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The Battle of Stalingrad: a Behavior Analytic Perspective
REVISTA MEXICANA DE ANÁLISIS DE LA CONDUCTA 2007 NÚMERO 2 (DIC) MEXICAN JOURNAL OF BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS 33, 239-246 NUMBER 2 (DEC) THE BATTLE OF STALINGRAD: A BEHAVIOR ANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE LA BATALLA DE STALINGRADO: UNA PERSPECTIVA BASADA EN EL ANÁLISIS DE LA CONDUCTA MARCO A. PULIDO1 LABORATORIO DE CONDICIONAMIENTO OPERANTE UNIVERSIDAD INTERCONTINENTAL ABSTRACT The purpose of the present paper is to suggest ways in which historians may use behavior analysis as a tool to design research agendas that may help them understand complex human behavior and atypical decision making pro- cesses. This paper presents a brief outline describing the general epistemo- logical and pragmatic virtues of approaching human behavior from a behavior analytic perspective. This outline is followed by a general description of the elements that should be taken into consideration when developing a research agenda based on behavior analytic principles. Lastly a research agenda re- garding a series of puzzling events leading to the encirclement of German Sixth Army during the so called “Battle of Stalingrad,” is used to exemplify the methodology proposed in this paper. Key words: Battle of Stalingrad, behavior analysis, research agenda RESUMEN El propósito de este ensayo es el de sugerir formas en que los historiado- res pueden utilizar los principios del análisis de la conducta para desarrollar 1. Este trabajo fue realizado gracias al apoyo de la Facultad de Psicología y al Instituto de Posgrado e Investigación de la Universidad Intercontinental. El autor agradece a Marco A. Pulido Benítez la corrección de estilo del trabajo y a los revisores anónimos sus valiosas aportaciones al mismo. -
Blitzkrieg: the Evolution of Modern Warfare and the Wehrmacht's
East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 8-2021 Blitzkrieg: The Evolution of Modern Warfare and the Wehrmacht’s Impact on American Military Doctrine during the Cold War Era Briggs Evans East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Evans, Briggs, "Blitzkrieg: The Evolution of Modern Warfare and the Wehrmacht’s Impact on American Military Doctrine during the Cold War Era" (2021). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 3927. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3927 This Thesis - unrestricted is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Blitzkrieg: The Evolution of Modern Warfare and the Wehrmacht’s Impact on American Military Doctrine during the Cold War Era ________________________ A thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of History East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in History ______________________ by Briggs Evans August 2021 _____________________ Dr. Stephen Fritz, Chair Dr. Henry Antkiewicz Dr. Steve Nash Keywords: Blitzkrieg, doctrine, operational warfare, American military, Wehrmacht, Luftwaffe, World War II, Cold War, Soviet Union, Operation Desert Storm, AirLand Battle, Combined Arms Theory, mobile warfare, maneuver warfare. ABSTRACT Blitzkrieg: The Evolution of Modern Warfare and the Wehrmacht’s Impact on American Military Doctrine during the Cold War Era by Briggs Evans The evolution of United States military doctrine was heavily influenced by the Wehrmacht and their early Blitzkrieg campaigns during World War II. -
What Was the Turning Point of World War Ii?
WHAT WAS THE TURNING POINT OF WORLD WAR II? Jeff Moore History 420: Senior Seminar December 13, 2012 1 World War II was the decisive war of the twentieth century. Millions of people lost their lives in the fighting. Hitler and the Nazis were eventually stopped in their attempt to dominate Europe, but at a great cost to everyone. Looking back at the war, it is hard to find the definitive moment when the war could no longer be won by the Axis, and it is even more difficult to find the exact moment when the tide of the war turned. This is because there are so many moments that could be argued as the turning point of World War II. Different historians pose different arguments as to what this moment could be. Most agree that the turning point of World War II, in military terms, was either Operation Barbarossa or the Battle of Stalingrad. UCLA professor Robert Dallek, Third Reich and World War II specialist Richard Overy, and British journalist and historian Max Hastings, all argue that Stalingrad was the point of the war in which everything changed.1 The principal arguments surrounding this specific battle are that it was the furthest east that Germany ever made it, and after the Russian victory Stalin’s forces were able to gain the confidence and momentum necessary to push the Germans back to the border. On the other hand, Operation Barbarossa is often cited as the turning point for World War II because the Germans did not have the resources necessary to survive a prolonged invasion of Russia fighting both the Red Army and the harsh Russian weather. -
Deadly Battle of WWII
STALINGRAD 0. STALINGRAD - Story Preface 1. STALINGRAD 2. SOVIET RESISTANCE 3. THE SIEGE OF STALINGRAD 4. VASILY ZAITSEV 5. TANIA CHERNOVA 6. STALINGRAD SNIPERS 7. THE DUEL 8. IS IT TRUE? 9. OPERATION URANUS 10. HITLER FORBIDS SURRENDER 11. GERMAN SURRENDER 12. THE SWORD OF STALINGRAD Hitler and Stalin sign a Non-Aggression Pact, in 1939, leading to a brief period of relative "harmony" between the two leaders and their countries. Political-cartoonist, Clifford Berryman, creates his interpretation of the Stalin-Hitler partnership in this political cartoon which he published on September 24, 1939. Stalingrad (known, since 1961, as Volgograd) was under siege by the German Sixth Army. The great city northeast of the Black Sea, on the Volga River, was the scene of the deadliest battle in military history. Historians estimate nearly 2 million people died before the fighting was over in early 1943. Why did so many people perish? They were sacrificed in a months-long battle of wills between Hitler (who believed that he, and his Army, were invincible) and Stalin (for whom the city, founded in 1589 as Tsaritsyn, had been renamed in 1925.) They were sacrificed even though Hitler and Stalin had agreed to a secret Non-Aggression Pact on August 23, 1939. (Follow the links to see the signed original and the signing ceremony. Legend records Hitler's reaction to the agreement: "I've got them!") The battle for Stalingrad - this Russian link is a picture of the city before its destruction - started at 6 p.m. on August 23, 1942. Within hours, Stalingrad became an inferno as 1,000 German planes carpet-bombed an industrial city filled with wooden houses and oil tanks. -
Rules of Play
Rodger B. MacGowan © 2018 2nd Edition Rules of Play © 2021 GMT Games, LLC • P.O. Box 1308, Hanford, CA 93232-1308 • www.GMTGames.com 2 Hitler’s Reich 2nd Edition ~ Rules of Play TABLE O F CONTENTS Introduction ............................................................................3 9.3 Fleet Action ...................................................................12 About These Rules .................................................................3 9.4 Planning Action .............................................................12 Important Game Terms and Concepts .................................3 Contested Actions ..........................................................13 1.0 Components ......................................................................4 9.5 Event Action ..................................................................13 9.6 Attack Action .................................................................13 2.0 The Cards .........................................................................4 9.6.1 Land Attack ..............................................................13 2.1 The Conflict Decks ..........................................................4 9.6.2 Paratroop Attack .......................................................14 2.1.1 Conflict Card Hand Size ...............................................4 9.6.3 Amphibious Attack ...................................................14 2.1.2 Suits and Ties .............................................................5 9.6.4 Sea Zone Attack .......................................................15 -
Alibek, Tularaemia and the Battle of Stalingrad
Obligations (EC-36/DG.16 dated 4 March 2004, Corr.1 dated 15 Conference of the States Parties (C-9/6, dated 2 December 2004). March 2004 and Add.1 dated 25 March 2004); Information on 13 the Implementation of the Plan of Action for the Implementation Conference decision C-9/DEC.4 dated 30 November 2004, of Article VII Obligations (S/433/2004 dated 25 June 2004); Second www.opcw.org. Progress Report on the OPCW Plan of Action Regarding the 14 Note by the Director-General: Report on the Plan of Action Implementation of Article VII Obligations (EC-38/DG.16 dated Regarding the Implementation of Article VII Obligations (EC- 15 September 2004; Corr.1 dated 24 September 2004; and Corr.2 42/DG.8 C-10/DG.4 and Corr.1 respectively dated 7 and 26 dated 13 October 2004); Report on the OPCW Plan of Action September 2005; EC-M-25/DG.1 C-10/DG.4/Rev.1, Add.1 and Regarding the Implementation of Article VII Obligations (C-9/ Corr.1, respectively dated 2, 8 and 10 November 2005). DG.7 dated 23 November 2004); Third Progress Report on the 15 OPCW Plan of Action Regarding the Implementation of Article One-hundred and fifty-six drafts have been submitted by 93 VII Obligations (EC-40/DG.11 dated 16 February 2005; Corr.1 States Parties. In some cases, States Parties have requested dated 21 April 2005; Add.1 dated 11 March 2005; and Add.1/ advice on drafts several times during their governmental Corr.1 dated 14 March 2005); Further Update on the Plan of consultative process. -
The Causes of Ukrainian-Polish Ethnic Cleansing 1943 Author(S): Timothy Snyder Source: Past & Present, No
The Past and Present Society The Causes of Ukrainian-Polish Ethnic Cleansing 1943 Author(s): Timothy Snyder Source: Past & Present, No. 179 (May, 2003), pp. 197-234 Published by: Oxford University Press on behalf of The Past and Present Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3600827 . Accessed: 05/01/2014 17:29 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Oxford University Press and The Past and Present Society are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Past &Present. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 137.110.33.183 on Sun, 5 Jan 2014 17:29:27 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE CAUSES OF UKRAINIAN-POLISH ETHNIC CLEANSING 1943* Ethniccleansing hides in the shadow of the Holocaust. Even as horrorof Hitler'sFinal Solution motivates the study of other massatrocities, the totality of its exterminatory intention limits thevalue of the comparisons it elicits.Other policies of mass nationalviolence - the Turkish'massacre' of Armenians beginningin 1915, the Greco-Turkish'exchanges' of 1923, Stalin'sdeportation of nine Soviet nations beginning in 1935, Hitler'sexpulsion of Poles and Jewsfrom his enlargedReich after1939, and the forcedflight of Germans fromeastern Europein 1945 - havebeen retrievedfrom the margins of mili- tary and diplomatichistory. -
Ukraine in World War II
Ukraine in World War II. — Kyiv, Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance, 2015. — 28 p., ill. Ukrainians in the World War II. Facts, figures, persons. A complex pattern of world confrontation in our land and Ukrainians on the all fronts of the global conflict. Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance Address: 16, Lypska str., Kyiv, 01021, Ukraine. Phone: +38 (044) 253-15-63 Fax: +38 (044) 254-05-85 Е-mail: [email protected] www.memory.gov.ua Printed by ПП «Друк щоденно» 251 Zelena str. Lviv Order N30-04-2015/2в 30.04.2015 © UINR, texts and design, 2015. UKRAINIAN INSTITUTE OF NATIONAL REMEMBRANCE www.memory.gov.ua UKRAINE IN WORLD WAR II Reference book The 70th anniversary of victory over Nazism in World War II Kyiv, 2015 Victims and heroes VICTIMS AND HEROES Ukrainians – the Heroes of Second World War During the Second World War, Ukraine lost more people than the combined losses Ivan Kozhedub Peter Dmytruk Nicholas Oresko of Great Britain, Canada, Poland, the USA and France. The total Ukrainian losses during the war is an estimated 8-10 million lives. The number of Ukrainian victims Soviet fighter pilot. The most Canadian military pilot. Master Sergeant U.S. Army. effective Allied ace. Had 64 air He was shot down and For a daring attack on the can be compared to the modern population of Austria. victories. Awarded the Hero joined the French enemy’s fortified position of the Soviet Union three Resistance. Saved civilians in Germany, he was awarded times. from German repression. the highest American The Ukrainians in the Transcarpathia were the first during the interwar period, who Awarded the Cross of War. -
Enemy at the Gates
IS IT TRUE? 0. IS IT TRUE? - Story Preface 1. STALINGRAD 2. SOVIET RESISTANCE 3. THE SIEGE OF STALINGRAD 4. VASILY ZAITSEV 5. TANIA CHERNOVA 6. STALINGRAD SNIPERS 7. THE DUEL 8. IS IT TRUE? 9. OPERATION URANUS 10. HITLER FORBIDS SURRENDER 11. GERMAN SURRENDER 12. THE SWORD OF STALINGRAD Most scholars recognize Antony Beevor’s 1998 book, Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege, as the best account of the battle. Beevor interviewed survivors and uncovered extraordinary documents in both German and Russian archives. His monumental work discusses Vasily Zaitsev and his talents as a sniper. But of the duel story, Beevor reports, at page 204: Some Soviet sources claim that the Germans brought in the chief of their sniper school to hunt down Zaitsev, but that Zaitsev outwitted him. Zaitsev, after a hunt of several days, apparently spotted his hide under a sheet of corrugated iron, and shot him dead. The telescopic sight off his prey’s rifle, allegedly Zaitsev’s most treasured trophy, is still exhibited in the Moscow armed forces museum, but this dramatic story remains essentially unconvincing. If the telescopic sight is still on display, and the story made all the papers, why does Beevor think it is not convincing? It is worth noting that there is absolutely no mention of it[the duel] in any of the reports to Shcherbakov [chief of the Red Army political department], even though almost every aspect of ‘sniperism’ was reported with relish. What did Vasily Zaitsev have to say about the duel? Living to old age in the Ukraine, where he was the director of an engineering school in Kiev, this Hero of the Soviet Union was apparently quoted by Alan Clark in Barbarossa: The sun rose. -
Ernest Mandel the Meaning of the Second World War Ernest Mandel
VERSO WORLD HISTORY SERIES Ernest Mandel The Meaning of the Second World War Ernest Mandel The Meaning of the Second World War VERSO The Imprintv of New Left Books Contents One The Historical Framework Chapter 1 The Stakes 11 Chapter 2 The Immediate Causes 22 Chapter 3 The Social Forces 35 Chapter 4 Resources 47 Chapter 5 Strategy 55 Chapter 6 Weapons 66 Chapter 7 Logistics 72 Chapter 8 Science and Administration 78 Chapter 9 Ideology 85 Two Events and Results Chapter 10 The Opening Gambit in Europe 99 Chapter 11 The Unfolding World Battle 106 Chapter 12 Towards the Climax 113 Chapter 13 The Decisive Turning-Points 122 Chapter 14 The War of Attrition 130 Chapter 15 The Final Onslaught 139 Chapter 16 The Outcome 150 Chapter 17 The Aftermath 159 Chapter 18 The Legacy 169 To the memory of all those who gave their lives fighting against fascism and imperialism - in the first place all those who fell in order to transform that fight into the victory of world revolution: Abram Leon; Le6n Lesoil; Marcel Hie; Hendrik Sneevliet; Victor Widelin; Pantelis Pouliopoulos; Blasco; Tha-Thu-Tau; Cher Dou-siou; Tan Malakka; and above all to the heroic unknown editors of Czorwony Sztand- ardf who published their Trotskyist underground paper in the Warsaw Ghetto until the last days of the uprising in which they actively participated. 1. The Stakes Capitalism implies competition. With the emergence of large cor porations and cartels - i.e. the advent of monopoly capitalism - this competition assumed a new dimension. It became qualitatively more politico-economic, and therefore military-economic. -
The Battle of Stalingrad: a Behavior Analytic Perspective Revista Mexicana De Análisis De La Conducta, Vol
Revista Mexicana de Análisis de la Conducta ISSN: 0185-4534 [email protected] Sociedad Mexicana de Análisis de la Conducta México Pulido, Marco A. The battle of stalingrad: a behavior analytic perspective Revista Mexicana de Análisis de la Conducta, vol. 33, núm. 2, 2007, pp. 239-246 Sociedad Mexicana de Análisis de la Conducta Guadalajara, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=59333208 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative REVISTA MEXICANA DE ANÁLISIS DE LA CONDUCTA 2007 NÚMERO 2 (DIC) MEXICAN JOURNAL OF BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS 33, 239-246 NUMBER 2 (DEC) THE BATTLE OF STALINGRAD: A BEHAVIOR ANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE LA BATALLA DE STALINGRADO: UNA PERSPECTIVA BASADA EN EL ANÁLISIS DE LA CONDUCTA MARCO A. PULIDO1 LABORATORIO DE CONDICIONAMIENTO OPERANTE UNIVERSIDAD INTERCONTINENTAL ABSTRACT The purpose of the present paper is to suggest ways in which historians may use behavior analysis as a tool to design research agendas that may help them understand complex human behavior and atypical decision making pro- cesses. This paper presents a brief outline describing the general epistemo- logical and pragmatic virtues of approaching human behavior from a behavior analytic perspective. This outline is followed by a general description of the elements that should be taken into consideration when developing a research agenda based on behavior analytic principles. Lastly a research agenda re- garding a series of puzzling events leading to the encirclement of German Sixth Army during the so called “Battle of Stalingrad,” is used to exemplify the methodology proposed in this paper. -
Operation Barbarossa 1941: Hitler Against Stalin Pdf, Epub, Ebook
OPERATION BARBAROSSA 1941: HITLER AGAINST STALIN PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Christer Bergstrom | 300 pages | 20 Jun 2016 | Casemate Books | 9781612004013 | English | Havertown, United States Operation Barbarossa 1941: Hitler Against Stalin PDF Book The commissars held a position equal to that of the commander of the unit they were overseeing. But most of the multitude of isolated units fought on stubbornly until running out of ammunition. Why did Stalin ignore the yearlong military buildup in eastern Europe and the by one count 87 separate, credible intelligence warnings of the German invasion that he received during —41? Hitler might actually strike first! Embassy or Consulate and ask for the information to be passed to a U. See details. However the author also makes it clear that many of the worst offenders were the non-Russian inhabitants of the western Soviet Union, including the Ukraine and the Baltics, where anti-Communism and anti-Semitism were common. Minneapolis: Zenith Press. Clarendon Press. The battlefields portrayed here long possessed military significance for the Germans and the peoples of Eastern Europe. Stalin took his final step to power on May 5, when he added the title of Soviet Premier to that of Communist Party Chairman. In rain and thaw on 12 December, German 2nd Panzer Division was ousted from Solnechogorsk — having been pushed back 40 km since the Soviet counter-offensive began. Oxford University Press. New York: Vintage. May God aid us, especially in this fight! Why did Hitler attack the Soviet Union, thereby virtually abandoning his war with Britain and France at the very moment that he seemed about to achieve victory? But the Soviet dictator reacted inconsistently.