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Blitzkrieg: the Evolution of Modern Warfare and the Wehrmacht's
East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 8-2021 Blitzkrieg: The Evolution of Modern Warfare and the Wehrmacht’s Impact on American Military Doctrine during the Cold War Era Briggs Evans East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Evans, Briggs, "Blitzkrieg: The Evolution of Modern Warfare and the Wehrmacht’s Impact on American Military Doctrine during the Cold War Era" (2021). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 3927. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3927 This Thesis - unrestricted is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Blitzkrieg: The Evolution of Modern Warfare and the Wehrmacht’s Impact on American Military Doctrine during the Cold War Era ________________________ A thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of History East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in History ______________________ by Briggs Evans August 2021 _____________________ Dr. Stephen Fritz, Chair Dr. Henry Antkiewicz Dr. Steve Nash Keywords: Blitzkrieg, doctrine, operational warfare, American military, Wehrmacht, Luftwaffe, World War II, Cold War, Soviet Union, Operation Desert Storm, AirLand Battle, Combined Arms Theory, mobile warfare, maneuver warfare. ABSTRACT Blitzkrieg: The Evolution of Modern Warfare and the Wehrmacht’s Impact on American Military Doctrine during the Cold War Era by Briggs Evans The evolution of United States military doctrine was heavily influenced by the Wehrmacht and their early Blitzkrieg campaigns during World War II. -
What Was the Turning Point of World War Ii?
WHAT WAS THE TURNING POINT OF WORLD WAR II? Jeff Moore History 420: Senior Seminar December 13, 2012 1 World War II was the decisive war of the twentieth century. Millions of people lost their lives in the fighting. Hitler and the Nazis were eventually stopped in their attempt to dominate Europe, but at a great cost to everyone. Looking back at the war, it is hard to find the definitive moment when the war could no longer be won by the Axis, and it is even more difficult to find the exact moment when the tide of the war turned. This is because there are so many moments that could be argued as the turning point of World War II. Different historians pose different arguments as to what this moment could be. Most agree that the turning point of World War II, in military terms, was either Operation Barbarossa or the Battle of Stalingrad. UCLA professor Robert Dallek, Third Reich and World War II specialist Richard Overy, and British journalist and historian Max Hastings, all argue that Stalingrad was the point of the war in which everything changed.1 The principal arguments surrounding this specific battle are that it was the furthest east that Germany ever made it, and after the Russian victory Stalin’s forces were able to gain the confidence and momentum necessary to push the Germans back to the border. On the other hand, Operation Barbarossa is often cited as the turning point for World War II because the Germans did not have the resources necessary to survive a prolonged invasion of Russia fighting both the Red Army and the harsh Russian weather. -
Week Beginning 1St June Title: Why Did Operation Barbarossa Fail?
Lesson 1 – week beginning 1st June Title: Why did Operation Barbarossa fail? WHY DID OPERATION BARBAROSSA FAIL? ‘When Barbarossa commences, the world will hold its breath,’ Hitler said of his bold plan to invade the Soviet Union. The scale of the campaign was certainly huge. Hitler assembled 3 million troops, 3500 tanks and 2700 aircraft for ‘Operation Barbarossa’ - the German code name for the attack on Russia. Why did Hitler break the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact? Hitler invaded the Soviet Union on the 22nd June 1941, ordering his troops to ‘flatten Russia like a hailstorm’. The reasons for the invasion were a mixture of the military and the political. Hitler needed Russia's plentiful raw materials to support his army and population. There was oil in the Caucasus (southern Russia) and wheat in the Ukraine. He was also obsessed by racial ideas. The Russians, he believed, were an inferior ‘Slav’ race which would offer no real resistance (i.e. they wouldn’t be able to fight back) to ‘racially superior’ Germans. Russia's fertile plains could provide even more Lebensraum (living space) than Poland. Russia was also at the heart of world communism, and Hitler detested communists. The Russian Red Army had done very badly during its brief war with Finland in the winter of 1939 – 40. This convinced Hitler the Soviet Union and its Red Army could be beaten in four months. His confidence was also boosted by the fact that in the late 1930s, Stalin, the Soviet dictator, had shot 35,000 officers (43% of all his officers) in ‘purges’ of the Red (Russian) Army. -
Rules of Play
Rodger B. MacGowan © 2018 2nd Edition Rules of Play © 2021 GMT Games, LLC • P.O. Box 1308, Hanford, CA 93232-1308 • www.GMTGames.com 2 Hitler’s Reich 2nd Edition ~ Rules of Play TABLE O F CONTENTS Introduction ............................................................................3 9.3 Fleet Action ...................................................................12 About These Rules .................................................................3 9.4 Planning Action .............................................................12 Important Game Terms and Concepts .................................3 Contested Actions ..........................................................13 1.0 Components ......................................................................4 9.5 Event Action ..................................................................13 9.6 Attack Action .................................................................13 2.0 The Cards .........................................................................4 9.6.1 Land Attack ..............................................................13 2.1 The Conflict Decks ..........................................................4 9.6.2 Paratroop Attack .......................................................14 2.1.1 Conflict Card Hand Size ...............................................4 9.6.3 Amphibious Attack ...................................................14 2.1.2 Suits and Ties .............................................................5 9.6.4 Sea Zone Attack .......................................................15 -
The Forgotten Fronts the First World War Battlefield Guide: World War Battlefield First the the Forgotten Fronts Forgotten The
Ed 1 Nov 2016 1 Nov Ed The First World War Battlefield Guide: Volume 2 The Forgotten Fronts The First Battlefield War World Guide: The Forgotten Fronts Creative Media Design ADR005472 Edition 1 November 2016 THE FORGOTTEN FRONTS | i The First World War Battlefield Guide: Volume 2 The British Army Campaign Guide to the Forgotten Fronts of the First World War 1st Edition November 2016 Acknowledgement The publisher wishes to acknowledge the assistance of the following organisations in providing text, images, multimedia links and sketch maps for this volume: Defence Geographic Centre, Imperial War Museum, Army Historical Branch, Air Historical Branch, Army Records Society,National Portrait Gallery, Tank Museum, National Army Museum, Royal Green Jackets Museum,Shepard Trust, Royal Australian Navy, Australian Defence, Royal Artillery Historical Trust, National Archive, Canadian War Museum, National Archives of Canada, The Times, RAF Museum, Wikimedia Commons, USAF, US Library of Congress. The Cover Images Front Cover: (1) Wounded soldier of the 10th Battalion, Black Watch being carried out of a communication trench on the ‘Birdcage’ Line near Salonika, February 1916 © IWM; (2) The advance through Palestine and the Battle of Megiddo: A sergeant directs orders whilst standing on one of the wooden saddles of the Camel Transport Corps © IWM (3) Soldiers of the Royal Army Service Corps outside a Field Ambulance Station. © IWM Inside Front Cover: Helles Memorial, Gallipoli © Barbara Taylor Back Cover: ‘Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red’ at the Tower of London © Julia Gavin ii | THE FORGOTTEN FRONTS THE FORGOTTEN FRONTS | iii ISBN: 978-1-874346-46-3 First published in November 2016 by Creative Media Designs, Army Headquarters, Andover. -
User Documentation. Panzer Campaigns: Moscow
Whenever I think of this attack, my stomach turns over … Adolph Hitler speaking to Heinz Guderian, 14 May 1943 THE BATTLE The Battle of Kursk is probably one of the best known Eastern Front battles in the West. That said, there has only been deep research on the battle in the last twenty years after the opening of the Soviet archives in the early 1990’s. Many of the ‘truths’ of Kursk have been found to be based more on fiction than fact. Claims such as the largest tank battle of the Second World War are wrong (that crown is held by the armoured battles in the Southern Ukraine around Dubno in the first fortnight of Operation Barbarossa) as is the heavy losses of troops and tanks suffered by the Germans. Many of the operational details of the battle are well known, but there is much less information available at the tactical level. Amazingly there has only been one detailed review of the pivotal battle of Prokhorovka written to date and available in English (Valeriy Zamulin’s: Destroying the Myth). Page 2 This first release in the Panzer Battles franchise is focused on the Southern flank of the Kursk battle. The offensive action by Army Group South (Heeresgruppe Sud) was countered by the defence and ultimately offense of Voronezh and Steppe Fronts. The dates covered are from July 4th 1943 to July 12th 1943. THE MAP The map used for the Battles of Kursk scenarios is based off a section of the Panzer Campaigns Kursk ’43 map. The map creator took the base map and expanded it to 250 meter hexes from the original 1km. -
A War of Reputation and Pride
A War of reputation and pride - An examination of the memoirs of German generals after the Second World War. HIS 4090 Peter Jørgen Sager Fosse Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History University of Oslo Spring 2019 1 “For the great enemy of truth is very often not the lie -- deliberate, contrived and dishonest -- but the myth -- persistent, persuasive, and unrealistic.” – John F. Kennedy, 19621 1John F. Kennedy, Yale University Commencement Address, https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkyalecommencement.htm, [01.05.2019]. 2 Acknowledgments This master would not have been written without the help and support of my mother, father, friends and my better half, thank you all for your support. I would like to thank the University Library of Oslo and the British Library in London for providing me with abundant books and articles. I also want to give huge thanks to the Military Archive in Freiburg and their employees, who helped me find the relevant materials for this master. Finally, I would like to thank my supervisor at the University of Oslo, Professor Kim Christian Priemel, who has guided me through the entire writing process from Autumn 2017. Peter Jørgen Sager Fosse, Oslo, 01.05.2019 3 Contents: Introduction………………………………………………………………………...………... 7 Chapter 1, Theory and background………………………………………………..………17 1.1 German Military Tactics…………………………………………………..………. 17 1.1.1 Blitzkrieg, Kesselschlacht and Schwerpunkt…………………………………..……. 17 1.1.2 Examples from early campaigns……………………………………………..……… 20 1.2 The German attack on the USSR (1941)……………………………..…………… 24 1.2.1 ‘Vernichtungskrieg’, war of annihilation………………………………...………….. 24 1.2.2 Operation Barbarossa………………………………………………..……………… 28 1.2.3 Operation Typhoon…………………………………………………..………………. 35 1.2.4 The strategic situation, December 1941…………………………….………………. -
Table of Contents Item Transcript
DIGITAL COLLECTIONS ITEM TRANSCRIPT Yuli Kutner. Full, unedited interview, 2006 ID CA006.interview PERMALINK http://n2t.net/ark:/86084/b42b9g ITEM TYPE VIDEO ORIGINAL LANGUAGE RUSSIAN TABLE OF CONTENTS ITEM TRANSCRIPT ENGLISH TRANSLATION 2 CITATION & RIGHTS 13 2021 © BLAVATNIK ARCHIVE FOUNDATION PG 1/13 BLAVATNIKARCHIVE.ORG DIGITAL COLLECTIONS ITEM TRANSCRIPT Yuli Kutner. Full, unedited interview, 2006 ID CA006.interview PERMALINK http://n2t.net/ark:/86084/b42b9g ITEM TYPE VIDEO ORIGINAL LANGUAGE RUSSIAN TRANSCRIPT ENGLISH TRANSLATION My name is Yuli Kutner. I was born in 1925, April 17, in Moscow. I am a native Muscovite. I was born, lived, and studied in Moscow. I lived in the center of the city, on Pushkin Square. Every Muscovite knows that spot. The war encountered me, or rather I encountered the war, in its very first days, when the Germans were bombing Moscow. At night, we would go on the roof of our building and throw down the firebombs dropped by the Germans in an attempt to burn Moscow down. Moscow was engulfed in flames. I vividly remember how it felt to look down from the roof at our beautiful city, our capital, our beloved city, and see it burning on all sides. This is how I was introduced to the war. In the first days of the war I went to work at a military factory. Actually, before working at the military factory, I went to work as a sailor on a steam tugboat that was transporting valuables out of Moscow. These included Gosbank [State Bank] assets, the paintings and property of Tretyakov Gallery and [other] renown Moscow art museums. -
Conrad Von Hötzendorf and the “Smoking Gun”: a Biographical Examination of Responsibility and Traditions of Violence Against Civilians in the Habsburg Army 55
1914: Austria-Hungary, the Origins, and the First Year of World War I Günter Bischof, Ferdinand Karlhofer (Eds.) Samuel R. Williamson, Jr. (Guest Editor) CONTEMPORARY AUSTRIAN STUDIES | VOLUME 23 uno press innsbruck university press Copyright © 2014 by University of New Orleans Press, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All inquiries should be addressed to UNO Press, University of New Orleans, LA 138, 2000 Lakeshore Drive. New Orleans, LA, 70119, USA. www.unopress.org. Printed in the United States of America Design by Allison Reu Cover photo: “In enemy position on the Piave levy” (Italy), June 18, 1918 WK1/ALB079/23142, Photo Kriegsvermessung 5, K.u.k. Kriegspressequartier, Lichtbildstelle Vienna Cover photo used with permission from the Austrian National Library – Picture Archives and Graphics Department, Vienna Published in the United States by Published and distributed in Europe University of New Orleans Press by Innsbruck University Press ISBN: 9781608010264 ISBN: 9783902936356 uno press Contemporary Austrian Studies Sponsored by the University of New Orleans and Universität Innsbruck Editors Günter Bischof, CenterAustria, University of New Orleans Ferdinand Karlhofer, Universität Innsbruck Assistant Editor Markus Habermann -
7 Common Misconceptions About World War II
Seven Common Misconceptions about World War II World War II ended three-quarters of a century ago. Now only a tiny and fast- dwindling number of Americans still possess an active memory of the conflict, and most of the rest of us view what happened through the gauzy tissue of fiction and faulty memory. The United States won the war, didn’t we? Through the unparalleled courage of the “Greatest Generation” and the awesome industrial power of our economy, we overwhelmed the Nazi juggernaut in little more than three years and brought Imperial Japan to her knees in less than four. Well, yes. There’s more than a fair measure of truth in all that. In fact, it’s true as far as it goes. But the story of the Second World War is far, far bigger, and far more complex. Most Americans labor under misconceptions about its true nature. And that truth is hiding in plain sight for anyone willing to look closely. Here goes . #1. World War II lasted for four years. Some historians consider World Wars I and II to be part of a single protracted conflict— a twentieth-century Thirty Years’ War, if you will. Others argue that the second global war began in 1931 when Japan’s renegade Kwantung Army engineered the Mukden Incident and subsequently invaded Manchuria. Others still might contend that the Italian invasion of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in 1935-37 or the German and Italian involvement in the Spanish Civil War in 1936-39, usually thought a dry run for the Axis, should be considered of a piece with the global conflict. -
Operation Barbarossa 1941: Hitler Against Stalin Pdf, Epub, Ebook
OPERATION BARBAROSSA 1941: HITLER AGAINST STALIN PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Christer Bergstrom | 300 pages | 20 Jun 2016 | Casemate Books | 9781612004013 | English | Havertown, United States Operation Barbarossa 1941: Hitler Against Stalin PDF Book The commissars held a position equal to that of the commander of the unit they were overseeing. But most of the multitude of isolated units fought on stubbornly until running out of ammunition. Why did Stalin ignore the yearlong military buildup in eastern Europe and the by one count 87 separate, credible intelligence warnings of the German invasion that he received during —41? Hitler might actually strike first! Embassy or Consulate and ask for the information to be passed to a U. See details. However the author also makes it clear that many of the worst offenders were the non-Russian inhabitants of the western Soviet Union, including the Ukraine and the Baltics, where anti-Communism and anti-Semitism were common. Minneapolis: Zenith Press. Clarendon Press. The battlefields portrayed here long possessed military significance for the Germans and the peoples of Eastern Europe. Stalin took his final step to power on May 5, when he added the title of Soviet Premier to that of Communist Party Chairman. In rain and thaw on 12 December, German 2nd Panzer Division was ousted from Solnechogorsk — having been pushed back 40 km since the Soviet counter-offensive began. Oxford University Press. New York: Vintage. May God aid us, especially in this fight! Why did Hitler attack the Soviet Union, thereby virtually abandoning his war with Britain and France at the very moment that he seemed about to achieve victory? But the Soviet dictator reacted inconsistently. -
Not a Step Back by Leanne Crain
University of Hawai‘i at Hilo HOHONU 2016 Vol. 14 The beginning of the war in Russia came as a Not a Step Back surprise to the Soviet government, even though they Leanne Crain had been repeatedly warned by other countries that History 435 Nazi Germany was planning an attack on Russia, and nearly the entire first year of the German advance into Russia was met with disorganization and reactionary planning. Hitler, and indeed, most of the top military minds in Germany, had every right to feel confident in their troops. The Germans had swept across Europe, not meeting a single failure aside from the stubborn refusal of the British to cease any hostilities, and they had seen how the Soviets had failed spectacularly in their rushed invasion of Finland in the winter of 1939. The Germans had the utmost faith in their army and the success of their blitzkrieg strategy against their enemies further bolstered that faith as the Germans moved inexorably through the Ukraine and into Russian territory nearly uncontested. The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact had kept Germany safe from any attack from Russia, “Such talk [of retreat] is lying and harmful, it weakens but Hitler had already planned for the eventuality of us and strengthens the enemy, because if there is no end invading Russia with Operation Barbarossa. Hitler was to the retreat, we will be left with no bread, no fuel, no convinced that the communist regime was on the verge metals, no raw materials, no enterprises, no factories, of collapse, and that the oppressed people under Stalin and no railways.