British Security Policy in Ireland, 1920-1921: a Desperate Attempt by the Crown to Maintain Anglo-Irish Unity by Force
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Behind the Veil in Ireland
Tlhe 1 i Ford. international Weekly J THE BlAUB DM I M DEPEMBENT a' $1.50 igj Dearborn, Michigan, July 16, 1921 fen Cents Behind the Veil in Ireland is the bra in center lieve from what they Irish movement. I By told me that DUBLIN ALEXANDER IRVINE Sinn Fein and the I. R. A. over there a few are in solid agreement as to weeks ago to find out what men the present The Irish question is every editor's nightmare. Nothing was ever written methods. There are a considerable were thinking about. What they about it which to bring failed denunciation from one side or the other. Alex. number of Irish people who de- do is the result of what they think. Irvine, Irish by birth, American by choice, went over to see he could if see it plore and stand out against mur- 1 was born in Ireland but I found steadily and see it whole. Here is his report. Irvine is a good observer and an honest man. No editor can hope more. der but at present they have mvself looking at the situation for no voice in the matter. through the eyes of an American. The man who was described My sympathies were with the to Home Rule movement and what I me by Sir Horace Plunkett as "the greatest living Irishman" is saw confirmed my the sympathies in that direction. I had some ideas poet and dreamer George W. Russell ("A. He is about violence as E."). against the a political weapon and they were strengthened in policy of violence, so is Sir Horace. -
Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1891-1957, Record Group 85 New Orleans, Louisiana Crew Lists of Vessels Arriving at New Orleans, LA, 1910-1945
Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1891-1957, Record Group 85 New Orleans, Louisiana Crew Lists of Vessels Arriving at New Orleans, LA, 1910-1945. T939. 311 rolls. (~A complete list of rolls has been added.) Roll Volumes Dates 1 1-3 January-June, 1910 2 4-5 July-October, 1910 3 6-7 November, 1910-February, 1911 4 8-9 March-June, 1911 5 10-11 July-October, 1911 6 12-13 November, 1911-February, 1912 7 14-15 March-June, 1912 8 16-17 July-October, 1912 9 18-19 November, 1912-February, 1913 10 20-21 March-June, 1913 11 22-23 July-October, 1913 12 24-25 November, 1913-February, 1914 13 26 March-April, 1914 14 27 May-June, 1914 15 28-29 July-October, 1914 16 30-31 November, 1914-February, 1915 17 32 March-April, 1915 18 33 May-June, 1915 19 34-35 July-October, 1915 20 36-37 November, 1915-February, 1916 21 38-39 March-June, 1916 22 40-41 July-October, 1916 23 42-43 November, 1916-February, 1917 24 44 March-April, 1917 25 45 May-June, 1917 26 46 July-August, 1917 27 47 September-October, 1917 28 48 November-December, 1917 29 49-50 Jan. 1-Mar. 15, 1918 30 51-53 Mar. 16-Apr. 30, 1918 31 56-59 June 1-Aug. 15, 1918 32 60-64 Aug. 16-0ct. 31, 1918 33 65-69 Nov. 1', 1918-Jan. 15, 1919 34 70-73 Jan. 16-Mar. 31, 1919 35 74-77 April-May, 1919 36 78-79 June-July, 1919 37 80-81 August-September, 1919 38 82-83 October-November, 1919 39 84-85 December, 1919-January, 1920 40 86-87 February-March, 1920 41 88-89 April-May, 1920 42 90 June, 1920 43 91 July, 1920 44 92 August, 1920 45 93 September, 1920 46 94 October, 1920 47 95-96 November, 1920 48 97-98 December, 1920 49 99-100 Jan. -
Papers of George Gavan Duffy
Private Sources at the National Archives Papers of George Gavan Duffy 1882–1951 1125 1 George Gavan Duffy 1882–1951 ACCESSION NO. 1125 DESCRIPTION Correspondence, secret memoranda and reports received by George Gavan Duffy at the Delegation of elected representatives of the Irish Republic while in Paris and Rome. 1918–1921 Correspondence and reports received by, and sent by George Gavan Duffy, Berlin, Paris and Rome (1918) 1919–1921 (1922) Draft of 1922 Constitution with emendations. DATE OF ACCESSION September 1982 November 1984 PROVENANCE Colm Gavan Duffy ACCESS Open 2 This collection was received in three parts which accounts for three fronting pages within this list. The three parts have kept separate and no attempt has been made to move items from one section to another. This collection of personal papers is of paramount importance for those wishing to understand political development s within Ireland and concerning Ireland from the periods 1918–1922. 3 ACCESSION NO. 1125 DESCRIPTION Correspondence, secret memoranda and reports received by George Gavan Duffy at the Delegation of elected representatives of the Irish Republic while in Paris and Rome. 1918–1921 DATE OF ACCESSION September 1982 PROVENANCE Colm Gavan Duffy ACCESS Open 4 This collection was presented to the Public Record Office in two ring binders. As no order, other than a rough chronological one, was apparent within the binders the material was separated and placed in new classifications. This has ensured that, as far as is possible, incomplete letters separated within the binders have now been joined together. For this reason it was impossible to believe that the order was original or the work of George Gavan Duffy himself. -
Thatcher, Northern Ireland and Anglo-Irish Relations, 1979-1990
From ‘as British as Finchley’ to ‘no selfish strategic interest’: Thatcher, Northern Ireland and Anglo-Irish Relations, 1979-1990 Fiona Diane McKelvey, BA (Hons), MRes Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences of Ulster University A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Ulster University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2018 I confirm that the word count of this thesis is less than 100,000 words excluding the title page, contents, acknowledgements, summary or abstract, abbreviations, footnotes, diagrams, maps, illustrations, tables, appendices, and references or bibliography Contents Acknowledgements i Abstract ii Abbreviations iii List of Tables v Introduction An Unrequited Love Affair? Unionism and Conservatism, 1885-1979 1 Research Questions, Contribution to Knowledge, Research Methods, Methodology and Structure of Thesis 1 Playing the Orange Card: Westminster and the Home Rule Crises, 1885-1921 10 The Realm of ‘old unhappy far-off things and battles long ago’: Ulster Unionists at Westminster after 1921 18 ‘For God's sake bring me a large Scotch. What a bloody awful country’: 1950-1974 22 Thatcher on the Road to Number Ten, 1975-1979 26 Conclusion 28 Chapter 1 Jack Lynch, Charles J. Haughey and Margaret Thatcher, 1979-1981 31 'Rise and Follow Charlie': Haughey's Journey from the Backbenches to the Taoiseach's Office 34 The Atkins Talks 40 Haughey’s Search for the ‘glittering prize’ 45 The Haughey-Thatcher Meetings 49 Conclusion 65 Chapter 2 Crisis in Ireland: The Hunger Strikes, 1980-1981 -
2019 Clan Gathering Itinerary
2019 CLAN GATHERING ITINERARY Friday 13th September 16:00 PROMPTLY COACH DEPARTS FROM ROCHESTOWN HOTEL TO CASTLE HOTEL IN MACROOM WITH CROWLEYS RESIDING THERE. If ROCHESTOWN residents wish, they may drive themselves to Macroom and take the coach back, leaving their cars at the Castle Hotel 14:00 - 18:00 Registration at Castle Hotel in Macroom Note: FOOD ON YOUR OWN AT CASTLE HOTEL IS AVAILABLE ALL EVENING. 18:00 - 20:00 Cheese and Wine Reception at Castle Hotel followed by welcoming Ceremony 20:00 – 22:00 Castle Hotel with Dick Beamish, Guest entertainer followed by Irish Dancing Demonstration, concluding with an evening of Irish music by our own Larry Crowley and Kevin. COACH WILL RETURN TO ROCHESTOWN HOTEL ABOUT 12:30 AM IRISH TIME!! Saturday 14th September 9:00 PROMPTLY COACH DEPARTS FROM ROCHESTOWN HOTEL TO CASTLE HOTEL IN MACROOM WITH CROWLEYS RESIDING THERE. 9:30 - 10:30 Business Meeting and Website Information Meeting at CASTLE HOTEL 11:00 Departing on Buses from CASTLE HOTEL FOR TOURING. 11:30 Stop off at Kilmichael Ambush. Address by Local Historian. The Kilmichael Ambush was an ambush near the village of Kilmichael in County Cork on 28 November 1920 carried out by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) during the Irish War of Independence. Thirty-six local IRA volunteers commanded by Tom Barry killed seventeen members of the Royal Irish Constabulary's Auxiliary Division. The Kilmichael ambush was politically as well as militarily significant. It occurred one week after Bloody Sunday, marking an escalation in the IRA's campaign. 12:30 - 13:30 Visit to Barrett’s Bar in Coppeen for Drinks and Sandwiches 14:30 Mass at O’ Crowley Castle 16:30 Returning to CASTLE AND ROCHESTOWN HOTELS. -
'Make the Terror Behind Greater Than the Terror in Front'? Internal
Irish Historical Studies (2018), 00 (0), 1–23. © Irish Historical Studies Publications Ltd 2018 doi:10.1017/ihs.2018.3 ‘Make the terror behind greater than the terror 1 in front’? Internal discipline, forced 2 participation, and the I.R.A., 1919–21 3 Q1 BRIAN HUGHES* 4 Q2 ABSTRACT. This article will explore two relatively neglected features of the Irish Republican 5 Army’s (I.R.A.) guerrilla war between 1919 and 1921: internal discipline and forced 6 participation. The gravest disciplinary measure was the death penalty and I.R.A. orders directed 7 that it should apply to members guilty of certain offences against the army. While British army 8 and police officials often insisted that the I.R.A. executed its own without scruple, the death 9 penalty was rarely carried out in practice. General Headquarters (G.H.Q.) was largely 10 unsuccessful in applying a standard disciplinary code and there was also a general inconsistency 11 and lack of rigour in applying other punitive measures for less serious offences. On a related 12 theme, it was not uncommon for soldiers to be ‘conscripted’ or forced to take part in operations 13 under duress during irregular warfare. In the Irish case, this idea has rarely been discussed. It will 14 be argued here that, along with the death penalty and strict punitive measures, forced 15 participation was an uncomfortable idea and often counter-productive in practice. The nature and 16 extent of discipline and coercion was also firmly dictated by local conditions and personalities. 17 18 n March 1921 Patrick Larmer and Francis McPhillips were found shot dead 19 Iin Aghabog, County Monaghan, executed by the Monaghan Brigade of the 20 1 Irish Republican Army (I.R.A.). -
Sylvia Pankhurst's Sedition of 1920
“Upheld by Force” Sylvia Pankhurst’s Sedition of 1920 Edward Crouse Undergraduate Thesis Department of History Columbia University April 4, 2018 Seminar Advisor: Elizabeth Blackmar Second Reader: Susan Pedersen With dim lights and tangled circumstance they tried to shape their thought and deed in noble agreement; but after all, to common eyes their struggles seemed mere inconsistency and formlessness; for these later-born Theresas were helped by no coherent social faith and order which could perform the function of knowledge for the ardently willing soul. Their ardor alternated between a vague ideal and the common yearning of womanhood; so that the one was disapproved as extravagance, and the other condemned as a lapse. – George Eliot, Middlemarch, 1872 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... 2 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ 3 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 4 The End of Edwardian England: Pankhurst’s Political Development ................................. 12 After the War: Pankhurst’s Collisions with Communism and the State .............................. 21 Appealing Sedition: Performativity of Communism and Suffrage ....................................... 33 Prison and Release: Attempted Constructions of Martyrology -
Howard J. Garber Letter Collection This Collection Was the Gift of Howard J
Howard J. Garber Letter Collection This collection was the gift of Howard J. Garber to Case Western Reserve University from 1979 to 1993. Dr. Howard Garber, who donated the materials in the Howard J. Garber Manuscript Collection, is a former Clevelander and alumnus of Case Western Reserve University. Between 1979 and 1993, Dr. Garber donated over 2,000 autograph letters, documents and books to the Department of Special Collections. Dr. Garber's interest in history, particularly British royalty led to his affinity for collecting manuscripts. The collection focuses primarily on political, historical and literary figures in Great Britain and includes signatures of all the Prime Ministers and First Lords of the Treasury. Many interesting items can be found in the collection, including letters from Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Robert Browning Thomas Hardy, Queen Victoria, Prince Albert, King George III, and Virginia Woolf. Descriptions of the Garber Collection books containing autographs and tipped-in letters can be found in the online catalog. Box 1 [oversize location noted in description] Abbott, Charles (1762-1832) English Jurist. • ALS, 1 p., n.d., n.p., to ? A'Beckett, Gilbert A. (1811-1856) Comic Writer. • ALS, 3p., April 7, 1848, Mount Temple, to Morris Barnett. Abercrombie, Lascelles. (1881-1938) Poet and Literary Critic. • A.L.S., 1 p., March 5, n.y., Sheffield, to M----? & Hughes. Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon (1784-1860) British Prime Minister. • ALS, 1 p., June 8, 1827, n.p., to Augustous John Fischer. • ANS, 1 p., August 9, 1839, n.p., to Mr. Wright. • ALS, 1 p., January 10, 1853, London, to Cosmos Innes. -
Economic Review
The Monthly B usiness R eview Covering Business and Agricultural Conditions in the Sixth Federal Reserve District FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF ATLANTA JOS. A. McCORD, Chairman of the Board and Federal Reserve Agent WARD ALBERTSON, Assistant Federal Reserve Agent VOL. 6 ATLANTA, GEORGIA, SEPTEMBER 28, 1921 No. 9 The outstanding feature of the business situation since the last issue According to the Bureau of the Census of the Department of Commerce, of the Monthly Business Review is the improvement in the South’s econo the amount of cotton on hand in public storage and at compresses at the mic position resulting for the most part from the advance of approxi close of February, 1920, was 3,530,654 bales, as against 5,497,019 bales mately forty dollars a bale, from $60 to $100, in the price of cotton, a year later. The total crop yield of 1920, 12,987,000 bales, added to the the principal agricultural product of the District. total estimated for this year, 7,037,000 bales, gives a gross production for the two years of 20,024,000 bales, or an average of 10,012,000 bales, as against a five-year average for 1915-1919 of 11,481,000 bales. On August 15th cotton was around 12 cents per pound, and one month later, or about the middle of September the price had advanced to ap proximately 20 cents per pound. This advance in the price of the leading The exports for the two years from July 1, 1919 to July 1, 1921 amount commodity of the Sixth Federal Reserve District has had a stimulating ed to 12,324,510 bales, an average of 6,162,255 bales, as compared with a effect on business, as well as having a good psychological effect. -
Supplement to the Londom Gazette, 23 June, 1915. 6113
SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDOM GAZETTE, 23 JUNE, 1915. 6113 Lieutenant-General Sir James Willcocks, Lieutenant-Colonel (honorary Colonel) K.C.B., K.C.S.I., K.C.M.G., D.S.O., Com- The Right Honourable Lord Richard manding Indian Army Corps, British Expe- Frederick Cavendish, 5th Battalion, Royal ditionary Force. Lancaster Regiment (Territorial Force). Lieutenant-Colonel Algernon Hamilton Stannus Goff, Royal Artillery. To be Additional Members of the Second Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Wickham, The Class, or Knights Commanders of the said Most Northamptonshire Yeomanry (Territorial Distinguished Order: — Force). Lieutenant-General Sir John Grenfell Lieutenant-Colonel Frederic Gustav Lewis, Maxwell, K.C.B., C.V.O., C.M.G., D.S.O., 13th Princess Louise's Kensington Battalion, Colonel, The Black Watch (Royal High- The London Regiment (Territorial Force). landers), General Officer Commanding The Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Anthony Force in Egypt. Howell, 3rd Battalion, The London Regi- Major-General (temporary Lieutenant- ment, Royal Fusiliers (Territorial Force). General) Sir Cecil Frederick Nevil Macready, Lieutenant-Colonel Harry Walker, 4th K.C.B., Adjutant-General, British Expe- City of Dundee Battalion, Royal High- ditionary Force. landers (Territorial Force). Major-General (temporary Lieutenant- Lieutenant-Colonel Colquhoun Scott General) William Riddell Birdwood, Dodgson, Army Service Corps. K.C.S.I., C.B., C.I.E., D.S.O., Indian Lieutenant-Colonel Herbert Graham Army, Mediterranean Expeditionary Force. Stainforth, Indian Army. Lieutenant-Colonel Rupert Shoolbred, 16th Battalion, The London Regiment, To be Additional Members of the Third Queen's Westminster Rifles (Territorial Class, or Companions of the said Most Dis- Force). tinguished Order: — Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Sydney Hamil- ton, Army Ordnance Department. -
How Do You Address the Economic Damage from a Pandemic?
HOW DO YOU ADDRESS THE ECONOMIC DAMAGE FROM A PANDEMIC? We cannot be sure that we will ever fully eradicate COVID-19 from our lives but it is becoming clearer that masks, social distancing and now even more importantly, vaccines are reducing the risks of the virus. What are the implications for the economy and your investments? We researched the 1918-1920 Influenza Pandemic to learn how the recovery played out then. World War I was being waged when the pandemic began. An estimated 500 million people in the world were infected. It killed 50 million people including 675,000 Americans (about 0.67% of the population; at 550,000 COVID- related deaths as of this writing that equates to about 0.16% of the U.S. population today). While COVID-19 mostly impacts the elderly, the 1918 Flu took the biggest toll on younger people who comprised the bulk of the physical labor force at the time. How did the markets perform during the Flu years? Interestingly, in 1917 the Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped 21.7%. The following two years while the pandemic raged, the market increased 10.5% in 1918 and another 30.5% in 1919. Similar to today the stock markets performed well despite restrictions on public gatherings. In 1918 the Commercial and Financial Chronicle, a leading business news outlet at that time, reported: “In Boston the question of closing the churches is being discussed as a mean of checking the epidemic. In Pennsylvania all places of public amusement, schools, churches and all saloons have been ordered closed until further notice.” The Surgeon General of the US at the time said that these closings are: “the only way to stop the spread of the virus”. -
19Th Amendment
19th Amendment It was a continuous, “ seemingly endless, chain of activity. Young suffragists who helped forge the last links of that chain were not born when it began. Old suffragists who forged the first links were dead Tennessee’s Ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, August 18, 1920 when it ended. National Archives, General Records of the United States Government — Carrie Chapman Catt and Nettie Rogers Shuler Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, June 4, 1919 National Archives, General Records of the United States Government ” The ratification of the 19th Amendmentwas a landmark moment in American Upon the word that Tennessee had ratified, Alice Paul unfurled the Woman’s history that dramatically changed the electorate. It enshrined in the United States Party ratification banner with its thirty-six stars, August 18, 1920 Courtesy of the Library of Congress Constitution fuller citizenship for women and a more expansive democracy for the nation. “ The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.” — 19th Amendment, August 18, 1920 NH UT CA ME ND SD CO MT NE MN KY RI MO AR OR IN TX IA WY MA NV OH PA NJ NY KS ID MI AZ IL WI NM OK WV Why is Tennessee’s ratification of the 19th amendment significant? WA TN After Congress passed and proposed a end of March 1920 only one additional state woman suffrage amendment, three-fourths was needed for ratification. On August 18, or 36 states at that time, had to ratify the 1920, after calling a special session of the 19th Amendment before it could be added state legislature, Tennessee became the to the Constitution.