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Blitzkrieg: the Evolution of Modern Warfare and the Wehrmacht's
East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 8-2021 Blitzkrieg: The Evolution of Modern Warfare and the Wehrmacht’s Impact on American Military Doctrine during the Cold War Era Briggs Evans East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Evans, Briggs, "Blitzkrieg: The Evolution of Modern Warfare and the Wehrmacht’s Impact on American Military Doctrine during the Cold War Era" (2021). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 3927. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3927 This Thesis - unrestricted is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Blitzkrieg: The Evolution of Modern Warfare and the Wehrmacht’s Impact on American Military Doctrine during the Cold War Era ________________________ A thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of History East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in History ______________________ by Briggs Evans August 2021 _____________________ Dr. Stephen Fritz, Chair Dr. Henry Antkiewicz Dr. Steve Nash Keywords: Blitzkrieg, doctrine, operational warfare, American military, Wehrmacht, Luftwaffe, World War II, Cold War, Soviet Union, Operation Desert Storm, AirLand Battle, Combined Arms Theory, mobile warfare, maneuver warfare. ABSTRACT Blitzkrieg: The Evolution of Modern Warfare and the Wehrmacht’s Impact on American Military Doctrine during the Cold War Era by Briggs Evans The evolution of United States military doctrine was heavily influenced by the Wehrmacht and their early Blitzkrieg campaigns during World War II. -
What Was the Turning Point of World War Ii?
WHAT WAS THE TURNING POINT OF WORLD WAR II? Jeff Moore History 420: Senior Seminar December 13, 2012 1 World War II was the decisive war of the twentieth century. Millions of people lost their lives in the fighting. Hitler and the Nazis were eventually stopped in their attempt to dominate Europe, but at a great cost to everyone. Looking back at the war, it is hard to find the definitive moment when the war could no longer be won by the Axis, and it is even more difficult to find the exact moment when the tide of the war turned. This is because there are so many moments that could be argued as the turning point of World War II. Different historians pose different arguments as to what this moment could be. Most agree that the turning point of World War II, in military terms, was either Operation Barbarossa or the Battle of Stalingrad. UCLA professor Robert Dallek, Third Reich and World War II specialist Richard Overy, and British journalist and historian Max Hastings, all argue that Stalingrad was the point of the war in which everything changed.1 The principal arguments surrounding this specific battle are that it was the furthest east that Germany ever made it, and after the Russian victory Stalin’s forces were able to gain the confidence and momentum necessary to push the Germans back to the border. On the other hand, Operation Barbarossa is often cited as the turning point for World War II because the Germans did not have the resources necessary to survive a prolonged invasion of Russia fighting both the Red Army and the harsh Russian weather. -
Week Beginning 1St June Title: Why Did Operation Barbarossa Fail?
Lesson 1 – week beginning 1st June Title: Why did Operation Barbarossa fail? WHY DID OPERATION BARBAROSSA FAIL? ‘When Barbarossa commences, the world will hold its breath,’ Hitler said of his bold plan to invade the Soviet Union. The scale of the campaign was certainly huge. Hitler assembled 3 million troops, 3500 tanks and 2700 aircraft for ‘Operation Barbarossa’ - the German code name for the attack on Russia. Why did Hitler break the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact? Hitler invaded the Soviet Union on the 22nd June 1941, ordering his troops to ‘flatten Russia like a hailstorm’. The reasons for the invasion were a mixture of the military and the political. Hitler needed Russia's plentiful raw materials to support his army and population. There was oil in the Caucasus (southern Russia) and wheat in the Ukraine. He was also obsessed by racial ideas. The Russians, he believed, were an inferior ‘Slav’ race which would offer no real resistance (i.e. they wouldn’t be able to fight back) to ‘racially superior’ Germans. Russia's fertile plains could provide even more Lebensraum (living space) than Poland. Russia was also at the heart of world communism, and Hitler detested communists. The Russian Red Army had done very badly during its brief war with Finland in the winter of 1939 – 40. This convinced Hitler the Soviet Union and its Red Army could be beaten in four months. His confidence was also boosted by the fact that in the late 1930s, Stalin, the Soviet dictator, had shot 35,000 officers (43% of all his officers) in ‘purges’ of the Red (Russian) Army. -
Rules of Play
Rodger B. MacGowan © 2018 2nd Edition Rules of Play © 2021 GMT Games, LLC • P.O. Box 1308, Hanford, CA 93232-1308 • www.GMTGames.com 2 Hitler’s Reich 2nd Edition ~ Rules of Play TABLE O F CONTENTS Introduction ............................................................................3 9.3 Fleet Action ...................................................................12 About These Rules .................................................................3 9.4 Planning Action .............................................................12 Important Game Terms and Concepts .................................3 Contested Actions ..........................................................13 1.0 Components ......................................................................4 9.5 Event Action ..................................................................13 9.6 Attack Action .................................................................13 2.0 The Cards .........................................................................4 9.6.1 Land Attack ..............................................................13 2.1 The Conflict Decks ..........................................................4 9.6.2 Paratroop Attack .......................................................14 2.1.1 Conflict Card Hand Size ...............................................4 9.6.3 Amphibious Attack ...................................................14 2.1.2 Suits and Ties .............................................................5 9.6.4 Sea Zone Attack .......................................................15 -
The Forgotten Fronts the First World War Battlefield Guide: World War Battlefield First the the Forgotten Fronts Forgotten The
Ed 1 Nov 2016 1 Nov Ed The First World War Battlefield Guide: Volume 2 The Forgotten Fronts The First Battlefield War World Guide: The Forgotten Fronts Creative Media Design ADR005472 Edition 1 November 2016 THE FORGOTTEN FRONTS | i The First World War Battlefield Guide: Volume 2 The British Army Campaign Guide to the Forgotten Fronts of the First World War 1st Edition November 2016 Acknowledgement The publisher wishes to acknowledge the assistance of the following organisations in providing text, images, multimedia links and sketch maps for this volume: Defence Geographic Centre, Imperial War Museum, Army Historical Branch, Air Historical Branch, Army Records Society,National Portrait Gallery, Tank Museum, National Army Museum, Royal Green Jackets Museum,Shepard Trust, Royal Australian Navy, Australian Defence, Royal Artillery Historical Trust, National Archive, Canadian War Museum, National Archives of Canada, The Times, RAF Museum, Wikimedia Commons, USAF, US Library of Congress. The Cover Images Front Cover: (1) Wounded soldier of the 10th Battalion, Black Watch being carried out of a communication trench on the ‘Birdcage’ Line near Salonika, February 1916 © IWM; (2) The advance through Palestine and the Battle of Megiddo: A sergeant directs orders whilst standing on one of the wooden saddles of the Camel Transport Corps © IWM (3) Soldiers of the Royal Army Service Corps outside a Field Ambulance Station. © IWM Inside Front Cover: Helles Memorial, Gallipoli © Barbara Taylor Back Cover: ‘Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red’ at the Tower of London © Julia Gavin ii | THE FORGOTTEN FRONTS THE FORGOTTEN FRONTS | iii ISBN: 978-1-874346-46-3 First published in November 2016 by Creative Media Designs, Army Headquarters, Andover. -
Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (Cfe)
CFE TEXT TREATY ON CONVENTIONAL ARMED FORCES IN EUROPE (CFE) Signed: 19 November 1990. inconsistent with the purposes and principles of the Entered into Force*: 9 November 1992. Charter of the United Nations, Duration: Unlimited. Depository: The Netherlands. CONSCIOUS of the need to prevent any military conflict in Europe, Number of States Parties: 30 — Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Re-public, Denmark, France, Georgia, CONSCIOUS of the common responsibility which Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, they all have for seeking to achieve greater stability Kazakhstan, Luxembourg, Moldova, the Netherlands, and security in Europe, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation*, Slovakia, Spain, Tur-key, Ukraine, Striving to replace military confrontation with a new United Kingdom, and United States. pattern of security relations among all the States Parties based on peaceful cooperation and thereby to *On 14 July 2007, Russia announced that it would contribute to overcoming the division of Europe, suspend implementation of its Treaty obligations, effective after 150 days COMMITTED to the objectives of establishing a secure and stable balance of conventional armed The Kingdom of Belgium, the Republic of Bulgaria, forces in Europe at lower levels than heretofore, of Canada, the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, the eliminating disparities prejudicial to stability and Kingdom of Denmark, the French Republic, the security and of eliminating, as a matter of high Federal Republic of Germany, the Hellenic -
A War of Reputation and Pride
A War of reputation and pride - An examination of the memoirs of German generals after the Second World War. HIS 4090 Peter Jørgen Sager Fosse Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History University of Oslo Spring 2019 1 “For the great enemy of truth is very often not the lie -- deliberate, contrived and dishonest -- but the myth -- persistent, persuasive, and unrealistic.” – John F. Kennedy, 19621 1John F. Kennedy, Yale University Commencement Address, https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkyalecommencement.htm, [01.05.2019]. 2 Acknowledgments This master would not have been written without the help and support of my mother, father, friends and my better half, thank you all for your support. I would like to thank the University Library of Oslo and the British Library in London for providing me with abundant books and articles. I also want to give huge thanks to the Military Archive in Freiburg and their employees, who helped me find the relevant materials for this master. Finally, I would like to thank my supervisor at the University of Oslo, Professor Kim Christian Priemel, who has guided me through the entire writing process from Autumn 2017. Peter Jørgen Sager Fosse, Oslo, 01.05.2019 3 Contents: Introduction………………………………………………………………………...………... 7 Chapter 1, Theory and background………………………………………………..………17 1.1 German Military Tactics…………………………………………………..………. 17 1.1.1 Blitzkrieg, Kesselschlacht and Schwerpunkt…………………………………..……. 17 1.1.2 Examples from early campaigns……………………………………………..……… 20 1.2 The German attack on the USSR (1941)……………………………..…………… 24 1.2.1 ‘Vernichtungskrieg’, war of annihilation………………………………...………….. 24 1.2.2 Operation Barbarossa………………………………………………..……………… 28 1.2.3 Operation Typhoon…………………………………………………..………………. 35 1.2.4 The strategic situation, December 1941…………………………….………………. -
The Culmination of the Lithuanian Partisan Movement by Vylius M
Volume 11, 2009 Baltic Security & Defence Review “Forest Brothers” 1945: The Culmination of the Lithuanian Partisan Movement By Vylius M. Leskys* The conventional acceptance of the Lithuanian partisan movement against the Soviets from 1944 to 1953 typically delineates the effort into three stages according to distinguishable patterns of operations and centralization of effort (Kuodyte & Tracevskis, 2006:34). Operationally, however, the Lithuanian resistance fought by the “forest brothers” (Ibid., p. 17) may be more clearly divided by defining the unacknowledged culmination that occurred in 1945—a point when overwhelming Soviet combat power caused a decline in partisan capabilities that continued until the conflict’s final demise in 1953. Although the resistance effort maintained its strength ideologically, the Lithuanian partisan movement never recovered from the culminating point because of a shortfall in resources, a lack of external support, and the inability of resistance leadership to adapt rapidly enough against a comprehensive Soviet assimilation campaign. Cold War delineation of the Lithuanian partisan movement generally divided the war into two stages, “four years of strength (1944-48) and four of gradual decline (1949-1952).” (Vardys, 1965:85) With the elucidation provided by previously classified documents of the NKVD (People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs), the generally accepted post-Cold War division of the partisan movement is segmented into three stages: 1) July 1944-May 1946, 2) May 1946-Nov 1948, and 3) Nov 1948-May 1953. The first period encompassed the years of “victory and romanticism” when partisans “would gather in the hundreds in the forests and arrange well- fortified camps” to plan large scale attacks against the Soviets (Kuodyte & Tracevskis, 2006:36). -
Conrad Von Hötzendorf and the “Smoking Gun”: a Biographical Examination of Responsibility and Traditions of Violence Against Civilians in the Habsburg Army 55
1914: Austria-Hungary, the Origins, and the First Year of World War I Günter Bischof, Ferdinand Karlhofer (Eds.) Samuel R. Williamson, Jr. (Guest Editor) CONTEMPORARY AUSTRIAN STUDIES | VOLUME 23 uno press innsbruck university press Copyright © 2014 by University of New Orleans Press, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All inquiries should be addressed to UNO Press, University of New Orleans, LA 138, 2000 Lakeshore Drive. New Orleans, LA, 70119, USA. www.unopress.org. Printed in the United States of America Design by Allison Reu Cover photo: “In enemy position on the Piave levy” (Italy), June 18, 1918 WK1/ALB079/23142, Photo Kriegsvermessung 5, K.u.k. Kriegspressequartier, Lichtbildstelle Vienna Cover photo used with permission from the Austrian National Library – Picture Archives and Graphics Department, Vienna Published in the United States by Published and distributed in Europe University of New Orleans Press by Innsbruck University Press ISBN: 9781608010264 ISBN: 9783902936356 uno press Contemporary Austrian Studies Sponsored by the University of New Orleans and Universität Innsbruck Editors Günter Bischof, CenterAustria, University of New Orleans Ferdinand Karlhofer, Universität Innsbruck Assistant Editor Markus Habermann -
Operation Barbarossa 1941: Hitler Against Stalin Pdf, Epub, Ebook
OPERATION BARBAROSSA 1941: HITLER AGAINST STALIN PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Christer Bergstrom | 300 pages | 20 Jun 2016 | Casemate Books | 9781612004013 | English | Havertown, United States Operation Barbarossa 1941: Hitler Against Stalin PDF Book The commissars held a position equal to that of the commander of the unit they were overseeing. But most of the multitude of isolated units fought on stubbornly until running out of ammunition. Why did Stalin ignore the yearlong military buildup in eastern Europe and the by one count 87 separate, credible intelligence warnings of the German invasion that he received during —41? Hitler might actually strike first! Embassy or Consulate and ask for the information to be passed to a U. See details. However the author also makes it clear that many of the worst offenders were the non-Russian inhabitants of the western Soviet Union, including the Ukraine and the Baltics, where anti-Communism and anti-Semitism were common. Minneapolis: Zenith Press. Clarendon Press. The battlefields portrayed here long possessed military significance for the Germans and the peoples of Eastern Europe. Stalin took his final step to power on May 5, when he added the title of Soviet Premier to that of Communist Party Chairman. In rain and thaw on 12 December, German 2nd Panzer Division was ousted from Solnechogorsk — having been pushed back 40 km since the Soviet counter-offensive began. Oxford University Press. New York: Vintage. May God aid us, especially in this fight! Why did Hitler attack the Soviet Union, thereby virtually abandoning his war with Britain and France at the very moment that he seemed about to achieve victory? But the Soviet dictator reacted inconsistently. -
The Actual Strength of All Soviet Land Combat Units in a Deployed (D) State on 22Nd June 1941 Part IV 6
The Actual Strength of all Soviet Land Combat Units in a Deployed (D) State on 22nd June 1941 Part IV 6 Chapter IV-6: The Actual Strength of all Soviet Land Combat Units in a Deployed (D) State on 22nd June 1941 In Part IV 6 we will examine one of the main reasons why the Red Army forces in the Western Military Districts in June 1941 were unable to stop the German invasion. So far we have examined the authorised Table of Organisation and Equipment (TOE) of Soviet combat units deployed in the USSR in June 1941, and the actual units deployed (using the Deployment Matrix). We will now examine the actual manpower and equipment of these same combat units compared with their TOE, and where appropriate the overall state of these units on 22nd June 1941. The actual strength of Soviet land combat units on 22nd June 1941 is determined using historical references, the principles of heterogeneous and homogeneous models, and checksums. Refer to the Part I 8. in order to see how different information relating to the actual manpower and equipment in a particular combat unit is reconciled between various sources. 1 If reconciliation between sources is impossible and only conflicting information is available, then the most likely and/or reliable source is used, and the source referenced. Review of the Overall Strengths of Selected Red Army Units and PVO forces on 22nd June 1941 Before establishing the actual strength of individual combat units and reconciling this with the actual strength in each military district, we need to make some general observations about the actual strength of selected unit types and branches of the Soviet armed forces in June 1941. -
Barbarossa, Soviet Covering Forces and the Initial Period of War: Military History and Airland Battle
WARNING! The views expressed in FMSO publications and reports are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. Barbarossa, Soviet Covering Forces and the Initial Period of War: Military History and Airland Battle Dr. Jacob W. Kipp Foreign Military Studies Office, Fort Leavenworth, KS. 1989 The issues surrounding the German attack upon the Soviet Union in June 1941 continue to attract the attention of historians and military analysts. The nature of the Soviet response to that attack has, as recent articles in Air University Review suggest, set off heated polemics. The appearance of Bryan Fugate's Operation Barbarossa with its assertion that the Soviet High Command did, indeed, have a "realistic plan or operative concept for coping with the situation" marked a major departure from conventional Western scholarly interpretation of the events leading up to the invasion.1 The response by Williamson t1urray and Barry G. Watts that Fugate was "inventing history" to find an unsuspected Soviet military genius where there was none confirms the controversial nature of the issue.2 These authors underscore the impact of surprise and tend to treat it as systemic and general. The Soviet Union, they argue, did not expect the blow and was unprepared for it. Soviet military doctrine and field regulations spoke of the offensive, while neglecting the defense.3 In assessing Soviet perception of the German threat, the authors are at odds not