Central Library 093308.

Voor Herman Van Rompuy, sinds 1 januari 2010 Voorzitter van de Europese Raad van regeringsleiders en staatshoofden, leeft haiku van het open staan voor het onverwachte, het onvoorbereide, de verwondering om wat rondom ons gebeurt. In speelse verzen (lett. betekenis van ’haiku’) kijkt Van Rompuy onbevangen aan tegen de natuur die voor hem altijd een factor is gebleven van evenwicht en troost tegen de wanhoop en tegen de ruis van de dagdagelijkse werkelijkheid. Deze vijftalige editie (Nederlands/Frans/Engels/Duits/Latijn) bevat een selectie uit de haiku’s die Herman Van Rompuy schreef sinds 2004 en die voor deze uitgave hier en daar werden herwerkt en verfijnd

Language in relation to ideology, religion, and culture

Language planning in Europe : Cyprus, Iceland and Luxembourg / edited by Robert B. Kaplan, Richard B.Baldauf Jr., Nkonko M. Kamwangamalu. Abingdon : Routledge, 2013. Monograph available in Central Library 101913

This volume focuses on language planning in Cyprus, Iceland and Luxembourg, explaining the linguistic diversity, historical and political contexts and current language situation (including language-in-education planning), the role of the media, the role of religion and the roles of non-indigenous languages. The authors are indigenous to the situations described, and draw on their experience and extensive fieldwork there. The three extended case studies contained in this volume draw together the literature on each of the polities to present an overview of the existing research available, while also providing new research-based information. The purpose of this volume is to provide an up-to-date overview of the language situation in each polity based on a series of key questions, in the hope that this might facilitate the development of a richer theory to guide language policy and planning in other polities where similar issues may arise.

Historical legacies of communism in Russia and eastern Europe / edited by Mark R. Beissinger, Stephen Kotkin. New York : Cambridge University Press, 2014. Monograph available in Central Library 101756

This book takes stock of arguments about the historical legacies of communism that have become common within the study of Eastern Europe and Russia in the decades after communism’s demise and elaborates on an empirical approach to the study of historical legacies revolving around relationships and mechanisms rather than correlation and outward similarities. Eleven distinguished scholars assess whether post- communist developments in specific areas continue to be shaped by the experience of communism or, alternatively, by fundamental divergences produced before or after communism. Chapters deal with the variable impact of the communist experience on post-communist societies in such areas as regime trajectories and democratic political values; patterns of regional and sectoral economic development; property ownership within the energy sector; the functioning of the executive branch of government, the police, and courts; the relationship of religion to the state; government language policies; and informal relationships and practices.

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Spiegel der sprache : warum die welt in anderen sprachen anders aussieht / Guy Deutscher. München : C. H. Beck oHG, 2010. Monograph available in Staff Library ger 800.1 DEUT

"Ich spreche Spanisch zu Gott, Italienisch zu den Frauen, Französisch zu den Männern und Deutsch zu meinem Pferd." Die scherzhafte Vermutung Karls V., dass verschiedene Sprachen nicht in allen Situationen gleich gut zu gebrauchen sind, findet wohl auch heute noch breite Zustimmung. Doch ist sie aus sprachwissenschaftlicher Sicht haltbar? Sind alle Sprachen gleich komplex, oder ist Sprache ein Spiegel ihrer kulturellen Umgebung - sprechen "primitive" Völker "primitive" Sprachen? Und inwieweit sieht die Welt, wenn sie "durch die Brille" einer anderen Sprache gesehen wird, anders aus? Das neue Buch des renommierten Linguisten Guy Deutscher ist eine sagenhafte Tour durch Länder, Zeiten und Sprachen. Auf seiner Reise zu den aktuellsten Ergebnissen der Sprachforschung geht Guy Deutscher mit Captain Cook auf Känguruh-Jagd, prüft mit William Gladstone die vermeintliche Farbblindheit der Griechen zur Zeit Homers und verfolgt Rudolf Virchow in Carl Hagenbecks Zoo auf dem Kurfürstendamm im Berlin des 19. Jahrhunderts. Mitreisende werden nicht nur mit einer glänzend unterhaltsamen Übersicht der Sprachforschung, mit humorvollen Highlights, unerwarteten Wendungen und klugen Antworten belohnt. Sie vermeiden auch einen Kardinalfehler, dem Philologen, Anthropologen und - wer hätte das gedacht - auch Naturwissenschaftler allzu lange aufgesessen sind: die Macht der Kultur zu unterschätzen.

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