The 11 July 1921 Truce: Centenary Perspectives on the War of Independence

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The 11 July 1921 Truce: Centenary Perspectives on the War of Independence Studi irlandesi. A Journal of Irish Studies CALL FOR PAPERS The 11 July 1921 Truce: Centenary Perspectives on the War of Independence Guest Editor: Dieter Reinisch (National University of Ireland, Galway) Ireland is amid the “Decade of Centenaries”. While the island has experienced a turbulent history since the landing of Normans in the 12th century, there was arguably no decade that changed the fate of Ireland as the ten years between 1913 and 1923 did. These ten years saw a rise of militant trade union and suffragette struggles, the formation of paramilitary organisations on nationalist and unionist sides, the Proclamation of the Republic followed by a failed military uprising in 1916, followed by a landslide victory of Sinn Féin in the Westminster elections, the War of Independence, also known as the Anglo-Irish War, the partition of Ireland and the formation of the Freestate, sectarian clashes in Belfast, and a bloody Civil War. Between 1913 and 1923, modern Ireland was founded. As one of the first colonies of the British Empire, Ireland fought a War of Independence against its colonial power from January 1919 to July 1921. As a direct consequence of this war, 26 Counties, the later Republic of Ireland, became independent and the island was partitioned – the six north-eastern Counties remained under British control, laying the seed for further unresolved conflict that became a cornerstone of the current Brexit negotiations. While most of the island became officially independent from the British centre, one hundred years later, there are still vastly divergent interpretations of these ten years and the War of Independence. The height of the Northern Ireland conflict, also called “The Troubles”, was, among other things, characterised by a fierce historical debate over the interpretation of Irish history. This debate between revisionists on the one side and anti-revisionists on the other side was only one of many ongoing discussions. Some of the opposing perspectives on the events that shape the decade of centenary became recently evident with the centenary events surrounding the War of Independence. On the one hand, the New IRA detonated a car bomb outside Derry Courthouse to commemorate the Soloheadbeg ambush, Co Tipperary, that started the War of Independence on 21 January 1919. On the other hand, the Irish government initially intended to commemorate the colonial police force RIC before tracking back due to the public backlash. This 11th issue of Studi irlandesi: A Journal of Irish Studies <http://www.fupress.net/index.php/bsfm-sijis> will explore these and other interpretations of the end of the War of Independence from an interdisciplinary perspective. This special edition aims to provide an overview of various academic approaches to and interpretations of multiple forms of the War of Independence and its aftermaths from various cultural, national, social, political, religious, pacifist, anti-colonial, anti-imperialist perspectives. Both theoretical and methodological essays, as well as case studies are welcome. Studi irlandesi. A Journal of Irish Studies is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal published by Florence University Press. It aims to promote and contribute to the interdisciplinary debate on themes and research issues on every aspect of Irish culture, to create a place for international discussion and high-quality research on Irish literary studies, history, cultural perspectives and linguistic inquiry, from the Romantic Era to the present age. The journal is published in English and Italian. For this special monographic section, we seek papers that examine the various interpretations of the Irish Revolution from 1913 to 1923, in general, and the War of Independence, in particular. All research proposals which focus on a topic and theme related to the Irish War of Independence, 1919-21, are welcome, ranging from – but not limited to – war studies, political violence, the experience of resistance, the impact of resistance on national, cultural and religious identity, activism in political and social movements, civil rights, Trade Union struggle, workers’ struggle, language, sectarianism, migration, racism, colonialism and post- colonialism, prisons, repression, flight, displacement and resettlement, to relief, rehabilitation and reintegration work, gender issues, persecution, sexual violence, trauma and amnesia, the trans‐generational impact of resistance and conflict, individual and collective memory, educational issues, films and documentaries, artistic and literary approaches, pop-cultural receptions, remembrance and memorials, questions of theory and methodology, as well as historical events local case studies. Papers from all academic disciplines, in particular History, Social Sciences, Law, Cultural Studies, Linguistics, and Literature, dealing with the War of Independence, its aftermaths, interpretations, and receptions are welcome. Articles are subject to full peer-review. Please send abstracts of 250 to 400 words, outlines and expressions of interest for 8.000 to 10.000 words papers, as well as biographic information of 50 to 100 words by 15 October 2020 to the Editor: Dieter Reinisch ([email protected]) and/or to the General Editor: Fiorenzo Fantaccini ([email protected]). Successful candidates will be informed in late October 2020. The deadline for submission of manuscripts is 1 February 2021. Informal enquiries to the editor about possible paper submissions are welcome and should be addressed to the contacts above. The 11th issue of Studi irlandesi. A Journal of Irish Studies which will be published in June 2021. .
Recommended publications
  • Papers of George Gavan Duffy
    Private Sources at the National Archives Papers of George Gavan Duffy 1882–1951 1125 1 George Gavan Duffy 1882–1951 ACCESSION NO. 1125 DESCRIPTION Correspondence, secret memoranda and reports received by George Gavan Duffy at the Delegation of elected representatives of the Irish Republic while in Paris and Rome. 1918–1921 Correspondence and reports received by, and sent by George Gavan Duffy, Berlin, Paris and Rome (1918) 1919–1921 (1922) Draft of 1922 Constitution with emendations. DATE OF ACCESSION September 1982 November 1984 PROVENANCE Colm Gavan Duffy ACCESS Open 2 This collection was received in three parts which accounts for three fronting pages within this list. The three parts have kept separate and no attempt has been made to move items from one section to another. This collection of personal papers is of paramount importance for those wishing to understand political development s within Ireland and concerning Ireland from the periods 1918–1922. 3 ACCESSION NO. 1125 DESCRIPTION Correspondence, secret memoranda and reports received by George Gavan Duffy at the Delegation of elected representatives of the Irish Republic while in Paris and Rome. 1918–1921 DATE OF ACCESSION September 1982 PROVENANCE Colm Gavan Duffy ACCESS Open 4 This collection was presented to the Public Record Office in two ring binders. As no order, other than a rough chronological one, was apparent within the binders the material was separated and placed in new classifications. This has ensured that, as far as is possible, incomplete letters separated within the binders have now been joined together. For this reason it was impossible to believe that the order was original or the work of George Gavan Duffy himself.
    [Show full text]
  • War, Politics & Sport in Revolutionary Ireland
    Maynooth University’s Decade of Commemorations Committee in association with the Department of History presents REMEMBERING 1919 WAR, POLITICS & SPORT IN REVOLUTIONARY IRELAND Saturday 28 September 2019 Renehan Hall, South Campus, Maynooth University Conference convenors: Terence Dooley & Marian Lyons REMEMBERING 1919 REMEMBERING CONFERENCE SCHEDULE 9.00 Registration (tea/coffee on arrival) 9.30 Welcome Session 1 Chair: Prof R V Comerford 9.45 Tom Nelson Class tensions and conflicted allegiances in Kildare in 1919 10.15 Terence Dooley ‘Sunday last will go down in history as the day of days for Kildare’: The 1919 All-Ireland Final 10.45 Ciaran Reilly James ‘Ginger’ Moran (1889-1987): From full-back to IRA leader 11.15 Coffee Session 2 Chair: Prof Terence Dooley 11.45 Aogán Ó Fearghail Gaelic Sunday, 1918 and its consequences 12.15 Dónal McAnallen Northern revolution: The GAA in Ulster in a radical year 12.45 Q&A 1.00-2.00 Lunch in Pugin Hall Session 3 Chair: Prof Marian Lyons 2.00 Liz Gillis Soloheadbeg and the IRA Campaign against the RIC 2.30 Brian Hughes ‘I refused payment’: Dáil Éireann local government and rate collection, 1919-22 3.00 Ailbhe Rogers ‘It was only women who could appreciate the small pin-pricks’: Irish republican women in 1919 3.30 Q&A ABSTRACTS AND BIOGRAPHIES OF CONTRIBUTORS R V Comerford Vincent Comerford is a native of Tipperary and a graduate of Maynooth (NUI) and Trinity College Dublin. He taught history at Maynooth for more than thirty years and was Professor of Modern History from 1989 to 2010.
    [Show full text]
  • BMH.WS1721.Pdf
    ROINN COSANTA BUREAU OF MILITARY HISTORY, 1913-21 STATEMENT BY WITNESS. DOCUMENT NO. W.S. 1721. Witness Seumas Robinson 18 Highfield Foad, Rathgar, Dublin. Identity. O/C. South Tipperary Brigade. O/C. 2nd Southern Division, I.R.A. Member of Volunteer Executive. Member of Bureau of Military History. Subject. Irish Volunteer activities, Dublin, 1916. I.R.A.activities, Tipperary, 1917-1921 Conditions, if any, Stipulated by Witness. Nil. File No S.132. Form BSM2 SEUMASROBINSON. 1902. Joined the first Fianna (Red Branch Knights); founded by Bulmer Hobson in 1902, Belfast. 1902. Joined "Oscar" junior hurling club, Belfast. 1903. Joined Gaelic League, Glasgow. 1913. December. Joined the Irish Volunteers, (Glasgow. 1916. January. Attached to Kimmage Garrison. 1916. Easter Week. Stationed i/c. at Hopkins & Hopkins, O'Connell Street (Bride). 1916. May. Interned Richmond Barracks (one week), Stafford Gaol, Frongoch, Reading Gaol. Released Christmas Day, 1916. 1917. February. Assisted in reorganising the Volunteers in Tipperary. l9l8. October, Elected Brigadier, South Tipperary Brigade. 1920. Elected T.D. to Second Dáil, East Tipperary and Waterford. 1921. November December. Appointed O/C., 2nd Southern Division, I.R.A., in succession to E. O'Malley. 1922. Elected Member of Volunteer Executive. l928. Elected Senator. 1935. January. Appointed Member of M.S.P. Board. l949. Appointed Member, Bureau of Military History. 1953. (?) Appointed Member of Military Registration Board. STATEMENTBY Mr. SEUMASROBINSON, 18, Highfield Road, Rathgar, Dublin. - Introduction - "A SOLDIER OF IRELAND" REFLECTS. Somewhere deep in the camera (or is it the anti-camera) of my cerebrum (or is it my cerebellum"), whose loci, by the way, are the frontal lobes of the cranium of this and every other specimen of homo-sapiens - there lurks furtively and nebulously, nevertheless positively, a thing, a something, a conception (deception'), a perception, an inception, that the following agglomeration of reminiscences will be "my last Will and Testament".
    [Show full text]
  • The War of Independence in County Kilkenny: Conflict, Politics and People
    The War of Independence in County Kilkenny: Conflict, Politics and People Eoin Swithin Walsh B.A. University College Dublin College of Arts and Celtic Studies This dissertation is submitted in part fulfilment of the Master of Arts in History July 2015 Head of School: Dr Tadhg Ó hAnnracháin Supervisor of Research: Professor Diarmaid Ferriter P a g e | 2 Abstract The array of publications relating to the Irish War of Independence (1919-1921) has, generally speaking, neglected the contributions of less active counties. As a consequence, the histories of these counties regarding this important period have sometimes been forgotten. With the recent introduction of new source material, it is now an opportune time to explore the contributions of the less active counties, to present a more layered view of this important period of Irish history. County Kilkenny is one such example of these overlooked counties, a circumstance this dissertation seeks to rectify. To gain a sense of the contemporary perspective, the first two decades of the twentieth century in Kilkenny will be investigated. Significant events that occurred in the county during the period, including the Royal Visit of 1904 and the 1917 Kilkenny City By-Election, will be examined. Kilkenny’s IRA Military campaign during the War of Independence will be inspected in detail, highlighting the major confrontations with Crown Forces, while also appraising the corresponding successes and failures throughout the county. The Kilkenny Republican efforts to instigate a ‘counter-state’ to subvert British Government authority will be analysed. In the political sphere, this will focus on the role of Local Government, while the administration of the Republican Courts and the Republican Police Force will also be examined.
    [Show full text]
  • The Submarine and the Washington Conference Of
    477 THE SUBMARINE AND THE WASHINGTON CONFERENCE OF 1921 Lawrence H. Douglas Following the First World War, the tation of this group, simply stated, was tide of public opinion was overwhelm­ that second best in naval strength meant ingly against the submarine as a weapon last. A policy of naval superiority was of war. The excesses of the German necessary, they felt, for "history consis­ U-boat had stunned the sensibilities of tently shows that war between no two the world but had, nonetheless, pre­ peoples or nations can be unthink­ sented new ideas and possibilities of this able.,,1 A second group, the Naval weapon to the various naval powers of Advisory Committee (Admirals Pratt the time. The momentum of these new and Coontz and Assistant Secretary of ideas proved so strong that by the the Navy Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.) also opening of the first major international submitted recommendations concerning disarmament conference of the 20th the limitation of naval armaments. century, practical uses of the submarine From the outset their deliberations were had all but smothered the moral indig­ guided by a concern that had become nation of 1918. more and more apparent-the threat Several months prior to the opening posed to the security and interests of of the conference, the General Board of this country by Japan. This concern was the American Navy was given the task evidenced in an attempt to gain basic of developing guidelines and recommen­ understandings with Britain. dations to be used by the State Depart­ The submarine received its share of ment in determining the American attention in the deliberations of these proposals to be presented.
    [Show full text]
  • War of Independence Online Resources
    Topic Researchers Online resource General War of Independence https://erinascendantwordpress.wordpress.com/category/irish-war-of-independence/ https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/century/the-revolution-files https://www.scoilnet.ie/go-to-post-primary/collections/senior-cycle/decade-of-centenaries/the-war-of- independence/ https://www.rte.ie/centuryireland/index.php/articles/irelands-unhappy-new-year-1920-begins-in-violence- and-disorder Decade of Centenaries | Ulster 1885 - 1925 | Timeline https://www.duchas.ie/en/cbes Catalogue - National Library of Ireland 1. Frongoch Prison https://www.rte.ie/centuryireland/index.php/articles/ frongoch-a-day-in-the-life https://www.museum.ie/The-Collections/Frongoch- and-1916 2. The first Dáil Eireann https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/century/ a-date-with-destiny-the-centenary-of-the-first- d%C3%A1il-1.3762550 https://www.dail100.ie/en http://www.generalmichaelcollins.com/life-times/ rebellion/the-first-dail-1919/ 3. Lincoln Prison https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/eamon-de- valera-prison-escape 4. Soloheadbeg Ambush https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/century/ soloheadbeg-the-fatal-shots-that-ignited-the-war-of- independence-1.3761334 https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/century/ the-revolution-files/tipperary-1919-the-woman-who- hid-dan-breen-after-soloheadbeg- ambush-1.4036615 5. Informants and Spies http://www.generalmichaelcollins.com/life-times/ rebellion/intelligence-war/ https://www.historyireland.com/volume-25/issue-3- mayjune-2017/spies-informers-beware/ https://stairnaheireann.net/2018/03/12/an- intelligence-card-from-the-irish-war-of- independence/ 6. Knocklong Ambush Knocklong ambush, on May 13th, 1919 involved a 14-minute gun battle Two RIC men killed in ambush in Knocklong | Century Ireland https://stairnaheireann.net/2017/05/13/otd-in-1919- dan-breen-and-sean-treacy-rescue-their-comrade- sean-hogan-from-a-dublin-cork-train-at-knocklong- co-limerick/ 7.
    [Show full text]
  • British Security Policy in Ireland, 1920-1921: a Desperate Attempt by the Crown to Maintain Anglo-Irish Unity by Force
    British Security Policy in Ireland, 1920-1921: A Desperate Attempt by the Crown to Maintain Anglo-Irish Unity by Force ‘What we are trying to do is to stop the campaign of assassination and arson, initiated and carried on by Sinn Fein, with as little disturbance as possible to people who are and who wish to be law abiding.’ General Sir Nevil Macready ‘outlining the British policy in Ireland’ to American newspaper correspondent, Carl W. Ackerman, on 2 April 1921.1 In the aftermath of victory in the Great War (1914-1918) and the conclusion to the peacemaking process at Versailles in 1919, the British Empire found itself in a situation of ‘imperial overstretch’, as indicated by the ever-increasing demands for Crown forces to represent and maintain British interests in defeated Germany, the Baltic and Black Seas regions, the Middle East, India and elsewhere around the world. The strongest and most persistent demand in this regard came from Ireland – officially an integral part of the United Kingdom itself since the Act of Union came into effect from 1 January 1801 – where the forces of militant Irish nationalism were proving difficult, if not impossible to control. Initially, Britain’s response was to allow the civil authorities in Ireland, based at Dublin Castle and heavily reliant on the enforcement powers of the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC), to deal with this situation. In 1920, however, with a demoralised administration in Ireland perceived to be lacking resolution in the increasingly violent struggle against the nationalists, London
    [Show full text]
  • Fearghal Mcgarry
    Journal of Strategic Security Volume 4 Number 3 Volume 4, No. 3: Fall 2011 Article 6 "The Rising: Ireland: Easter 1916," Fearghal McGarry (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010) and "Guerrilla Warfare in the Irish War of Independence, 1919-1921," Joseph McKenna (Jefferson, NC and London: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2011) Edward J. Hagerty American Public University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss Part of the Defense and Security Studies Commons, National Security Law Commons, and the Portfolio and Security Analysis Commons pp. 61-67 Recommended Citation Hagerty, Edward J.. ""The Rising: Ireland: Easter 1916," Fearghal McGarry (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010) and "Guerrilla Warfare in the Irish War of Independence, 1919-1921," Joseph McKenna (Jefferson, NC and London: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2011)." Journal of Strategic Security 4, no. 3 (2011) : 61-67. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.4.3.5 Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol4/iss3/6 This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Strategic Security by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. "The Rising: Ireland: Easter 1916," Fearghal McGarry (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010) and "Guerrilla Warfare in the Irish War of Independence, 1919-1921," Joseph McKenna (Jefferson, NC and London: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2011) This book review is available in Journal of Strategic Security: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/ vol4/iss3/6 Hagerty: "The Rising: Ireland: Easter 1916," Fearghal McGarry (New York: O Book Reviews The Rising: Ireland: Easter 1916.
    [Show full text]
  • The British Army's Effectiveness in the Irish Campaign 1919-1921
    88 THE CORNWALLIS GROUP XIV: ANALYSIS OF SOCIETAL CONFLICT AND COUNTER-INSURGENCY The British Army’s Effectiveness in the Irish Campaign 1919-1921 and the Lessons for Modern Counterinsurgency Operations, with Special Reference to C3I Aspects Gordon Pattison U.K. Ministry of Defence e-mail: [email protected] Gordon Pattison joined the Ministry of Defence as a systems designer in 1985, following a first degree in physics and mathematics. During Operation Granby, he was transferred into an Operational Analysis department and has remained within military OA since that time, principally in the area of Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence. He is currently on secondment from Dstl Farnborough to MOD Head Office in London in the Directorate of Scrutiny, where he has responsibility for scrutinising the analysis in support of a range of Information System acquisitions. This essay is an expanded form of research being conducted currently as part of a Masters degree in Intelligence and Security Studies. ABSTRACT The Irish War of Independence 1919-1921, variously known as the Anglo-Irish War, The Tan War or The Troubles, was in many ways a prototype of many later counter-insurgency conflicts. The governing power failed to realise the strength of the Sinn Fein movement in undermining and then replacing key institutions, was unable to suppress the IRA by its military and police efforts, and carried out some security policies that gave ammunition to the insurgent’s propaganda efforts. Many commentators have attributed these weaknesses to an incoherent command and control infrastructure, at the centre of which was an intelligence system that was not fit for purpose.
    [Show full text]
  • Treaty No. 11 (June 27, 1921) and Adhesion (July 17, 1922) with Report
    Treaty No. 11 (June 27, 1921) and Adhesion (July 17, 1922) with Report... http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/2002-templates/ssi/print_e.asp TREATY No. 11 (JUNE 27, 1921) AND ADHESION (JULY 17, 1922) WITH REPORTS, ETC. Reprinted from the Edition of 1926 by Edmond Cloutier, c.m.g., o.a., d.s.p. Queen's Printer and controller of Stationery Ottawa, 1957 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR TREATY No. 11 OTTAWA, October 12, 1921. D. C. Scott, Esq., Deputy Superintendent General, Department of Indian Affairs, Ottawa. SIR,--I have the honour to submit herewith the report on treaty made by me on authority granted by Order in Council, dated March 14, last, as Commissioner to negotiate a treaty with the Indians occupying the territory north of the 60th parallel and along the Mackenzie river and the Arctic ocean. I left Edmonton on June 8, 1921, accompanied by Inspector W. B. Bruce, Constable Wood and Constable Campbell, of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Constable Campbell acted as my clerk for the summer. Arriving at Fort McMurray on June 11, we left there on the 14th in a houseboat, the property of the Hudson's Bay Company, which company had made all arrangements for the transportation of the treaty party during the summer in the North. We arrived at Fort Fitzgerald on June 18, crossed the portage to Fort Smith, and boarded the ss. Mackenzie River on June 20 for Fort Providence, at which place the first adhesion to Treaty 11 was to be taken. July 5 was the date set for the meeting of the Indians and myself to take place at Fort Providence, and, in order to arrive in good time, I thought it better for me and my party to proceed there by the ss.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplement to the London Gazette, 31 August, 1921. 6925
    SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON GAZETTE, 31 AUGUST, 1921. 6925 N. H. Andreoni. 2nd Apr. 1919. Lit. J. C. Ross, h.p. list, retires on ret. D. McCrae. 8th Apr. 191J). pay on account erf ill-health contracted on F. G. R. Le Pla, M.O. 10th Apr. 1919. active service. 1st 'Sept. 1921. W. N. Hdlis, M.B'.E. 12th Apr. 1919. REGULAR ARMY RESERVE OF OFFICERS. 14th Apr. 1919. • GENERAL LIST. W. M. Garni©. J. H. Barnes. Maj. H. C. Roberts, D.S.O., M.V.O., late Gen. List, toi be Maj.} 1st July 1921, with O. M. Baker, M.B..E. 19th Apr. 1919. seniority 4th Dec. 1920. F. Mackay. 23rd Apr. 1919. A. Patersom. 28th Apr. 1919. M. W. Ghersi. 29th Apr. 1919. H. St. J. B. Ayre. 30th Apr. 1919. War Office, The Hon. A. Bailey. 1st May 1919. 31st August, 1921. H. A. G. Jefiery, O.B.E. 3rd May 1919. REGULAR FORCES. O: ToonMnson. 8th May 1919. INFANTRY. P. Raper. 13th May 1919. A. P. Paris. 15th May 1919. Service Battalions. J. G. Foulds. 16th May 1919. Essex E. H. F. Murrell, M.B.E. 22nd May 1919. Lt. S. D. Ord, M.C. (4th Bn., Essex R., M. Spence, D.C.M. 25th May 1919. • T.F.) relinquishes the actg. rank of Capt. A. H. Woodhouse. 2nd June 1919. on ceasing to be empld. with a Serv. Bn. G. E. Turner, OJB.E. 7th June 1919. 23 Nov. 1920. B. S. Cliesold. 7th July 1919. E, H. B. Palmer, O.B.E.
    [Show full text]
  • A Short History of the War of Independence
    Unit 6: The War of Independence 1919-1921 A Short History Resources for Secondary Schools UNIT 7: THE IRISH WAR OF INDEPENDENCE PHASE I: JAN 1919 - MARCH 1920 police boycott The first phase of the War of Independence consisted Eamon de Valera escaped from Lincoln Jail on 3 mainly of isolated incidents between the IRA and the February 1919 and when the remaining ‘German Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC). From the beginning Plot’ prisoners were released in March 1919, the of the conflict, the British government refused to President of the Dáil was able to return to Ireland recognise the Irish Republic or to admit that a state without danger of arrest. He presided at a meeting of of war existed between this republic and the UK. The Dáil Éireann on 10 April 1919 at which the assembly violence in Ireland was described as ‘disorder’ and the confirmed a policy of boycotting against the RIC. IRA was a ‘murder gang’ of terrorists and assassins. For this reason, it was the job of the police rather than The RIC are “spies in our midst … the eyes and the 50,000-strong British army garrison in Ireland ears of the enemy ... They must be shown and to deal with the challenge to the authority of the made to feel how base are the functions they British administration. British soldiers would later perform and how vile is the position they become heavily involved in the conflict, but from the occupy”. beginning the police force was at the front line of the - Eamon de Valera (Dáil Debates, vol.
    [Show full text]