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41. Carboniferous Granodiorite

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41. Carboniferous Granodiorite 41. Carboniferous granodiorite Location. 34 T 641581 E, 4809904 N. It is located 6.7 km south of Gorni Lom village. Category. Geosite of scientific value: outcrop of Carboniferous granodiorites. Geological setting. The outcrop is located in the Late Carboniferous St. Nikola Pluton, belonging to the Balkan granite-granodiorite complex. It is intruded between the rocks of the Chernivrah metamorphic complex and Berkovitsa low-grade metamorphic complex, parts of Berkovitsa tectonic unit. Description. The rocks of the St. Nikola Pluton crop out as prolonged in East-West direction body with width 3-3,5 km and length 16-17 km, continuing on Serbian territory. The pluton is composed of massive leucocratic to mesocratic coarse-grained rocks of granodiorite-granite composition, feldspar and quartz porphyry in places. The main rock-forming minerals are plagioclase, potassium feldspar, quartz and hornblende. Granite texture is plagioclase porphyry, and granodiorites are uneven-granular. In the rocks of the pluton is observed planar parallelism with equatorial orientation and inclination to the south from 40 to 85°. In places they show schistosity due to local tectonic events. In tectonically reworked areas granodiorites have undergone imposed metasomatic processes. Recent geochronological dating upon zircon (Carrigan et al., 2005) for St. Nikola Pluton indicate absolute age 311,9 ± 4,1 Ma, which refers to the Upper Carboniferous. Surrounding landscape. The area is surrounded by beautiful forests on the northern slopes of the highest part of the Western Balkan with peak Midzhur and outcrops of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Sensitivity and protection measures. Location of the geosite should be marked by dashboard with data about the Carboniferous magmatism and geology of the area in the center of Gorni Lom village. Access. Access to the site is on the road from Gorni Lom village to the Powder factory 4 km south of the village, and then 2,7 km on the dirt road to Martinovo village. 42. Devonian siltstones Location. 34 T 630971 E, 4832365N . It is located in the south part of Dabravka village. Category. Geosite of scientific value: outcrop of Devonian siltstones. Geological setting. The outcrop is among the Shashka siltstones of the Babin nos siltstone- diabase complex, exposed in the north-west part of the Belogradchik tectonic unit. This complex, including also the Struindol diabases, unites the only Devonian rocks in Geopark area. The unit is established during the last geological mapping of the area (Angelov et al., 2006a). Description. Shashka siltstones are established as separate unit on the map sheet Rakovitsa (Angelov et al., 2006). They are named after Shashka river west of Kireevo village, out of Geopark area. The unit is composed mainly of siltstones with transitions into sandstones, sandy shaleс and less limestones. The unit is exposed near Dabravka village where silicites and quartzites are also established. It is visited by students of the Moscow State University “Lomonosov” (Pl. 42 a,b). Surrounding landscape. Geosite is situated on the northern slope of the ridge between Dabravka and Sbegovete surrounded by beautiful landscape and impressive rock cliff on the ridge, part of the most western outcrops of the Belogradchik Formation (Pl. 42 c,d). Sensitivity and protection measures. Location of the geosite should be marked by dashboard with data about geology of the area in Dabravka village. Access. Access to the site is from the end of the main street to the flow east of Dabravka village. a b c d Plate 42: a,b – The outcrop of the Shashka siltstone near Dabravka village is visited by students and professors of the Moscow State University “M. I. Lomonosov”; c,d – outcrops of the Shashka siltstones against the most western outcrops of the Belogradchik Formation, surrounded by low forest vegetation 43. Devonian diabase Location. 34 T 627256 E, 4836718 N. It is located in Struindol village. Category. Geosite of scientific value: outcrop of Devonian diabases. Geological setting. The outcrop is among the Struindol diabases of the Babin nos siltstone- diabase complex, exposed in the north-west part of Belogradchik tectonic unit. This complex, including also the Shashka siltstones, unites the only Devonian rocks in Geopark area. The unit is established during the last geological mapping of the area (Angelov et al., 2006). Description. Struindol diabases are established as separate unit on the map sheet Rakovitsa (Angelov et al., 2006a), named after Struindol village, NW of Belogradchik town. The unit is composed of diabases, diabase tuffs and phyllitoid schists. These rocks are poorly exposed, so the outcrop in Struindol village is one of the scarce outcrops, chosen for the purposes of Geopark (Pl. 43 a). Surrounding landscape. Geosite is disposed in flat terrain with rare woods and predominant field vegetation. The closest geosites are the outcrops of Carboniferous volcanic rocks (38, 39), Carboniferous granites (40), Magura Cave (53) and Antique road stop Anishte (65). Sensitivity and protection measures. Location of the geosite should be marked by signboard on the cross road in Veshtitsa village, and by information board with data about geology of the area in Struindol village. Access. Access to the site is directly from the road in Struindol village (Pl. 43 b). a б Plate 43: a,b – Outcrop of the Struindol diabase near the road in Struindol village is one of the scarce outcrops chosen for the purposes of Geopark 44. Disconformity between Sredogriv metamorphites and Bov Formation Location. 34 T 0634406 E, 4823352 N, into the riverbed of Varbovska river on the road to Belogradchik town 1 km north of Varbovo village. Category. Geosite of scientific value: disconformity. Geological setting. The outcrop is in the southern limb of the Belogradchik anticline in Montana tectonic unit where sandy marl of the Bov Formation (Middle Jurassic) lies transgressively with a long hiatus on metasandstones of the Sredogriv metamorphites (Ordovician). Description. Geosite represents disconformity surface - a type of unconformity when younger sedimentary rocks cover unconformably older highly deformed crystalline (igneous or metamorphic) rocks. It is characterized by distinct erosional surface and a clear difference in composition and appearance of the overlying sedimentary rocks and underlying metamorphic or igneous rocks due to significant hiatus - hundreds of millions and even billions of years. In this case metasandstones of the Sredogriv metamorphites are covered transgressively by sandy marls of the Bov Formation (Pl. 44 a,b). Sredogriv metamorphites have undergone low-temperature regional metamorphism and are represented by intensively deformed greenschist rocks. These are characterized by the alternation of parametamorphic rocks - metapelites (sericite, sericite-chlorite schists and black schists) meta-sandstones, meta-siltstones, polygenic meta-conglomerates and calcoschists. Mappable bodies of meta-conglomerates and olistoplakes of metagabbro, metadiabase, metavolcanites and metagranitoids are available among them. They crop out along Varbovska and Protopopinska rivers right tributaries of Stakevska river and also along Lom river in the area of Sredogriv village. Haydoutov et al. (1995) accepted Ordovician age of these rocks. Bov Formation consists mainly of sandy marls and argillaceous limestones of Middle Jurassic age. Ultimately, these rocks are enriched in fossils of ammonites, belemnites, brachiopods, bivalves and plant remains that gives the geosite status of fossil field too. Jurassic petrified wood of this outcrop (Pl. 44 c,d) is one of the most impressive paleontological specimens in the collection of the new visitor center in Belogradchik town. Disconformity with hiatus of about 350 million years is an excellent example of long interruption of sedimentation, exposed only a few kilometers south of the outcrops of Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic rocks in the northern limb of the anticline, missing in this geosite. Outcrops of such disconformities are rare, so this geosite is a great place to demonstrate the geological history of the region. The surrounding landscape. The outcrop is located in the picturesque valley of Varbovska river that crosses southern rock cliff formed by the limestone of the West Balkan Carbonate Group, which define the inverse relief in Belogradchik anticline. Sensitivity and protection measures. Geosite needs signposting of fork for Varbovo village on the road to Belogradchik and information board at the fountain near the outcrop. Although unmarked, it is subject of students practice for the students of Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski”, UMG "St. Ivan Rilski" and the Moscow State University "Lomonossov" (Pl. 44 e,f). Access. Access is directly from the road to Belogradchik town, from the fountain after the bridge over Varbovska river. а b c d e f Plate 44: а, b – Unconformity of the type „disconformity‟ between Ordovician metasandstones of the Sredogrive metamorphites (below) and Jurassic sandy marls of the Bov Formation (layers above); c, d – petrified Jurassic tree from the base of the Bov Formation above the disconformity surface; e, f – the outcrop is subject of students practices (on the photos: students of the Moscow State University “Lomonosov”) 45. Plastic sharing zone Location. 34 T 0633687 E; 4828706 N. Located in the riverbed of Stakevska River east of Chiflitsi village. Category. Geosite of scientific value: plastic shearig zone. Geological setting. The site is among the
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