The Reflector; September 1921
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Gandhi As Mahatma: Gorakhpur District, Eastern UP, 1921-2'
Gandhi as Mahatma 289 of time to lead or influence a political movement of the peasantry. Gandhi, the person, was in this particular locality for less than a day, but the 'Mahatma' as an 'idea' was thought out and reworked in Gandhi as Mahatma: popular imagination in subsequent months. Even in the eyes of some local Congressmen this 'deification'—'unofficial canonization' as the Gorakhpur District, Eastern UP, Pioneer put it—assumed dangerously distended proportions by April-May 1921. 1921-2' In following the career of the Mahatma in one limited area Over a short period, this essay seeks to place the relationship between Gandhi and the peasants in a perspective somewhat different from SHAHID AMIN the view usually taken of this grand subject. We are not concerned with analysing the attributes of his charisma but with how this 'Many miracles, were previous to this affair [the riot at Chauri registered in peasant consciousness. We are also constrained by our Chaura], sedulously circulated by the designing crowd, and firmly believed by the ignorant crowd, of the Non-co-operation world of primary documentation from looking at the image of Gandhi in this district'. Gorakhpur historically—at the ideas and beliefs about the Mahatma —M. B. Dixit, Committing Magistrate, that percolated into the region before his visit and the transformations, Chauri Chaura Trials. if any, that image underwent as a result of his visit. Most of the rumours about the Mahatma.'spratap (power/glory) were reported in the local press between February and May 1921. And as our sample I of fifty fairly elaborate 'stories' spans this rather brief period, we cannot fully indicate what happens to the 'deified' image after the Gandhi visited the district of Gorakhpur in eastern UP on 8 February rioting at Chauri Chaura in early 1922 and the subsequent withdrawal 1921, addressed a monster meeting variously estimated at between 1 of the Non-Co-operation movement. -
Papers of George Gavan Duffy
Private Sources at the National Archives Papers of George Gavan Duffy 1882–1951 1125 1 George Gavan Duffy 1882–1951 ACCESSION NO. 1125 DESCRIPTION Correspondence, secret memoranda and reports received by George Gavan Duffy at the Delegation of elected representatives of the Irish Republic while in Paris and Rome. 1918–1921 Correspondence and reports received by, and sent by George Gavan Duffy, Berlin, Paris and Rome (1918) 1919–1921 (1922) Draft of 1922 Constitution with emendations. DATE OF ACCESSION September 1982 November 1984 PROVENANCE Colm Gavan Duffy ACCESS Open 2 This collection was received in three parts which accounts for three fronting pages within this list. The three parts have kept separate and no attempt has been made to move items from one section to another. This collection of personal papers is of paramount importance for those wishing to understand political development s within Ireland and concerning Ireland from the periods 1918–1922. 3 ACCESSION NO. 1125 DESCRIPTION Correspondence, secret memoranda and reports received by George Gavan Duffy at the Delegation of elected representatives of the Irish Republic while in Paris and Rome. 1918–1921 DATE OF ACCESSION September 1982 PROVENANCE Colm Gavan Duffy ACCESS Open 4 This collection was presented to the Public Record Office in two ring binders. As no order, other than a rough chronological one, was apparent within the binders the material was separated and placed in new classifications. This has ensured that, as far as is possible, incomplete letters separated within the binders have now been joined together. For this reason it was impossible to believe that the order was original or the work of George Gavan Duffy himself. -
The War of Independence in County Kilkenny: Conflict, Politics and People
The War of Independence in County Kilkenny: Conflict, Politics and People Eoin Swithin Walsh B.A. University College Dublin College of Arts and Celtic Studies This dissertation is submitted in part fulfilment of the Master of Arts in History July 2015 Head of School: Dr Tadhg Ó hAnnracháin Supervisor of Research: Professor Diarmaid Ferriter P a g e | 2 Abstract The array of publications relating to the Irish War of Independence (1919-1921) has, generally speaking, neglected the contributions of less active counties. As a consequence, the histories of these counties regarding this important period have sometimes been forgotten. With the recent introduction of new source material, it is now an opportune time to explore the contributions of the less active counties, to present a more layered view of this important period of Irish history. County Kilkenny is one such example of these overlooked counties, a circumstance this dissertation seeks to rectify. To gain a sense of the contemporary perspective, the first two decades of the twentieth century in Kilkenny will be investigated. Significant events that occurred in the county during the period, including the Royal Visit of 1904 and the 1917 Kilkenny City By-Election, will be examined. Kilkenny’s IRA Military campaign during the War of Independence will be inspected in detail, highlighting the major confrontations with Crown Forces, while also appraising the corresponding successes and failures throughout the county. The Kilkenny Republican efforts to instigate a ‘counter-state’ to subvert British Government authority will be analysed. In the political sphere, this will focus on the role of Local Government, while the administration of the Republican Courts and the Republican Police Force will also be examined. -
The 11 July 1921 Truce: Centenary Perspectives on the War of Independence
Studi irlandesi. A Journal of Irish Studies CALL FOR PAPERS The 11 July 1921 Truce: Centenary Perspectives on the War of Independence Guest Editor: Dieter Reinisch (National University of Ireland, Galway) Ireland is amid the “Decade of Centenaries”. While the island has experienced a turbulent history since the landing of Normans in the 12th century, there was arguably no decade that changed the fate of Ireland as the ten years between 1913 and 1923 did. These ten years saw a rise of militant trade union and suffragette struggles, the formation of paramilitary organisations on nationalist and unionist sides, the Proclamation of the Republic followed by a failed military uprising in 1916, followed by a landslide victory of Sinn Féin in the Westminster elections, the War of Independence, also known as the Anglo-Irish War, the partition of Ireland and the formation of the Freestate, sectarian clashes in Belfast, and a bloody Civil War. Between 1913 and 1923, modern Ireland was founded. As one of the first colonies of the British Empire, Ireland fought a War of Independence against its colonial power from January 1919 to July 1921. As a direct consequence of this war, 26 Counties, the later Republic of Ireland, became independent and the island was partitioned – the six north-eastern Counties remained under British control, laying the seed for further unresolved conflict that became a cornerstone of the current Brexit negotiations. While most of the island became officially independent from the British centre, one hundred years later, there are still vastly divergent interpretations of these ten years and the War of Independence. -
The Submarine and the Washington Conference Of
477 THE SUBMARINE AND THE WASHINGTON CONFERENCE OF 1921 Lawrence H. Douglas Following the First World War, the tation of this group, simply stated, was tide of public opinion was overwhelm that second best in naval strength meant ingly against the submarine as a weapon last. A policy of naval superiority was of war. The excesses of the German necessary, they felt, for "history consis U-boat had stunned the sensibilities of tently shows that war between no two the world but had, nonetheless, pre peoples or nations can be unthink sented new ideas and possibilities of this able.,,1 A second group, the Naval weapon to the various naval powers of Advisory Committee (Admirals Pratt the time. The momentum of these new and Coontz and Assistant Secretary of ideas proved so strong that by the the Navy Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.) also opening of the first major international submitted recommendations concerning disarmament conference of the 20th the limitation of naval armaments. century, practical uses of the submarine From the outset their deliberations were had all but smothered the moral indig guided by a concern that had become nation of 1918. more and more apparent-the threat Several months prior to the opening posed to the security and interests of of the conference, the General Board of this country by Japan. This concern was the American Navy was given the task evidenced in an attempt to gain basic of developing guidelines and recommen understandings with Britain. dations to be used by the State Depart The submarine received its share of ment in determining the American attention in the deliberations of these proposals to be presented. -
British Security Policy in Ireland, 1920-1921: a Desperate Attempt by the Crown to Maintain Anglo-Irish Unity by Force
British Security Policy in Ireland, 1920-1921: A Desperate Attempt by the Crown to Maintain Anglo-Irish Unity by Force ‘What we are trying to do is to stop the campaign of assassination and arson, initiated and carried on by Sinn Fein, with as little disturbance as possible to people who are and who wish to be law abiding.’ General Sir Nevil Macready ‘outlining the British policy in Ireland’ to American newspaper correspondent, Carl W. Ackerman, on 2 April 1921.1 In the aftermath of victory in the Great War (1914-1918) and the conclusion to the peacemaking process at Versailles in 1919, the British Empire found itself in a situation of ‘imperial overstretch’, as indicated by the ever-increasing demands for Crown forces to represent and maintain British interests in defeated Germany, the Baltic and Black Seas regions, the Middle East, India and elsewhere around the world. The strongest and most persistent demand in this regard came from Ireland – officially an integral part of the United Kingdom itself since the Act of Union came into effect from 1 January 1801 – where the forces of militant Irish nationalism were proving difficult, if not impossible to control. Initially, Britain’s response was to allow the civil authorities in Ireland, based at Dublin Castle and heavily reliant on the enforcement powers of the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC), to deal with this situation. In 1920, however, with a demoralised administration in Ireland perceived to be lacking resolution in the increasingly violent struggle against the nationalists, London -
Report of the China Famine Relief, American Red Cross, October
Report of the China Famine Relief American Red Cross + October, 1920—September, 1921 Mustrated from Photographs TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Map showing location of Red Cross Operations 2 Letter of transmittal iii Chapter I. Background of the I'amine i . 6 II. Preliminaries to Red Cross Operations. " Work " versus " Free" methods of relief 7 Selection of territory and kind of work 8 Early organization . 9 Decision to pay in food rather than cash 9 Procedure with officials 9 Co-operation of Shantung authorities secured ii III. Size of the Job and General Plan I3 Population for which Red Cross assumed responsibility 13 Method of payment to workmen 14 Plan of organizing the workmen '4 Organization of Supervisory forces 16 Change from volunteer to salaried forces i/ Nationalities employed 1/ The standard ration i ^ Purchases, transportation methods 19 IV. Recruiting 22 Forms used . 25 Instructions issued to recruiting forces, village elders, gangs 28 V. Engineering • .32 Location and problem of right of way 32 Plan of purchase, line and grade, cross section ... 34 Mefbod of construction . - • 34 3" Organization .... Rate of pay 4° Methods of laying out work 4° Results, costs 42 Recommendations for upkeep. 44 Concerning macadam 45 Rules for Land Purchasing issued by Shantung Relief Society 47 Instructions governing piece work system 5° VI. Commissary 52 Billeting division 52 Foreign Supplies division 54 Stores division 57 Transportation division °2 VII. Health division ^^ Organization °'^ De-infestation ?° 88 Statistics 1 Chapter Page VIII. Pingtingchow Operation 93 Origin and general plan 96 Recruiting 98 Commissary 98 Engineering 106 Health 118 IX. Fenchowfu Operation 125 General and preliminary 127 Pingyao Road 136 Yellow River Road 136 Description of the route 138 Sample contract 142 X. -
The British Army's Effectiveness in the Irish Campaign 1919-1921
88 THE CORNWALLIS GROUP XIV: ANALYSIS OF SOCIETAL CONFLICT AND COUNTER-INSURGENCY The British Army’s Effectiveness in the Irish Campaign 1919-1921 and the Lessons for Modern Counterinsurgency Operations, with Special Reference to C3I Aspects Gordon Pattison U.K. Ministry of Defence e-mail: [email protected] Gordon Pattison joined the Ministry of Defence as a systems designer in 1985, following a first degree in physics and mathematics. During Operation Granby, he was transferred into an Operational Analysis department and has remained within military OA since that time, principally in the area of Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence. He is currently on secondment from Dstl Farnborough to MOD Head Office in London in the Directorate of Scrutiny, where he has responsibility for scrutinising the analysis in support of a range of Information System acquisitions. This essay is an expanded form of research being conducted currently as part of a Masters degree in Intelligence and Security Studies. ABSTRACT The Irish War of Independence 1919-1921, variously known as the Anglo-Irish War, The Tan War or The Troubles, was in many ways a prototype of many later counter-insurgency conflicts. The governing power failed to realise the strength of the Sinn Fein movement in undermining and then replacing key institutions, was unable to suppress the IRA by its military and police efforts, and carried out some security policies that gave ammunition to the insurgent’s propaganda efforts. Many commentators have attributed these weaknesses to an incoherent command and control infrastructure, at the centre of which was an intelligence system that was not fit for purpose. -
Mikhail Nikolaevich Girs Papers
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf8t1nb320 No online items Register of the Mikhail Nikolaevich Girs papers Finding aid prepared by Ronald Bulatoff Hoover Institution Library and Archives © 1998 434 Galvez Mall Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-6003 [email protected] URL: http://www.hoover.org/library-and-archives Register of the Mikhail 28015 1 Nikolaevich Girs papers Title: Mikhail Nikolaevich Girs papers Date (inclusive): 1917-1926 Collection Number: 28015 Contributing Institution: Hoover Institution Library and Archives Language of Material: Russian Physical Description: 53 manuscript boxes(22.1 Linear Feet) Abstract: Correspondence, studies, reports, telegrams, memoranda, statistics, charts, clippings, and other printed matter, relating to White Russian diplomatic, political, and military activities during the Russian Revolution, Russian émigré activities, and conditions in Russia during and after the Revolution. Access The collection is open for research; materials must be requested at least two business days in advance of intended use. Publication Rights For copyright status, please contact the Hoover Institution Library & Archives Acquisition Information Acquired by the Hoover Institution Library & Archives in 1928. Preferred Citation [Identification of item], Mikhail Nikolaevich Girs papers, [Box no., Folder no. or title], Hoover Institution Library & Archives. Alternative Form Available Also available on microfilm (75 reels). 1856 Born, Russia 1894 Russian Minister to Brazil 1898 Russian Minister -
Treaty No. 11 (June 27, 1921) and Adhesion (July 17, 1922) with Report
Treaty No. 11 (June 27, 1921) and Adhesion (July 17, 1922) with Report... http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/2002-templates/ssi/print_e.asp TREATY No. 11 (JUNE 27, 1921) AND ADHESION (JULY 17, 1922) WITH REPORTS, ETC. Reprinted from the Edition of 1926 by Edmond Cloutier, c.m.g., o.a., d.s.p. Queen's Printer and controller of Stationery Ottawa, 1957 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR TREATY No. 11 OTTAWA, October 12, 1921. D. C. Scott, Esq., Deputy Superintendent General, Department of Indian Affairs, Ottawa. SIR,--I have the honour to submit herewith the report on treaty made by me on authority granted by Order in Council, dated March 14, last, as Commissioner to negotiate a treaty with the Indians occupying the territory north of the 60th parallel and along the Mackenzie river and the Arctic ocean. I left Edmonton on June 8, 1921, accompanied by Inspector W. B. Bruce, Constable Wood and Constable Campbell, of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Constable Campbell acted as my clerk for the summer. Arriving at Fort McMurray on June 11, we left there on the 14th in a houseboat, the property of the Hudson's Bay Company, which company had made all arrangements for the transportation of the treaty party during the summer in the North. We arrived at Fort Fitzgerald on June 18, crossed the portage to Fort Smith, and boarded the ss. Mackenzie River on June 20 for Fort Providence, at which place the first adhesion to Treaty 11 was to be taken. July 5 was the date set for the meeting of the Indians and myself to take place at Fort Providence, and, in order to arrive in good time, I thought it better for me and my party to proceed there by the ss. -
Supplement to the London Gazette, 31 August, 1921. 6925
SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON GAZETTE, 31 AUGUST, 1921. 6925 N. H. Andreoni. 2nd Apr. 1919. Lit. J. C. Ross, h.p. list, retires on ret. D. McCrae. 8th Apr. 191J). pay on account erf ill-health contracted on F. G. R. Le Pla, M.O. 10th Apr. 1919. active service. 1st 'Sept. 1921. W. N. Hdlis, M.B'.E. 12th Apr. 1919. REGULAR ARMY RESERVE OF OFFICERS. 14th Apr. 1919. • GENERAL LIST. W. M. Garni©. J. H. Barnes. Maj. H. C. Roberts, D.S.O., M.V.O., late Gen. List, toi be Maj.} 1st July 1921, with O. M. Baker, M.B..E. 19th Apr. 1919. seniority 4th Dec. 1920. F. Mackay. 23rd Apr. 1919. A. Patersom. 28th Apr. 1919. M. W. Ghersi. 29th Apr. 1919. H. St. J. B. Ayre. 30th Apr. 1919. War Office, The Hon. A. Bailey. 1st May 1919. 31st August, 1921. H. A. G. Jefiery, O.B.E. 3rd May 1919. REGULAR FORCES. O: ToonMnson. 8th May 1919. INFANTRY. P. Raper. 13th May 1919. A. P. Paris. 15th May 1919. Service Battalions. J. G. Foulds. 16th May 1919. Essex E. H. F. Murrell, M.B.E. 22nd May 1919. Lt. S. D. Ord, M.C. (4th Bn., Essex R., M. Spence, D.C.M. 25th May 1919. • T.F.) relinquishes the actg. rank of Capt. A. H. Woodhouse. 2nd June 1919. on ceasing to be empld. with a Serv. Bn. G. E. Turner, OJB.E. 7th June 1919. 23 Nov. 1920. B. S. Cliesold. 7th July 1919. E, H. B. Palmer, O.B.E. -
Collected Commentary on the Ku Klux Klan
BECOMING MODERN: AMERICA IN THE 1920S PRIMARY SOURCE COLLECTION ONTEMPORAR Y HE WENTIES IN OMMENTARY T T C * — The Ku Klux Klan — Spreading far beyond its southern Reconstruction roots, the resurgent Klan of the 1920s was a short-lived but potent phenomenon. By equating white Anglo-Saxon Protestantism with “true Americanism,” it fueled intolerance for blacks, Catholics, Jews, immigrants, and those it deemed immoral and lawless. Under the guise of patriotism and Christianity, it justified acts of intimidation and vigilante justice. As the Klan grew nationally, many “klaverns” eschewed violence while fostering suspicion and prejudice toward “the other” in their communities. The following selections from commentary on and by the Klan offer an overview of this pivotal movement of the 1920s. BACK TO LIFE AND VERY ACTIVE AFTER FORTY YEARS! W. E. B. Du Bois This is the thrilling story that one hears today in various “The Ku Klux Are Riding Again!” parts of the South. The old Klan with its white-robed citizens The Crisis, March 1919 going out to maintain the supremacy of the white race, as depicted by Thomas Dixon and his satellite, D. W. Griffith,1 has again come to life. Read this article printed in a daily in Montgomery, Ala.: __ KU KLUX KLANSMEN SUGGEST SILENT PARADE! __ The city of Montgomery was visited last night by a Ku Klux Klan that bore all the earmarks of the ancient honorable order that placed white supremacy back in the saddle after a reign or terror for several years by Negroes and scalawags. About one hundred white-robed figures silently paraded through the town and, as the paper specially mentioned, went into that section where the Negroes lived.