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Aspects of Fatherhood in Thirteenth-Century Encyclopedias

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Aspects of Fatherhood in Thirteenth-Century Encyclopedias Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 8-2005 Aspects of Fatherhood in Thirteenth-Century Encyclopedias Philip Grace Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Grace, Philip, "Aspects of Fatherhood in Thirteenth-Century Encyclopedias" (2005). Master's Theses. 5059. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/5059 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ASPECTS OF FATHERHOOD IN THIRTEENTH-CENTURY ENCYCLOPEDIAS by Philip Grace A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of History WesternMichigan University Kalamazoo; Michigan August 2005 Copyright by Philip Grace 2005 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Patri et Filio et Spirito Sancto et uxori amatae meae - et parentibus meis, qui identidem puerem cedentes amicem acquisiverunt et magistris meis, qui me tironem aequo animo artem suam exercent et illis magistris antiquis, qui in turribus eburnissuis de mundo scripserunt ut in mea scribo. Philip Grace 11 ASPECTS OF FATHERHOOD IN THIRTEENTH-CENTURY ENCYCLOPEDIAS Philip Grace, M.A. WesternMichigan University, 2005 The thesis examines the treatment of fatherhood in Thomas of Cantimpre' s Liber de Natura Rerum, Bartholomaeus Anglicus' De Proprietatibus Rerum, and Vincent of Beauvais' Speculum Maius, all of whom were influential mendicant encyclopedists writing between 1240 and 1260. The study examines sections on anatomy, the ages of man, family relations, and the theology of marriage. The thesis argues that the anatomical concept of heat functioned as a metaphor for masculinity, strength and intelligence, and linked together such aspects of fatherhood as the father's formative role in conception and the responsibility to instill virtue in and provide for the child, as well as broader concepts of household management and political government. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................... 1 II. INTELLECTUAL CONTEXT: THE MID-THIRTEENTH CENTURY................................................................................................. 13 Universities ..... ..... ............................................................................... 13 Mendicant Orders................................................................................ 19 Encyclopedists..................................................................................... 22 Medieval Encyclopedias .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 26 III. GENEALOGY OF IDEAS: MEDIEVAL SCHOLARLY VIEWS ON FATHERHOOD......................................................................................... 32 Medieval Scholarly Discourses on Fatherhood................................... 33 Academic Views of Fatherhood.......................................................... 35 IV. THE STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF THE TEXTS.................. 59 The Structure of the Texts................................................................... 59 The Composition of the Texts............................................................. 66 The Question of Synthesis: Did the Encyclopedists Harmonize?....... 74 V. THE MEANINGS OF F ATHERHOOD .................................................... 83 Anatomy: The Importance_ of Heat...................................................... 85 Fighting Sin: The Function of Authority............................................. 93 The Good of Marriage and Family: More Than a Remedy................. 101 VI. CONCLUSION........................................................................................... 109 111 Table of Contents-continued The Reception History of the Texts .................................................... 109 The Findings and Their Relevance...................................................... 113 APPENDICES........................................................................................................ 119 A. Anglicus VI.13: De Viro (On the Man) ............·.......................................... 119 B. Anglicus VI.14: De Patre (On the Father) ....·.............................................. 125 BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................... 132 lV CHAPTERONE INTRODUCTION Everyone has a father. The simple ubiquity of this experience, along with other similarconcepts such as motherhood and childhood, seems to recommend it as a fruitfultopic for historical study. Yet it is only in the last half-century that the history of the family has come into increasing prominence, as academic historians and social scientists have begun to reconstruct the lives of common people rather than the few prominent leaders of each generation. This new social history, the history of the disenfranchised,of children, of peasants-in short, of the vast majority of people, who did not write the documents or shape the events of their times-has occupied much recent attention. 1 Oftenpaired with social history, with its focus on demographics and collective experience, is the even newer discipline of cultural history, focusedon the 2 creation of meaning via rituals, texts and other shared cultural forms. As the history of the family has taken shape, perhaps the most substantive debate has revolved around the question of"affection." Were medieval families rigidly authoritarian, economically motivated associations, or did they produce love and emotional intimacy between family members?The argument that medieval families were emotionally distant from one another was firstarticulated by Philippe Aries and 1 Miles Fairburn, Social History: Problems, Strategies, and Methods (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999). 2 Lynn Hunt, ed., The New Cultural History(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), 1-5. 1 2 3 more extensively argued by Lawrence Stone. Like many seminal works, Stone's (and Aries') theories have been almost completely discarded by subsequent scholars such as Alan Macfarlane and Martin Ingram, but the question of"a:ffection"in various forms still occupies much scholarly debate.4 Scholarship on the history of the family in Europe has focusedon the early modem period, when the shift towards affective family life iswidely supposed to have occurred. 5 The vehemence ofthe opposition to this supposed shift implies that understanding the medieval family may provide a crucial link. If the family did not suddenly become loving in the sixteenth century, what was it like before?By examining the medieval family in more detail, historians can develop a greater understanding of its attitudes and practices, laying the groundwork for studying later developments. The medieval family was the chronological precursor of the early modem family; therefore, a foundationof medieval developments is vital to any exploration oflater change or continuity. I need hardly add that studying the medieval family is an end in itself In medieval history, most early studies of the family focusedon the aristocracy, and specifically on issues ofpolitical power. A major debate has centered 3 Philippe Aries, Centuries of Childhood: A Social Historyof FamilyLife, trans. R. Baldick (New York: Knopf, 1962); Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800 (New York: Harper & Row, 1977). 4 Alan Macfarlane, "Review of Family, Sex & Marriage in England, 1500-1800 by L. Stone," Historyand Theory 18 no. l (1979): 103-126; Martin Ingram, Church Courts, Sex & Marriage in England, 1570-1640 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 125-ff.The number of referencesto Aries' or Stone's work is noteworthy, even in contexts that are only incidentally related. In addition to the works cited above, other examples are Christopher Brooke, The Medieval Idea of Marriage (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 20; James Amelang, The Flight of Jcarus: Artisan Autobiography in Early ModernEurope (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998), 392, n. 21; Felicity Riddy, "Looking Closely: Authority and Intimacy in the Late Medieval Urban Home," in Gendering the Master Narrative, eds. Mary Erler and Maryanne Kowaleski (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003), 217. 5 An example is Steven Ozment, Ancestors: The loving family in old Europe (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001) which, despite the title and its many excellent insights, concentrates on the sixteenth century, with occasional reference to the fifteenth. 3 around overturningMarc Bloch's theory of "a radical break between the old Carolingian aristocracy and its replacement by a new elite of knights in the first feudal age," with historians finding instead remarkable continuity among noble families fromthe Carolingian era onward.6 This trend in research continued through the 1960s and 1970s.7 Since the 1960s, however, research has also taken a more cultural turn, acquiring a focuson "familial self-awareness" and "the ways in which power was justified or imagined."8 Still, most work on women has focused �n the aristocracy and questions of political and legal
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