Report

of the

China Famine Relief American Red Cross +

October, 1920—September, 1921

Mustrated from Photographs

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Map showing location of Red Cross Operations 2 Letter of transmittal iii

Chapter I. Background of the I'amine i

. . 6 II. Preliminaries to Red Cross Operations. . . . . " Work " versus " Free" methods of relief 7 Selection of territory and kind of work 8

Early organization . . . 9 Decision to pay in food rather than cash 9 Procedure with officials 9 Co-operation of Shantung authorities secured ii III. Size of the Job and General Plan I3 Population for which Red Cross assumed responsibility 13 Method of payment to workmen 14 Plan of organizing the workmen '4 Organization of Supervisory forces 16 Change from volunteer to salaried forces i/ Nationalities employed 1/ The standard ration i ^ Purchases, transportation methods 19 IV. Recruiting 22

Forms used . . 25 Instructions issued to recruiting forces, village elders, gangs 28

V. Engineering • .32 Location and problem of right of way 32 Plan of purchase, line and grade, cross section ... 34

Mefbod of construction . . . - • 34 3" Organization .... . Rate of pay 4° Methods of laying out work 4° Results, costs 42

Recommendations for upkeep. . . 44 Concerning macadam 45 Rules for Land Purchasing issued by Shantung Relief Society 47 Instructions governing piece work system 5° VI. Commissary 52 Billeting division 52 Foreign Supplies division 54 Stores division 57 Transportation division °2 VII. Health division ^^ Organization °'^ De-infestation ?° 88 Statistics 1

Chapter Page VIII. Pingtingchow Operation 93 Origin and general plan 96 Recruiting 98 Commissary 98 Engineering 106 Health 118 IX. Fenchowfu Operation 125 General and preliminary 127 Pingyao Road 136 Yellow River Road 136 Description of the route 138 Sample contract 142 X. Honan Operation 145 General plan 146 Construction methods 147 Sample forms 154 XI. Hantan Operation 159 Preliminary 159 Variations in the general plan 163

Engineering 1 66 Forms and instructions 172 XII. Tientsin—Paotingfu highway 18 Preliminary 181 Chronology of Paotingfu section 183 Tientsin section 187 XIII. Peking—Tientsin highway 190 XIV. Tingchow Wells 195 General plan 195 Method of construction 199 XV. Propaganda for highway maintenance 203 XVI. If we had it to do again ? 209 Reserve powers of the Chinese people 209 " Work " versus " Free" method of relief 210 Jobs suitable for famine labor 212 Size of jobs to be preferred 213 Method of pay 214 Payment in cash or in food 216 Supervisory personnel 217 Exclusive territory 218 Appraisal of results 218 XVII. The Accounting Department 220 Organization 221 Methods 221 List of Donations Received 232 Personnel List, American Red Cross, China Famine Relief 234

( 11 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

Director, Foreign Operation, American National Red Cross, Washington, D. C. Sir:

I have the honor to transmit herewith a report of the Operations of the American Red Cross, China Famine Relief, from their inception in October, 1920 to the closing of the oflfices in China, September, 1921. In making out this report, 1 have had in mind two classes of readers — (i), an American public to whose munificence this work of relief is due, and (2), those who may be charged with similar tasks in China in the future.

It is a pleasure to report that while there has been considerable suiifering from hunger in the areas allotted to the American Red Cross, there has been no large loss of life, from either starvation or disease. With the sum of $1,000,000 U. S. Gold put at our disposal, supplemented by miscellaneous gifts, (the whole amounting to $2,400,000 Chinese currency), we have been able to reach directly approximately 900,000 people. Some 160,000 laborers have been employed upon our projects, the largest number at any one time being 95,000. These laborers have constructed 850 miles of highway, dug and lined 3,650 wells, and planted over 40,000 trees. The highways include nearly a hundred minor bridges, several hundred culverts, nearly a mjle of concrete paving, over a hundred concrete road crossings, thirty-one miles of heavy macadam, and nearly two hundred miles of heavy mountain construction where the highway is surfaced with gravel, cinders, or disintegrated rock. Nearly fifteen thousand tons of grain have been purchased in distant markets, transported to the scene of operations, carried into the interior, and there paid out in small quantities to the workmen and Iheir families. The conception, organization, survey, execution and disbandment of such an operation within the space of eleven months could not have been accomplished without the single-minded co-operation of large numbers of able assistants. From first to last, nearly three hundred persons were engaged in the work of supervision, and to nearly all of these my personal thanks are due for the energy, loyalty, and initiative displayed in this humanitarian task. Because of the large number, it is possible to make only this general acknowl- edgment. But I wish particularly to mention the assistance rendered by the Director of Accounts in shouldering the responsibility for financial matters, in calling my attention to needs for safeguarding the avenues of expenditure, and in counselling me on matters of policy. Especial mention should be made also of the valuable aid rendered by the Ministry of Communications, in furnishing free transportation of grain and of personnel, whenever our needs could be forecasted sufficiently in advance to make the required requests ; in transmitting telegrams free for almost the entire period, and in donating my services. To the Chinese Maritime Customs, to the China Expeditionary Forces, U. S. A., and to the American Marine Corps, are due our thanks for

iii ( ) many courtesies and assistance. There must also be acknowledged the rapid and effective co-operation on the part of many officials of the Chinese Government, particularly of His Excellency Tien Chung Yu, Governor of

Shantung ; of His Excellency Yen Hsi Shan, Governor of Shansi ; of Mr. S. W. Lao, who had charge of right-of-way matters in Shantung; of Col. Y. C. Chao, who not only attended to right-of-way in Shansi, but also secured for us a considerable portion of the engineers, instruments and construction organiza- tion of the Shansi Highway Bureau.

I must also express my appreciation for the confidence and support which the National Headquarters has invariably accorded to this Operation.

Yours very respectfully,

J. E. Baker, Director, American Red Cross, China Famine Relief. John Earl Baker, Director of Operations

( V )

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CHAPTER I BACKGROUND OF THE FAMINE

BETWEEN the 33rd and 41st counties are so far from rivers that parallels, China depends for pack animals consume almost all the moisture principally upon the food they can carry in making the summer monsoon. In other words, round trip. the belt laying between fifty miles Lack of transportation not only north of Nanking and one hundred makes difficult the provisioning of the

and fifty miles north of Peking, receives country in time of famine but it has most of its rainfall during June, July retarded the development of industry and August. The belt extends from so that to-day China is still an agricul- the coast to the continental plateau. tural country, typically. Hence, when An occasional snow in winter, an a crop failure or flood occurs, practically early beginning or a late ending of all the people are affected. There is the monsoon, is the only variation no well-to-do industrial class which is from this rule. If there is a good in a position to assist the country snowfall or two in the winter, one good districts. There are no large centers shower during April and May, each. of storage from which distribution can North China has a big year, — a crop be made,—no packing houses, no of wheat in June and a crop of millet elevators housing the crop of a prev- and kaoliang in September. If the ious year. snows or the showers fail, there is only Deficiency of transportation and one crop, —the fall crop. Frequently, industry is also typical of the deficiency it happens that the year's precipitation in credit arrangements. Indeed the is nearly all crowded into the last two one is partly the cause of the other. A weeks of July and the first two weeks of loan from one province to another is August. Then rivers burst their banks unthinkable. There is no machinery and, as most of them have beds higher for collection. Outside of the treaty- than the surrounding country, devas- ports, banking is essentially pawn- tating floods result. Once every forty brokering. Interestrates are ruinous, or fifty years, nature in her infinite 24 to 30 per cent. To become a bor- variety, withholds the midsummer rower is to become a slave. A farmer rains, and there is no crop whatever. inclined to be thrifty has no opportu- A population with accumulated nity to accumulate savings accounts property can withstand an occasional or other productive capital which dur- flood or drought, provided it has access ing the hard year can be turned into to sources of food supply on the funds with which to relieve his hunger. outside. But Chinese farmers have His sole opportunity of providing little accumulated property and a very against the evil day is to buy a rare deficient access to outside sources of vase, a piece of jade, or gold ornaments supply. Up to fifteen years ago, there for his women folk. Before the rail- was no railway system in China. There roads came, they starved in the midst are only six thousand miles of railway of these riches, if they were not able io China now. Whole provinces are to get to a navigable river leading dependent upon rivers and pack ani- from some crop-blessed region. Need- mals for transportation. And whole less to say, a people principally

I ( ) THE FAMINE AREA —

agricultural, with no manufacturers, no from the neighliouriug districts, and efforts were made banking arrangements by which the by the Government, as well as by the Famine Relief Committee, distress to succour of one year can be spread over these poor people. the prosperity of qthers, no. easy modes "Tientsin was inundated with supplies from every available of exchanging the surplus of one port. The Bund was .piled mountain-high with grain, the Govern- district for that of another,—needless ment storehouses were full, all the boats were impressed to say, such a people is poor,— very for the conveyance of supplies towards Shansi and the Ho-chien districts of poor. And then in addition- there is Chihli. Carts and waggons were all taken the tremendous pressure of population up and the cumbersome machinery of the Chinese upon usual food resources. Hence, a Government was strained to the utmost to meet the enormous, peril which famine year finds the Chinese with no stared it in the face. The main road in the reserve power. province of Shansi is over the Kukwan pass, a distance of about V6(i English miles. During It is a rare decade which does the winter and spring of ] 877-78 the most not record some widespread disaster frightful disorder reigned supreme along this route. Hwailuhsien, in North China, either flood, or drought. the starting point, was filled with officials and traders all intent Mere county or village disasters may on getting their convoys over the pass. be ignored. Every four or five years Fugitives, beggars and thieves, absolutely swarmed. The officials were powerless at least millions are involved. This to create any sort of order among the mountains. year forty million people have been The track was frequently worn out and until touched, of whom over half have been a new one was made a dead block ensued. Camels, oxen, mules and donkeys were seriously affected. Three years ago hurried along in the wildest <:oafusion and the northern half of Chihli province so many perished or were killed by the desperate people in the hills for the sake was flooded and over five million people of their flesh, that the transit could only be were made homeless, — their accumula- •carried on by the banded vigilance of the tions of food and household goods interested owners of grain, assisted by the train-bands or militia which had been hastily washed away. In 12 a similar flood 19 got together, but some of whom were armed occurred further south. The same year with breech-loaders. a famine occurred on the Shensi plain. "The carriage of salt to Shansi was prohibit- ed by the Governor owing to the scarcity of Because of its frequent ravages, the pack animals. Night travelling was out of the Yellow River is known as " China's question. The way was marked by the car- Sorrow." casses or skeletons of men and beasts, and the wolves, dogs and foxes soon put an end And so it goes by intervals more or to the sufferings of any wretch who lay down less regular, back to the great Famine to recover from, or die of his sickness in these terrible defiles. Murder was very when the greater part of the of 1878, cominon, and if the officials could not four northern provinces, Chihli, Shansi, prevent it, they could warn the wayfarers that the Imperial authority was stUl Shensi, and Honan, with a portion of potent enough to exert itself on such culprits as Shantung, were stricken with a terrible came within its grasp, for human heads drought. Those who are familiar with formed a constant decoration in conspicuous places along the route. Broken carts, history native sources Chinese from scattered grain bags, dying men and animals undoubtedly can take the record much so frequently stopped the way, that it was further back. Speaking of the famine of often necessary to prevent for days together the entry of convoys on the oue side, in order 1878,. an old report reads as follows : to let the trains from the other come over. "It was estimated that during the con- "No idea of employing the starving people tinuance of the famine, from nine to thirteen making a new, or improving the old road, millions of human beings must have perished ever presented itself to the authorities; and from hunger, disease or violence. In the passengers, thankful for their escape from parts most severely affected it was generallj' dangers of the journey, were lost in wonder reported that about seven-tenths of the that the enormous traffic was possible. At inhabitants disappeared. A vast number of Szu-tieh, the path ceases, and the traveller these migrated; but of the few who managed towards Tai-Yuen-Fu, already impressed with .to reach a haven of safety, hardly any can the magnitude of the famine, would begin to have' returned to their desolated homes. realize in their fulness the horrors of the The condition of the roads, strewn with disaster. Industry had stopped; no sound of human remains, sufficiently testified to the welcome or reprobation reached him from usual fate of those who attempted to escape. the villages as he passed along, only every- A large number, however, reached Tientsin where the silence of stupefied misery to

( 3 ) which no alleviation could come. Starved Early in August, 1920, reports men crawling along and seeking for assistance began to which they did not expect, died on the road- be received from points in side in the bitter cold. Women barely able Shantung, Chihli, and Honan concern- to support the burden, were seen carrying ing lack of rainfall, and consequent their dead children tor burial where the dust failure and snow was thick enough to conceal them. ofcrops. As the month wore Magpies, crows, hawks and dogs were feasting on and no more rains occurred, these undisturbed on corpses which no one cared reports multiplied. A considerable to bury, and gangs of desperadoes, living in the security of the hills, rendered the passage movement of farmers from the of the roads a terror to those who tried them worst affected districts to cities set unarmed, or in no considerable numbers. in, and by September first, it was "A famine village could be detected at once by the absence of bark on the few trees which well understood that instead of a generally surrounded them, or of wood-work considerable number of isolated spots in most of the houses. Children lying about the failed, there in sheltered corners, conspicuous for their upon which crop had' enormously distended stomachs, the result of was a general crop failure with only existing on the roots of rushes or poisonous the exception of a few isolated spots barks or leaves, and fat clay, were awaiting where an occasional shower had pro- the inevitable end ; while in the ruined houses the dead, the dying and the living were found duced something. The foothill dis- huddled together on the same stone bed,. tricts, old river beds and alkali patches "During the four bad years everything saleable had been disposed, of, the beasts of were the worst off. In the better burden had been killed and eaten, and the regions, most of the farmers sowed domestic dogs, driven by hunger to feast on buckwheat, in the despairing hope the corpses—everywhere to be found, were eagerly caught and devoured, when the that fall showers might mature some- chance occurred, by the starving people. thing of a crop. In most cases, how- Women and girls were sold in troops and suicide was so common as hardly to excite ever, the light showers received merely attention. The mass of correspondence sent germinated the seed, produced a growth by foreigners and natives who -became of four or five inches which flowered or engaged in the work of relief, contains descriptions so revolting that they had better went to seed, but never filled. A rejjiain buried where they are. Que feature, dread of something, like the scenes of however, that of cannibalism, —deserves a '78 passing notice. Residents in China from began to be expressed and Chinese their knowledge of the sublime contempt philanthropists and other men of which the Chinese usually show for death, public note began to exert themselves are loth to believe that any extremity would induce them to partake of human flesh, but toward determining the extent of with every desire to disbelieve in the hideous the disaster and possible means of statements of late so common, the impartial meeting it. enquirer must confess to their truth."

( 4 ) E. Alfred Davies, Director of Accotmts

William- Mead GorNWELL, Assistant Director of Operations

( 5 ) CHAPTER 11 PRELIMINARIES TO RED CROSS OPERATIONS

THE first foreign action towards part of the various Chinese leaders, Famine Relief was taken by the was not so much opposition, as it was Peking Chapter of the American despair at the idea ol combination, with Red Cross, .which on September 7th, the result that a form of cooperation called a meeting of the Chapter for was favored by such. September 14th, to consider ways The late days of September and the and means for preparing agiinst the early days of October were consumed necessities now clearly foreseen. In in making small advances to the advance of this meeting, however, farmers in districts which had been the American Minister, Charles R. organized by local missionaries, such Crane, called together a special group advances to be used for the purchase of Americans and laid before them of seed wheat. At the same time the possibility of working out an discussions and plans were proceeding International organization for a united towards securing a more effective effort under a centralized management centralization of the powerful forces for all Famine Relief work. As a which it could be seen were working result of this conference, the Peking towards Famine Relief. By the first Chapter of the American Red week of October the Chinese Societies Cross pledged any funds which it in Peking, together with the foreign

might be able to raise to such an international group, . had effected a International organization " if and union. In Shanghai and Tientsin and when formed." It inaugurated a Kaifeng, similar combinations had campaign for subscriptions from all been effected, and the next step was, Americans in Peking and vicinity, if possible, to bring about a coalition which netted about ten thousand of these International societies located dollars. at these principal points. Peking Mr. Crane's idea for an International being the capital, the location of all of organization was accepted by the the various Government Bureaus, other Legations and an International whose assistance would be needed in Foreign Committee was formed. By the work, was looked upon by the this time various Chinese organiza- International group at that point as tions, of which at least twenty were the logical headquarters. Political known in northern China, began to opposition in Shanghai and Tientsin, consider the possibility either of however, was so great that after several combination, or of cooperation. Be- attempts, all combination between the cause of the fact that most of the cities was abandoned. While the prominent figures in public life in negotiations just described were in China owe their leadership to political progress, news was received of the forces, naturally every leader has a grant by the American Red Cross of large number of active enemies, and five hundred thousand gold dollars this fact made it very difficult for any for Famine relief in China, and coin- form of combination to take place. cident with the receipt of the news It is quite apparent now that much of came a visit from the Manager of the the opposition to combination, on the Foreign and Insular Division of the

( 6 ) American Red Cross, Mr. Emmet W. means at hand over the greatest White. Mr. White was on his way to number of sufferers. The natural the Far East on an inspection tour of thing to do, therefore, seemed to be to the many Red Cross Chapters, and dole out food or money in the smallest learned of the Famine only when he quantities possible to maintain life to received a cable from Washington as many of the worst sufferers as ordering him to China for investigation possible. But a considerable group purposes. This cable and gift of five took the view that those receiving aid hundred thousand dollars were the should earn it in some fashion. The result of representations made to number of permanent paupers growing Washington by the American Min- out of refugee camps is a constant ister. reminder of the necessity of maintain- Mr. White spent his first days in ing the self respect and self reliance Peking in calling upon the various of calamity victims. Gn the other individuals known to be prominent in hand, the "free relief" partisans Relief efforts and in gaining from pointed out that a working man must them an idea as to the prospects eat twice as much as a non-working for the formation of a centralized man. Then, in addition to the cost organization covering the entire field. of the extra food, there is the cost of Within a few days, Mr. White came surveys, of foremen, and of tools to be

to the opinion that whatever the met ; and on top of that is all the prospects for such an organization complications of foreign concessions, were, the Red Cross should take the "spheres of influence," property rights, responsibility for the application of its vested interests, and all the red tape own funds, rather than merely turn of official action to discourage any them over to a larger organization, form of construction. Hence, a series which would disburse them according of concrete proposals by a group of to its own ideas. But in order to give foreign and foreign-educated engineers the movement toward centralization was definitely rejected by all of the all of the impetus possible, in concur- other relief organizations. rence with the American Minister, he Those in charge of the Red Cross decided that the Red Cross should negotiations, however, believed that apply to the International Famine the cost entailed by the construction Relief Committee in Peking for assign- features of relief need not cost more ment to a definite area within which than would be lost by the "free relief" the Red Cross would undertake to plan in feeding unworthy or unneces- expend its funds. sary supplicants for aid, which class At the same time a decision was would be eliminated automatically by made as to the method by which the the "work" plan. The value of the Red Cross would distribute its relief, work to the health and to the morals —a decision which was fundamental of the farmers who were to be helped and which will probably have a marked was also emphasized. But probably effect upon all forms of disaster relief most important of all was the hope in China for years to come. that the organization of large numbers In the minds of almost every person of men in this fashion upon extensive who gave thought to the subject, there works of public improvement, would was a feeling of certainty that the bring back to the Chinese people that calamity in view was far beyond ability to organize and that pride in domestic resources to avert and that achievement which in past ages made foreign aid would be forthcoming them the peers of any people of any in only small quantities. Hence the time, and which might again lift them main problem was how to spread the out of the category of an international

( .7 ) " poor relation '' to the status of a work, it was thought expedient to self-reliant, progressive power. build a highway from Tehchow to Hence on October 14, an application Lintsing so that motor transportation was made to the United International might be iiged. Also.th ere was a Faniine Relief Committee at Peking canny suspicion that something might for permission to devote the sum of interfere with the canal program, in §500,000. Gold, or so much of it as which case it would be well to have

should prove necessary, to the relief substitute work upon which to ' fall of the region extending, from Tehchow back. via Lintsingchow to Tungchangfu in The suspicion proved to be only too the Province of Shantung, by means well founded. Mr. White and the of employment upon works of public Director were surnmoned to appear improvement, especially canals and before the Administrative Council of highways. the International Famine Relief Society The considerations which led to the at Peking, October iSth. Our request selection of the particular territory was. granted,, but one of the mosj

requested were as follows : — influential of the Chinese members From Lintsing to Tungchangfu the warned us away from, canal construc- Grand Canal is silted up. An American tion at considerable length. It tran- engineering firm has the contract for spires, that the officials in charge of the rehabilitation of this canal. The the Grand Canal improvement work, surveys, were practically complete. belong to an opposition political The construction work is simple, and group, and he was apprehensive Jest so would require no special training of the wo?k of the Red Cross mak,e of the laborers, or the purchase of special the Canal rehabilitation a success. tools. The work can be measured Later it appeared that the officials of easily and so can be paid for on a the opposition rather feared a " loss of quantity basis. Large numbers of face " if their success were based upon workmen could be concentrated at one famine labor rathei: than upon a foreign point with the result that supervision loan which is expected for this work- could be reduced to a minimum. And the American financiers who are The Canal is open as far as Lintsing, expected to make the loan disapproved hence the transportation of supplies in of the Red Cross beginning the work, bulk to the vicinity of the work could at the same time themselves failing to be accomplished readily. The work loan the funds which would have

when finished would be a very import- • made this great work of employment ant public improvement, for it would possible. The result was that the form not only an artery of communi- construction of highways was the only cations but would carry with it flood remaining alternative if the Red Cross control and irrigation. method of relief were to proceed., The American Red Cross had once In the meantime, feeling gure that before attempted constructive relief something would be done, the forma- work by planning works to control the tion of an organization was commenced. Huai River in Kiangsu. All in all, Mr. W. A. B. Nichols, Chairman of there was everything to recommend the China Central Committee, Amer- the building of the Canal. Tehchow ican Red Cross,, and President of the and highway coristruction were men- firm of Fearon, Daniel and Company, tioned in the same connection for the put. at our disposal the residence flat reason that Tehchow was the railway belonging" to that firm in Peking. point where supplies would be trans- The use of these comfortable and ferred to the canal, and for the sake commodious quarters during the entire of rapid communication with the canal period of the operation, has been

( 8 ) donated to us. The firm of E. W. basis at the time, but whenever grain Erazar donated the services of its is plentiful on the market the food engineer, Mr. K. C. Weedin. Mr, payment plan does have a deterrent William M. Cornwell, principal of the effect upon people who are merely Peking School of Commerce (Y. M. applying for a job, instead of being in C. A..), was induced to acce.pt the danger of starvation. The arrival of responsibilities of Chief Accountant our train loads of grain in the field on a voluntary basis. Dr. F.. F. had an immediate effect on prices. Tucker, senior member of the Amer- This was valuable to the entire com- ican Board Mission at Tehchow and munity and had an important effect in well known throughout northern extending the purchasing power of Shantung, cheerfully accepted the people with a little means, which task, of organizing the work in the undoubtedly kept thtSiisands from the fi.eld, under the title of Superintendent necessity of coming to us for help. of Relief. For such a field position it Those who have lived in China was absolutely indispensable to have longest know that as a rule in order a man who could speak the local to make haste, one must dialect, and who was known and take the leisure to proceed though the recog- trusted by the countryside in which nized regular channels. Hence, after the work was to be carried on. In the United International Famine dealing with ofificials, the age and Relief Committee had allocated the seniority of such representatives, is a territory within which the Red factor of.considerable importance. Cross was to work, the routine of official A conference of Department Heads introduction was entered upon. The called by the Director in Peking on American Minister was requested to October 2.2., made another decision as address the proper department of the to policy which was fundamental to Chinese Government and request its the Shantung plan of work and assistance in the prosecution of the several of the later operations. This work. In due course we were advised decision was that payment to the to call upon the Ministry of the workmen would be in food. rather than Interior and explain our plans, and in money. We had ascertained upon that the latter would instruct the inquiry, that food could be purchased Civil Governor of Shantung to lend us in distant markets much more cheaply such assistance as appeared consistent. than in local markets. To pay the On October 29th, as per arrangement, men in mbney and leave it to them to Mr. White and the Director called buy their own food appeared likely to upon the Minister of the Interior, His make the famine a very profitable Excellency Chang Chih-tan. His Ex- thing for local grain dealers,, who cellency thanked the Red Cross for its already were being referred to as gift and gave personal assurances of profrteeEs. The decision at this time desire. to be of assistance, at the same by the Ministry of Communications to time notifying us that all arrangements grant free carriage by rail to allFamine would have to be made with the Relief Societies, made any other plan Governor of Shantung. His Excel- out of the question. However, there lency was politely apprehensive about was :stiU- another thought in our minds, difficulties to be encountered in

namely :. thfit if., we paid in cash many securing right-of-way for construction idle men might be applying for work purposes, about the suspicions of the who did not need it, and who;Would Shantungese concerning our ultimate not be so eager if we paid in food. intentions, and about the likelihood Because of the ready marketability of encountering a paralyzing amount of grain, this did not have so valid a of knavery.

( 9 ) His Excellency Tien Chung Yu, Military and Civil Governor of Sltantung.

( lo ) Through the Legation, next, we " Then, the only alternative is to arranged for the American Consul at have the Chinese authorities purchase " Tsinan, the capital of Shantung, to the land. accompany us on a call upon the " But the Province has no funds." Military, and Civil Governor (one " Could not the Province pay for person) of Shantung, The result was the land in bonds of small denomina- that his Excellency the Governor, tion which could be made receivable in Tien Chung Yu, invited us to tiffin on " payment of taxes ? November 1st. Acquainted in advance " I am afraid with the amount of the Red Cross gift, the people would not the Governor asked how we proposed understand." to make the distribution. The gist of " Now, undoubtedly a large number the " work " plan was explained, and of well-to-do Chinese people are he inquired how we expected to get prepared to do something toward the land for the highways. " By your relieving the distress of their country- Excellency's assistance," we answered. men. Could not these men of means

arrange to buy the land ? "Does the Red Gross think that They know how to negotiate better than we, land might be confiscated for this and purpose ?" know what prices ought to be paid." " Let "No, that would work a hardship me have a few days in which upon small landowners, who might to work out a plan. I think some- thing can be done." lose practically their entire property." " Very well, your Excellency, may " But if the Red Cross begins to we ask as a favor that you will let us buy land, it will meet many difficulties. have your reply soon, for if our plan Not only will most of its money be is not acceptable to you, we have an used up, but the time consumed will opportunity in another quarter, to be excessive, and besides many of our which we must give an answer within people might think that some other a few days." motive was behind your action." Ten days later, a telegram was " Does your Excellency favor having received announcing that a plan had a foreign institution owning a road in been worked out by which the Red your Province? For, of course, if the Cross offer could be accepted as made. Red Cross bought the land it would In belong to the Red Cross." a conference with Dr. Tucker, Superintendent of Relief, the Shantung "No, that would be sure to make Famine Relief Society, composed of trouble." the officials and substantial people of " Of course, we might be able to the Province, agreed to purchase the arrange th^t the profits on all tolls land, see to the removal of graves, which we collected might be turned take care of damages to buildings, toward the construction of more wells, growing crops, and everything roads." of a property nature. Furthermorfe, it " I am sure that this would lead to was arranged that construction work difficulty." should begin at once, leaving the " Or the Red Cross could present bargaining with property owners to be this road to the Mission Stations in carried on at leisure. While the Red Shantung, who would maintain it out Cross was requested to use the old of the tolls collected and turn the official roads as much as possible, yet balance over to the Province for other the marking out of the route was purposes." finally left to our discretion. Our " This also would be misunder- engineers were to stake out the center stood." line. A few days would then be

II ( ) required for the. land-buyers represent- possessed by thp-Governor's pritjcipal ing the Famine Relief Society to settle r«presen.tativ.e. questions of ownership, and then, the With th.e.-Assistaa3ce of the.Am.erican workmen. CQuld be turned on to tjie job. Commetjcial Aitache, Mr; Julean To take cJharge, of this difficult, task of Arnold, a membetoCthe China Central acquiring, the. right-of-way, the Gov.er- Committee; of thje: American Red nor. appointed^ Mr.. S. W. Lao,, a man Cross, con necti OTIS; were formed of unusual directness,, familiar with through an American; r-eturned matters of this kind,^ having been student, with an old established firm

Associate Director of one of the of grain, brokers;. 0.n. November 1 6th, principal railways, at present Director the day on which: Dr. Tucker tele- of the Yellow River Conservancy, and graphed, the' terms. 'of thes Governor's possessing a fl\ient command' of plan for land-buying;, a telegram was

English speech. The extent- of' the also received . stating that the first Red'' Cross operations in Shantung cargo of food, consisting of 1,320 tons would' have been seriously- restricted of soya beans, had; be,en. purchased on had' it not been for these qualities the Red. Gross. accou.n|:. ..j

( 12 ) —

CHAPTER III SIZE OF THE JOB AND GENERAL PLAN

provinces THE affected by the current, $500,000 gold, would yield famine were Chihli, Shansi, Ho- about $750,0.00- Mex. Miscellaneous nan and Stiantung. Of Shantung gifts of another; $100,000, Mex. were only th^t portion north of the Yellow counted on. At prices of grain then River was considered, to be in dire, current, it; was estimated, that $10. distress. entire *' The area of the Mex. would "feed a mouth till province is about 56,000 square miles harvest. That meant that 85,000 and the population is somewhere people- could, be carried,— and at four between thirty and forty millions, —an dependents per man, 17,000 laborers area like that of Iowa with a popula- could be employed. It was manifest tion as great as that west of the that the. longer,- large, numbers could Mississippi River. The portion north be m.ade to depend upon their own of the Yellow River is probably not resources, the^ greater number could,

more than a sixth of the area of the be reached, finally. Investigators re-. province, and the Red Cross sector at ported that while a. large, number were first constituted less than a fourth of already without; visible means of this section north of the Yellow River. support, a much larger number would (Later the whole section was occupied need to be helped in the late winter in part). Six entire hsiens (counties) and; early spring months. Hence, and thirteen hsiens in part were in- although the operation was begun cluded in the first Red Cross area. immediately,, it was thought that no The population of the entire section haste should be made to bring the is estimated at 9,488,000; and that of full force on to the work until reports the first Red Cross sector at about indicated the beginning of an increase 2,000,000. Investigations which had in the death rate. been made by mission stations and Those familiar with the after-efCects government authority settled upon of other- famines and floods, at this, about two-fifths of this number as time, raised a very considerable voice, requiring relief. The problem was concerning the probabilities of typhus how to spread out $500,000 over epidemics. Certainly it would be

800,000 people in such a way as to futile to save a. hundred thousand keep them alive until the first harvest, people during the winter only to have about June 15. them fall before such a. pest in the We had the area to ourselves ex- spring. The experience of " old China clusively. If the estimates furnished hands" and of physicians returned us were correct, the task before us from^ the Great War, influenced us to was impossible. The policy was then believe- that by adopting a vigorous adopted of attempting to carry no de-lousing program together with more people than could be carried other sanitary rules, considerabl.e, im- through to the end' in good condition. munity from typhus could be insured, It would be of no use to feed the —especially among our welj.-fed. work- entire 800,000 for a month, and then men. Hence the appropriation of let them starve- for the next six $500^000 wasraughly apportioned as- m-onths. At rates of exchange then follows :

( 13 ) " —a

" paid Relief food - $360,000 72 per cent How should workmen be according to the number Commissary - 30,000 6 ,, ,, all alike or in their families ?" Engineering - 41,250 8| ,, ,, of persons " Health - - 27,500 Sh .. A difficult problem. Surely a

General - 41,250 8^ ,, ,, - man with many children, his parents $500,000 100 per cent and perhaps grandparents, needs' more than one with only a child or so. Yet Believing: that at the best, we should if you give him more, people will fall far short of preventing an appall- scrape together all the relatives they ing loss of life, it became necessary can find, so as to get rnbre pay. ' Then, to consider whom—what classes- too, if a man has been blessed with' should be saved. The classes most large family, should he be blessed useful to the province obviously would again by giving him bigger pay? be the choice of any sociologist. Really, there is no plan which is This meant cutting off from our lists, perfect. But some plans are better the ftiaimed, the halt and the blind, than others. The Red Cross has the diseased, paupers, and the aged chosen the plan of giving- employment. without support. Vigorous men of Let it stick to that plan." family were to be the natural choice In other words, alFworknien should for laborers. But knowing the revulr it was so ordered'. sion of feeling which Chinese would be paid alike. And experience upon the bald announce- We were now in a position to make ment of such a policy, the Director definite offer's to the workmen whom sought to have influential Chinese we wished to select for employment. choose this policy of their own free Xhe recruiting forces then started out will. for the worst affected districts. Thejy A thoughtful group of Chinese had instructions to select men in living in the sector, but themselves groups of thirty, each group to. select not in need, was sought in counsel. its head rnan, or business representa- The data given above was submitted tive, and its cook for itself, and to wait to them. Concerning the pauper class for further word as to where and when there was no hesitation on the, part of to report for work. In the meantime this group. But the aged ? Ah, who the engineers had selected the route could bear to see them suffer.? Well, to be built over. Next, they notified then, should the Red Cross feed work- the Government landbuyers (through men on the-W£>rks, arid separately the Superintendent of Relief) that organize soup kitchens in villages for center lines would be staked by a all the hungry? certain day. While the landbuyers " No, everybody would live on the settled the facts of ownership on a kitchens, and there would not be certain section, the engineers located enough to go around. Besides, under gang, section and division head- these conditions no one would want quarters, and notified the Commissary to work." Department. The Commissary De- " Suppose the Red Cross should partment then arranged billeting for secretly finance a subsidiary society the laborers, and headquarters for which would take care of the aged ? the foreign personnel. The land- " This would certainly be found out. buyers, as soon as their work on a Besides, many of the; aged who had division was finished, were expected sons would claim aid, and so be helped to notify the Superintendent of Relief, both by the son and by the society. who after ascertaining that both Better, let the few aged depend upon Commissary and Engineering depart- the charity, of the locaf people of ments would be ready, instructed the means." Recruiting department to produce

( 14 ) Field Manager,

O. J. Todd

(March 8 to conclusion)

S. W. Lao,

Representative of Shantung Relief

Society

In charge of Land Purchases

( 15 ) fi 1 . -Qpe rat in their gangs on the date and at the au th o ri ty in th e e d The g changes, place arranged. Organization, after some early observe^^ the following form: When a gang appeared, each member was given a tin tag with a Field Manager (after March 8, 1921) consecutive number impressed upon Superintendent of Relief recorded in it, and this number was Recruiting Manager the recruiting form. This tin ^tag- Recruiting agents constituted the wearer's evidente ot a Chief Health Division right to work. Each gang was im- District officers mediately given an issue of rations by Sanitary patrols the Storekeeper, and was assigned to its section by the Engineer. Hence- Chief of Commissary '' forward, it was under the direction of Manager Stores -Division the Engineer. A Division Engineer Division -Storekeepers was quartered with each Division Manager Foreign and Engineer- Store- Storekeeper, and certified to the ing Supplies keeper the number of gangs and the Transportation Manager number of men in each gang which Division were entitled to draw rations. Manager of Billeting Carpenters, Masons, etc. The organization soon took shape with a sharp distinction between Chief Engineer Headquarters and Field. It Was the District Engineer duty of fleadquarters to furnish policy, Division Engineer personnel, food, and funds to the ^ Section foreman Field. It was the duty of the Field Head men of gangs to apply food and funds to the work the work, of relief. During the early part of not only in the Shantung field, but on Headquarters consisted of the Di- other operations, it was helpful to rector of Operations and Chief have frequent meetings of department Accountant, located in Peking, to- heads. No one was " cock-sure " as gether with office forces. A shipping to what plans would work and what was soon employed in Tientsin. agent would not. In addition, missionaries For some little 'time the Grimes composed the majority of the depart- Forwarding Agency performed this mental chiefs, and missionary stations service gratuitously. Later there were are accustomed to work on the com- added a Transport Officer, who gave mittee plan. 15ut after the work was particular attention togr^ain shipments, well along and questions of policy and and a Purchasing Agent who attended methods were well established, these to the purchase of engineering tools staff meetings were discontinued. In and supplies, food supplies for the fact, instead of a help they became a foreign mess, and miscellaneous articles hindrance, for they involved bringing needed In the work. in busy men long distances from their After January i, the accounting work, and they served to promote the work Was taken over by the Di-rector personal differences which inevitably di Accounts who was a direct repre- crop up in any organization. These sentative 'of National Headquarters, in differences are likely to be accentuated w'hich capacity he was independent of in work of this kind for the reason the Director of Operations. Repre- that personnel are drawn from walks of senting the Director of Accouats in life holding such different ideals, and the field was a Field Accountant, who that the work is done under such similarly was Independent of any other pressure that very few men are able to

{ 16 ) —

retain their usual -compfosure or -self s - control under misunderstanding and i S S "5 w sC-^'3 -g even positive antagonism. ,8 D-S: 1 'si During the early months of the Nationality S ^ •operation, the supervisory force con- sisted of volunteers, solely. But later, Americans - 47 80 57 184 as the scope of the work became British 10 6 27 43 enlarged and as greater details of Serbs- - - I I accountability became required, it was Russians- 13 I impossible to obtain sufficient volun- Italians teers. Besides, other o-rganizations Czechs working on the "free" basis were able Germans - to secure much larger funds than at Norwegians and first, and so Commandeered larger and Swedes 3 larger numbers of missionaries, which Danes it had beene?qf)ected might be available Poles - for the Red Cross. Later, when the Finns- additional- a'pptbpriation of $500,000 Filipinos- was recei'^^ed, and more extended Unknown 4 25 operations were opened, it manifestly Totals 60" 109 112 281 became impossible to secure sufficient help except by paying salaries. From With the large influx from the that time, practically all new personnel "treaty ports," the problem of Inter- were hired,- and those already in the preters became acute. The colleges field were gradually put on a salary and academies where English is taught basis. T%e soldiers, marines, and were appealed to. It is a pleasure missionaries,, however, "were given no particularly to record the excellent salaries, as these classes were already work done by students from Tsin^ receiving'support from other organiza- Hua College In this capacity. This tions. college kept Shantung supplied with It soon became necessary to adver- ten interpreters practically the entire tise for help in the Engineering and season, by means of relays. These Commissary Departments. Fortun- young men were not afraid of work, ately for our work, a serious business displayed unexpected Initiative, and depression was under way, and a had a superior command of American considerable number of high grade English. Many of our engineers and men were thus acquired at relatively commissary men were inclined to look low rates of pay. On the other hand, upon the Interpreter as a servant we also acquired a goodly portion of something very galling to the scholar th« " fk)tsam and jetsam "stranded in class of China. The Tsing Hua these eastern ports. -Some of this students appeared quite able to -main- class rendered g-ood service, but several tain their position without causing were absolutely unemployable and friction. their expenses to and from the field With limited means at our disposal was a dead loss. The moral behavior and an unlimited demand for food, of some of these men In the field there was every reason for findirig the raised disturbing questions as to the most economical ration possible. The effect on American prestige. Alto- southern Chinese depends upon rice gether, twelve natiofnalifies were em- as a staple. The northern Chinese of ployed among our foreign supervisory the better class depends upon wheat forces. Their distribution was as rather than rice and consumes con- follows: siderable meat. The poorer classes

( 17 ) eat kaoliang (Kaffir corn) with a very little meat. Wheat and meat were entirely out of the question on account of their cost. The Peking Union Medical College (Rockefeller Foun- dation) was approached for assistance, and the following report vvas received. The following foods were obtainable in quantity on the market at a low price. Average cost per catty (1.33 pounds) was as follows : Beans - 4.3 cents per catty

- Peanut cake - 3.0 ,, ,, ,,

- - Bean cake- 3.5 ,, ,, „ Corn - - - - 4.2 Ground rice with

- chaff- - 1.9 ,, ,, Kaoliang (Kaffir

corn) 4.4 „ ,, „ Millet - - - - 5.0 „ „ „ According to investigations made by Dr. B. E. Read of the Union Medical College, Peking, the food value of these various articles is as follows: Carbo- Calories Proteins hydrates Fat per catty Kaoliang 7.90 67.26 2.77 2020 Millet - - - 8.72 73.10 4.75 2304 Peanuts - 25.80 24.40 38.60 3413 - Soya Beans 39.87 8.95 . . 2285 Miss Embrey, Food Chemist of the China Medical Board, recommended to us the following as a balanced and sufficient ration: STANDARD RATIONS

Bread made of

Wheat or Corn or Kaoliang 70%- .70 .46 .35 .23 Yellow soya bean or Peanut 30%- .30 .20 .15 .10 Together with Soup containing solids as follows: Yellow soya bean 30%- - .056 .037 .028 .019 Millet 30% .056 .037 .028 .019 Corn 40% - .075 .050 .037 .025 Vegetables - .019 .126 .095 .063 Catties The family of each workman received a nearby nation, there was no practic- double the standard individual ration, able recourse. except that the — family received no At the very beginning of our opera- salt or vegetables. These family tions the Ministry of Communications rations were issued fortnightly. As provided free railway transportation near as could be arranged, every four- on specified kinds of grain for famine teen days, the gangs were lined up in relief purposes. The Army Headquar- the Division Store compound and ters at Manila offered the use of the each man given a sack of food coiitain- transport service wherever convenient. ing about catties 52 which he took Beans being so large a factor in our home to his family, where it was used diet, it was fortunate that the principal as the family saw fit. This fifty-two bean market was Dairen. This port is catties is arrived at as follows, — 2 only a little out of the route of the rations for 14 days equals 28 rations; transports plying between Manila and plus rations 2 for the workman going Chingwantao. Chingwantao was also home and coming back equals 30 a most favorable port of entry, for the rations, or the same as a 30-man reason that the coal export from that ration for one day. port always makes available a large Due to scarcity and high prices supply of freight cars. In China this other commodities were tried in lesser is a matter of prime importance, for quantities. Among these were buck- there is always a car shortage. Last wheat,—cotton seed, barley, oats, rye year the shortage was especially acute and rice bran. for the reason that the grain supply of At first, workmen hesitated about the whole famine area had to be all of these strange substances. Bean brought in distances ranging from three cake and peanut cake are commonly hundred to seven hundred miles. The used for fertilizer in China. There was Peking-Mukden Line which brought a natural revulsion on this account. in about half of the total tonnage, But on all of the jobs where the men hauled nearly ten times as much grain were needy they soon learned that last year as during the year before. these substances were meat, and in one Cargoes ranging from 1,000 to case, men who had formed a grievance 1,600 tons were carried from Dairen committee re-appeared two weeks later to Chingwantao by nearly every trans-

asking for an additional quantity of port available between December i to the "cake" in place of kaoliang. Cot- March 15. Special trains were thus ton seed took so long to prepare for loaded to capacity and run direct to eating that after a few trials, this was the Head Stores. It is always neces- used for family rations only. sary to place watchmen on such trains The rice bran was the big disap- to prevent thievery. These watchmen pointment of the job. Purchased at a were provided by our shipping agents low price, it was expected that this in Tientsin. would mix with the heavy bean rations Dairen was finally given up as a as a lightener. But when delivered, it market partly because of high prices, was found so mixed with rice scourings, and partly because of insufTerable including marble dust, or other mineral annoyances in doing business there. substance, that men would not eat it, The strike incident to the introduction except in extreme cases. Three-fourths of gold yen as standard currency fol- of the purchase was given away*' lowed hard after. A market about 300 either by our own organizations or miles south of Hsuchow was then used through the organizations giving free considerably. On the whole it was a relief. The purchase having been cheaper market than Dairen, but it was made from an irresponsible broker of not well organized, and purchases in

( 19 ) train load lots were impossible except issued by the Inspectorate General over long periods of time. Grades of Customs. Each province has its of grain are not standardized. Also own local customs taxes, "likin." On train service was limited. However, imports from Dairen, the "huchao" with the assistance of the Governor of secured for us exemptions, but on Shantung, we were able to obtain the purchases in one province moving to services of a commandeered train from another we could secure exemption time to time as needed. For the jobs only by securing a special "huchao" in Shansi several thousand tons of odd from the Civil Governor, or the grain, like barley, rye, and oats, were Ministry of Finance. Sometimes we purchased on the Peking-Suiyuan Line did both, in order to be safe. toward the Mongolian border. Our first purchases were all made In order to obtain free transporta- by direct representatives, Chinese, to tion privileges it was necessary to whom expenses and salaries were paid. apply to the Famine Relief Bureau of Later a commission of two per cent the Ministry of Communications, was paid in lieu of salaries and ex- stating the kind and approximate ton- penses. And still later, perhaps three nage of grain to be moved, the points thousand tons were purchased at a flat of origin and the points of destination. rate delivered, The last-named plan A "chichao" was then issued, which on is much the simplest to the accounting presentation to the station master at department, but on the whole it appears point of origfn secured preferred atten- to be somewhat more expensive than tion in obtaining cars, together with the other plans. The first plan secured free freight. for us the best quality at the cheapest Dairen, being a port in leased price, but no one can prove that it territory, is treated as a foreign poit would have done so ail the time. by the Customs authorities. However, Prices dropped steadily up to the we were given exemption privileges Chinese New Year in February, and similar to those on the railways, upon then rose slowly until harvest. request and presentation of a "huchao"

( 20 ) 4^

/^

•"1

•^^ -^-^j 4^

Heads of Departments, Shantung Operation.

Dr. F. F. Tucker Paul MacEachron W. I. LyVCY O. J. Todd Field Accountant Field Manager Sup. of Relief Chief of Commissarv

( -1 ) CHAPTER IV

RECRUITING

(Shantung)

DK. ¥. ¥. TUCKKK,

Sitperiuteiident of Relief

C. E. EWING,

Chief of Recruiting Division

'flE Recruiting Divi- are feeding people without requiring T sion was one of the any work of them. Why should work principal branches of be required here? Undoubtedly these the Relief Department. Americans expect some day to make Its duties were to sift the this a railway. Then you know what tiiousands applying for will happen." The "follow up" part work in such a way as to of the Recruiting Division's labors was save our relief for the most as important as any. needy and worthy, and to put the laborers selected It so happened that the routes select- at the disposal of the ed by the engineers did not traverse the worst affected districts. So the Dr. F Y. Engineering Department Tucker when needed. The Re- Recruiters went into the districts where cruiting Division was also help was needed rather than along the expected to follow up its men, so as route of the road. Usually word was to see that the promises made were sent to the village elders ahead, stating being carried out, and to smooth out that the Recruiting Committee was misunderstandings as far as possible. arriving in two or three days, and ask- Of the latter there were unavoidably a ing that the village head man list his good many. No place on earth will needy neighbors in three categories:

travel faster than in China, the ( ) those very rumor I who must have help land of few communications. The soon, (2) those who would need help difficulties of language are many. in March or April, (3) those who And there was ever and anon the would probably be able to get through agitator who would address the without help. In effect this meant workmen thusly : "Why do you work (i) families with no personal ^property so hard? Is not the Red Cross here and almost no food, (2) fainilies to help you? Have they not loads with two or three months' supply of and loads of food which they must food, or personal property which might leed you whether you work or not? be sold for that much food, and (3) Over in Chihli, the missionaries persons with a half acre or so of land,

' ( 2 ) Gatherins^ leaves for food. Not a famine victim, merely enjoying a "pill." Many opium smokers had a good winter on '-free" relief

Gettins: out the roof timbers for sale.

( ^3 ) —

a donkey, or similar property. Blanks Manager or to the Director. Com- were supplied these head men upon plaints that arose invariably were which to list the families together with founded on some allegation of relation- information pertinent thereto. (See ship between some of the Chinese per- the villages Form R; i, P. 25). When the recruit- sonnel and families in ing agent reached the village, a few of inspected. However, as inspectors the families listed were investigated to were never sent to their home villages, wer^ determine if the head man had been if it were known, such complaints fair in his listing and if the village rare. An expected form of complaint, needed help as much as neighboring conspicuous by its rarity, was of villages. If the inspection gave evi- favoritism shown Christians compared dence that the head man's statement with non-Christians. This complaint had been made out in good faith and was spared us not only because of that his village was needy, the remain- instructions that no discrimination der of his list was accepted as correct, would be tolerated, but also because with one precaution. The lists were in the interior villages, -Christians are pasted up publicly where the whole relatively few and in addition are com- village could see. Although only a paratively well-to-do. There was a small proportion can read, there are tendency, of course, for the families always a few who can, and who will inspected to show as much poverty as read such public proclamations to possible in the hope of a more liberal those who gather round. The Chinese relief. Investigators for societies which village is probably the most democra- issued free relief in proportion to the " tic, the most self-gjverning political number of " mouths in a family, unit on earth. If there is ar.y human complain bitterly of the tricks by power which could keep favoritism out which parents and childrenwere mul- of such lists, it is this exposure to tiplied, how animals owned were hid- public knowledge. Very few com- den away, and food stowed in the plaints came to us of mistakes or most unlikely— even filthy — places so wrongs committed within a village. as to escape the eye of the searcher. The complaints generally came from We were spared mucli of this for the neighboring villages, charging that in reason that the number of mouths the selection, our Recruiting Agents made no difference to the amount of had favored one village above another. relief which we gave, and the work In the work of recruiting, the best which we required made relief unat- known missionaries in the districts tractive to those who had other means being examined were put in charge. of a livelihood. Our problem nairowed The standing of such men in the com- down pretty much to that of just munity was such that no appeals were allotment between villages. ever taken from them to the Field

( 24 ) k ^ M ^ ^

FORM ISSUED TO VILLAGE ELDERS R-i.

ARC mmU-\-^t Class I. Name of Village i^ ^ Name of Village Elder # JE tt ^ Name of County ^, ^

^ AM S^ ^M Members Classified by Sex and Age Male ^ Female Name of Family 0-12 ' 12-20 20-50 50- 0-I2 I I2-20 20-50 iO- j I

I

From lists like those above the Recruiting Agents with the assistance of the village elders made up a list of workmen who would be accepted (See Form R. 2.) X A ^ M U M GANG REGISTER ARC mmu^^-^ R-2. Headman Gang No. Jg f^ X J Village #ig County U^ m A AM Number Name Age No. of dependents

were required to bring their own The men chosen were those between They cooking utensils, mills (small hand theaaes of twenty and fifty. (Num. grind the grain) bedding and under seventeen, however, got mills to bers ex- listed in all other furnishings, which they on the lists ^ They were constitut- pected to use in camp. The camps, aroups of thirty, each thirty own consisting of temples or other buildings, fnTa gans The gang elected its furnished them by the billeting Sr^o" head man, and its own cook, were

c 25 ) —

division, together with mats for the November 30 ...... 180 floors. Workmen were also required December 3 1 3, 700 to bring shovels, picks, mattocks, January 31 ii,000 carrying poles, and similar tools. February 28 15,000 They were promised their rations daily March 31 2i,8oO and a two days' vacation fortnightly April 30 33,560 for the purpose of taking their "family May 31 50,060 rations" home. A half day's rest was June 30 61,000 to be given on Sunday. All of these During the spring months the work details were explained by the Re- of the Recruiting Division could be cruiters as the list was made out, and done with much less attention to the the gang was then instructed to await need of the applicants for work. further orders as to the date and place Cultivation of the land was much more for reporting for work. important to all who had land upon These gang lists were made out in which to work than employment upon triplicate, —one copy being left with the the Red Cross project. Then, too, the village elder to be posted in a public plan of payment by the day had been place in the village, another copy changed to payment by quantity of being sent to the Engineering Depart- work completed, so little attention ment, and the third being retained needed to be paid to the age or by the Recruiting Division and filed physical condition of the applicant. in Gang Number order. This file was With all of these changes in conditions, very useful in running down sub- the clerical work on registers could be stitutions of old men or boys for the slighted also. Hence during the last vigorous adults who had been placed two months, about all the recruiting on the list. When the gangs reported required was to notify local ofificials to the engineers, each man was fur- that a given number of men could be nished a tin tag bearing a consecutive employed at a certain place on a certain number, which became his identifica- date. tion tag, and without which he was It was Dr. Tucker's opinion toward denied the right to work, and what the end, that each workman on the road was more important, the right to on the average represented six depend- rations. (In later operations, the ents. This is somewhat larger than consecutive number was changed to the estimate in other provinces. But system, gang a double number — num- Shantung is thickly populated, and Dr. ber, and individual number within the Tucker has unusual opportunities for gang being stamped on the tag, the knowing the situation. Accepting his gang number being at the top, thus ; estimate, a total of 427,000 people, 242 The gang number is 242 and sooner or later, enjoyed relief in some 26 the individual's nuniber is 26. measure from the Red Cross. Two- (In case of any question, reference fifths of these, however, were reached was made to Gang Register 242 and only during the last two months of the particulars of workman 26 ascer- operation. Many of these had been tained). the recipients of free relief before the The progress of the Recruiting Red Cross reached their vicinities, but Division was governed to a consider- had not received sufficient to make able extent by the requirements of the them unappreciative of Red Cross Engineering Department, which in turn efforts in their behalf depended considerably upon the Our organization failed to co-oper- activity of the landbuyers representing ate as well as it might have in one the Provincial Relief Society. The important respect. Engineers did not numbers reported are as follows; always call upon the Recruiting 26 ( ) A " professional.

A study, in contrasts. Type of man who will work and type of man who will not.

thistles this Kind of man it pays to help. Only a few leaves and between family and the end, but neither courage nor pride has failed.

( 27 ) —

Department to assist in making clear family, but should also see them to the workmen our regulations, and personally. to impress upon them the serious 6. Investigators, serving in pairs, consequences which would result from shall classify each family as follows: — breaking or ignoring our rules. Hav- a. Abnormal:— Those who have ing discharged workmen, the Engineers neither shelter, fur- did not always notify the Recruiting niture nor land for Division, giving reasons for the action the support of their and the gang numbers of the men. It families. sometimes happened, as a result, that b. Xormal:— Those who can the Recruiting Division considered exist up to the end that these men should be given of the Chinese New another chance, rather than to be year.

condemned to death, as it seemed, c. Slight: Those who are in outright. Such gangs were according- better condition ly recruited again under different num- than the "normal" bers, and sometimes reported to the class.

same Engineer who had discharged 7. The power of issuing certificates them, with results fatal to discipline. to the workmen is vested in the group In other cases the Recruiting Division leader. was not at fault for the re-recruiting LETTER TO VILLAGE ELDERS. of discharged men, but were the victims (Translation) of clever practice on the part of the Sirs: village elders. The closest harmony deeply commiserate those people possible between the Recruiting Divi- We misfortune has brought them sion and the Engineering Department whose such poverty, during this year. So we is essential. In our case ideal condi- are planning to investigate the condi- tions could not be hoped for, due to the tion of those people have nothing scarcity of Chinese-speaking foreigners. who to eat nor clothes to wear and are ex- INSTRUCTIONS TO RECRUITING posed to the danger of death. AGENTS. We send this letter to you with the special desire to get true information (Translation) about famine conditions of your dis- 1. Recruiting Agents are known in trict. In case anything false is found the community as representatives of in the information you give us, then the Missions. Hence conduct your all of the people of your village will be investigation so that when people see refused all relief whatsoever. your work, they will form a good Please send a true report as soon as opinion of you. possible. 2. The most difficult task in famine Yours truly, relief is investigation. Investigations must be fair and above board. There must be no spite work or favoritism. INSTRUCTIONS TO GANGS. 3. Make out the counterfoils of This year in North China not even your investigation rolls clearly. Other- five grains have been reaped. The wise the work may have to be done common people are in fear of death. ovei'. The American Red Cross pities them Investigators 4. must be careful to and out of its generosity has started to state nothing contrary to the instruc- build a road from Tehchow to Lintsing tions. for famine relief. In order to avoid 5. Investigators should not only trouble caused by misunderstandings, ask the number of members of the we issue a few instructions, as below,

( 28 ) Famine Types. Note shrunken thigh of the baby.

Famine Types, Note distended stomach caused by eating leaves, chaff, etc.

( 29 } If anything unsatisfactory is found in 5. Workmen must always wear their the following regulations, we reserve the tin tags. No substitutes will be allowed right to revise them from time to time. nor will tin tags lost be replaced.

1. The age of workmen shall be 6. VVorkmen's families will draw between twenty and fifty. their rations twice a month. 2. Thirty men form one gang and 7. Half a day's rest will be given from each gang a gang leader and a every .Sunda}'. cook shall be chosen. Mills and stone rollers must be furnished by the gang. 8. Doctors will be provided to attend wbrkmen when sick. 3. Employees from each village will report at the work headquarters on 9. All workmen must provide their the exact date appointed. own shovels, picks, carrying poles, ket- 4. All workmen must obey the tles, spoons, clothes, quilts and other orders given by the Chief Engineer, or furnishinss. his subordinates.

.( :^y ) V

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( 31 ) :

CHAPTER V ENGINEERING (Shantung)

21—December 23 . i October ,, . „ . K. C. Weedin,

I Capt. L. Impey, December 23—May 7 June Field Manager O. J. ToDD, May 7— 30

either a meandering path which I: • Location 0/ roads: each year, or first to agree on the changes by many rods IT was necessary location of the roads. In this else settles down into a deep trench. matter our engineers were aided by To proceed without some effort to pay suggestions from resident missionaries, the farmers for their land would result local Magistrates, a representative of in endless difficulties being put in the the Shantung Relief Society and the way of construction, and in encroach- head of the Shantung Highway Bureau. ments on the new roads as soon as In fact, throughout the period of the supervision became lax. American Red Cross operations the From the beginning, it was under- Director and afterwards the Field stood that no Red Cross money would Manager, continually consulted with go for land, grave moving or growing Mr, S. W. Lao, who represented the crops. The Governor's representative Shantung Relief Society, and the undertook to handle this part of the Governor, and also with Mr. Tang of work and money was voted for those the Highway Bureau. purposes from the funds of the Shan- In the early stages of the work, the tung Relief Society, composed of engineers were chiefly interested in Chinese gentry. The shortage of these getting the proposed roads staked out funds made it seem at first necessary to and getting the land buyers in to follow old roads wherever possible, to locating purchase right of way. In avoid delays, and it was realized that the roads, the engineers made a recon- the work of measuring and acquiring naissance and endeavored to avoid would be necessarily slow. As it was old stream beds wherever possible, for of prime importance to have this these consisted of a very light sand. question of right of way settled Wherever sand beds of great extent promptly in order to make a place for were found, either proposed roads were workmen, it became at once one of abandoned or located to one side. the most pressing questions of our 2. Problem of Right of Way: whole work. For the most part, the route outlined 3. Schemes for Land Purchase followed old official roads. The Government legally owned an average The most practicable scheme for of 75 to 100 feet of width for these land purchase seemed to be by a single roads. Originally this width repre- cash payment made by agents of the sented mere seizure, but gradually year Shantung Relief Society to bona fide by year the adjoining property owners landowners holding certificates of pur- have encroached upon the road until chase from the land buyers. It became at present the typical Chinese road is apparent, however, early in April that

( 32 ) !8"

18"!

27" 30" .A-.

Standaid Sectioa

Appearance of finished road.

Inspection by officials of Shantung and of the Red Cross on the opening day.

( 33 ) :

the extent of new roads would far a berm between 2.', and 3 feet wide. exceed original estimates. At first the The sides of the ditches which were line from Tehchow to Lintsing and on used as borrow pits for the roads were to Tungchangfu, with perhaps a few to have slopes of i on i^. The shoul- branches, were all that any one had in ders of the roadway were to be 18 mind —perhaps 200 miles. But on the inches high on an average. This height piece work basis of pay, construction of road was not uniformly maintained. began to go faster. The funds at hand, There were places where the road had therefore, were manifestly inadequate to be built up several feet across gulleys to pay for all land needed, so the and low depressions in the country. In Governor decided that an annual rental other places the road was less than be paid until sufficient funds could be one foot high at the shoulder^ The raised for full purchase. crowning was practically uniform This change in plan of payment, throughout. together with the time required to 6. Construction : make out property diagrams as a Method of preliminary to proper accounting for The first thirty miles of road, Tehchow purchase funds, gave rise to the rumor to Lintsing, was constructed under that lands would perhaps never be paid traffic; hence there was nothing more for. Unfortunately^ some of our in- to do than to throw up the dirt accord- experienced personnel lent ear and ing to the standard cross section. voice to such rumors and considerable During the winter months when the friction resulted in our own ranks as ground wasfrozen, the earth was thrown wellas withlandowners. (See appendix up loosely and rolled on top. This for Rules governing Land Purchase.) method of construction persisted until after the middle of March, when it was 4. Li'/te and Grade: decided that tampers should be used. As a rule the alignment was not as A test made by an auto truck showed accurate as is customary in American that without tamping, the roads would road building, though all the road east not sustain transportation the first of the railway from Yucheng to Wuting year. If our period of operation were and thence northward was laid out indefinite, we could have saved the with transit and proper railway curves • expense of tamping, by waiting for the put in. This practice was not followed rains to pack the embankment, after in the earlier stages of the work. putting on finishing gangs to make Transit line was also run from Yu- repairs and bring the line up to grade. cheng to Kao Tang and then through But our time was limited and demon- Toping to Tungchangfu, The grades stration of the value of the roads before were put in by eye as the country was we left them seemed necessary. so flat that there was no necessity for Tampers were of many types. RaiU any instrument work. As is known to road ties were cut in two or three those who have studied the topography parts and fitted with handles to be of northern Shantung, this country is used by one or two persons in tamping almost flat, being built up by centuries down the earth. of river deposits and having a slope from west to east of about 1-10,000. In April it was decided to try stone tampers and iron flappers, both of 5. i^ype of Road which were brought on the job and \\\ the early stages of the work it used to a certain extent. The Stone was decided that the road would be tampers, weighing about eighty pounds, uniformly 20 feet across with crown of 8 were quite successful, but the flappers inches, having slope from the shoulder were not considered efficient due to of I on and U below these shoulders the fact that they took too much labor

( 34 ) Packing the dirt. This type of roller is too light for satisfactory results.

Packing the dirt. This type of roller is too heavy for man power.

( 35 ) Packing the dirt. Hand tamping was found to be most satisfactory under our conditions.

When there was a shortage of tampers, mass treading was found to be fairly 'efficacious in firming the roadbed.

( 36 ) to handle. Where the ordinary stone ton roller is the best thing to use on tamper was not available and railroad these roads after dragging has been ties were hard to get, small stone rollers done in wet seasons. Test of the ade- such as were used by the farmers in quacy of tamping was made by run- rolling the wheat immediately after ning automobiles over a completed planting, were fitted with handles and road under high speed. If the machine used as one-man tampers. These are sank in so that it would no longer run disks of stone about five inches thick on high gear, the road was condemned and about sixteen inches in diameter, and the men were required to re-tamp with a hole in the middle where it fits it at their own expense. This at first on the axle. Through this hole in the discouraged some of those laborers middle a wooden handle was placed who had been having a rather easy time and wedged so that the disk could be working by the day, but in the new used as a tamper. Various other region east of the railroad, especially devices were used and tamping was in the Wuting district, we had no such even done by men tramping" close difficulty. Wells were dug every half together in unison, using at the same li along the roadside and special well- time the eyds of their shovel handles. digging and bucket gangs were organ- The rule was to tamp every six inches ized and paid by the day to carry water ofdirt as it was placed. and sprinkle it on the roads so that the workmen could get compact roads Along with the tamping, stone rollers by tamping. Wherever this work was weighing about 500 pounds were used. done, automobiles could run without These are the rollers the natives habit- any difficulty at high speed immedi- ually use on their threshing floors and ately on the completion of the work. were easily obtained throughout the This particular part of the work, which area in which roads were being built. was handled under the supervision Heavier rollers were also used in places. of Prof. Bailie, showed the value of These weighed about two tons apiece using water in the construction of dirt and were drawn by a team of oxen. roads whenever the earth becomes too They were made by taking a set of dry to pack well. wagon wheels with tire removed and spiking on planks 2" x 6". Inside of At the beginning and throughout this drum were placed sacks of sand the winter, payment was made by the tightly packed. This type of roller day, the workmen being required to was very satisfactory, especially where supply their own tools, bedding, and the ground was fairly damp. A still cooking utensils. Payment by the day heavier roller made of iron filled with was chosen instead of quantity for the concrete was imported from Tsinanfu reason that quantitative surveys would and tried on the road near Yucheng. have delayed beginning operation and This roller weighed about four tons would have required the employment and was found too heavy for the roads of a considerable number of engineers, after a storm. Fifty men were unable which expense we were anxious to save to handle so heavy a roller on the roads for relief purposes. Besides, as most under the conditions stated of the earth of us were without experience of this being soft and giving way perhaps two sort in China, we did not know how inches under the impact of these much to pay by quantity, how much a implements. The oxen obtainable in workman could do, and freezing wea- the harvest season vi^ere not the best ther was coming on for which any rate and this roller proved rather a disap- arrived at earlier would be inadequate'. pointment. However, it could be used But once put up the rate for the frozen towed behind a light caterpillar or by period and we should have all manner eight good oxen. Apparently a three- of trouble in putting it down when the

( 37 ) leave for America; frost was out of the ground. Then, was obliged to was ordered back to Manila toOi, we doubted if famine labor was in another

service ; another was taken a condition to do a full day's work and for military the work and at last transferred we felt that by discipline, we could sick on field the Field Manager scare each laborer into putting forth to another when his work. an honest effort. A dismissal appeared took over in gangs of to be equivalent to capital punishment. The laborers worked For some time these assumptions were thirty, each under its own headman. as the district correct. But our experience now leads Foremen were furnished for them. a to this advice: Begin with "piece engineers found need As one salaried foreman work" and keep to it. Those who do rule, however, ten of not accept what is oftered, are not in was furnished fox every gangs need of relief. If necessary, feed the workmen. The most of these men laborers a few days before they begin were employed locally at a salary of work, so as to get them into condition. from i^S to .Sio per month and were of only mediocre ability. Organization: 7. One of the most difficult problems -Under the Chief Engineer, whose was that of sufficient capable foremen. duties were afterwards taken over by Coolies returned from the Labor Bat- the B'ield Manager, there were several talions in France were at hand in district-engineers, each reporting in to considerable numbers. A considerable the head office at Tehchow or Yucheng, number were selected from the ex- giving the quantity of work done during perienced gangs, but these as a rule the previous week and reporting any lacked initiative and had no prestige difficulties. Under them were the with the workmen. Better men were division engineers who were in imme- brought in from Tientsin at salaries diate charge ofthe men. Finally there ranging from S15 to .'^30 per month. were five district and twenty division These latter had had previous training engineers. In gathering up the perr on railroads and on sui-veys and took sonnel for handling this road work it considerable interest in the program, was not possible to get experienced but they were not particularly liked by road builders. A call was made upon the natives, due to the fact that they the Legation Guard in Peking and this insisted on greater accomplishments organization furnished twelve of its men, than the Shantung foremen, who were with an officer, to come on the work known in the communities. and act as division engineers. Other It was the duty of the division for this work were volunteers men engineers not only to supervise the from the Philippine Islands and else- laborers, report absences and see that where. Later it became necessary to their foremen kept the road alignnient employ ex-Army sergeants and other correct and took care of the tamping men with some construction experience and rolling properly, but also to to come from Shanghai and assist in measure the quantity of work done^ this work. A few of our best men in Their territory extended some six or this linewere furnished by the Fifteenth seven miles. Some engineers had. as Infantry, U. S. Army. high as 2,000 men in their charge, The district engineers were mission- though as a rule the attempt was aries who had some experience in made to keep the numbeunder 1,000. handling men, and young engineers While payment to laborers was on a with varied experience, employed in day basis, the principal task was to Shanghai and Tientsin. keep the men at work and effectively The office of Chief Engineer was so. After the middle of April, when filled by several men, one of whom payment was made on a piece work

( 38 ) ' In manyplaces the soil was too dry to pack well. It then became necessary to water the dirt, especially when finishing the surface. Hence many wells weredug, in cases where private wells were too far away from the road.

ft t

After the- surface is trowelled with wet clay it bakes hard in the sun and will turn water for a considerable time if the surface is not broken.

( 39 ) basis, the principal task was to secure pay in some districts was 25 cents per good quality of work. After going tamped fong, and in other districts 20 on the piece work basis, of course cents. the laborers were not anxious to do 9. Ah'tliods of Laying Out Work : tamping, and the supervision lay mainly in seeing that the work was (a) Allot each gang a certain sec- complete in this respect. By systems tion of road to complete to specifica- of " stints " and of fines for non- tion of the Engineer in charge, as and performance, a few division engineers how they please. The work is meas- were able to secure a reasonable day's ured up periodically by the Engineer, work on the daily pay basis. But who gives the gang leader a certificate

most were not, , and a great deal of for presentation to the payrhaster or friction resulted from their attempts. storekeeper for payment. Drawbacks

By March i, it was decided at head- of this plan are : quarters, that the majority of the work- I. —An accurate survey of the men were being pauperized about as ground previously is neces- much by the day's work which was sary, if payment is on piece being accepted as if rations were given basis. free. Hence, instructions were issued 2. —An Engineer in charge of to instal the piece work system as soon about thirty-five gangs would as the frost was out of the ground. have to travel over twenty Several officers in the field felt that or thirty li of road —rather this, order was emphasizing the con- too long for efificient supervi- struction feature above that of relief and sion. for some time ignored the instructions. The principal advantage is that bil- Discipline can not be enforced on a lets for workmen do not need frequent raw. organization, in which volunteers changing. If men are recruited along hold important positions, to the extent the road, they can live at home. possible in older, seasoned organiza- tions, and it was May before the system (b) It is a fair day's work to pro- was entirely changed. duce one fong of tamped earth per man, or thirty fongs per gang. ^K 8. Rate oj Pay: fong consists of lOO cubic Chinese During the period of payment by feet. A Chinese foot is slightly longer the day, each laborer received three than an English foot.) standard rations per day— one for After estimating the depth of fill re- himself, paid every day, and the other quired, drive stakes at the sides of the two for his family, paid every two road, till a mark on the base is flush weeks. This amounted to some five with the ground and the tops stand catties (a catty equals one and one- at the required level. third pounds) of mixed grain per day. No distinction was made as to the Allot the required number of lineal kind of grain paid. When the piece- teet to give the required fongage per work basis was introduced, it was be- gang, and mark out the road thus for lieved that one fong of tamped earth a daily task for thirty gangs working (lOO cubic feet) constituted a fair consecutively. day's work. Hence the pay allowed This will enable the engineer to was five catties per tamped fong. In watch the work more closely and save some places remote from our stores useless expenditure on foremen, who close and to other sources of supply, also have to be closely watched to men were paid in cash and the amount prevent " squeeze." was based primarily upon the price of The disadvantage is to be found in grain in the market. Thus the rate of the long walks necessary from billets,

( 40 ) Red Cross Roads in Shantung 16

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( 41 > Or ihe more frequent relocation of dred wells dug, but not curbed, in tJie billets. Greater congestion of men Wuting District. Two bridges were also exposes the job to greater danger built over old courses of the Yellow from epidemics. River. These of course were small structures, one of them being an old I O. Results : bridge repaired and costing about iiSaoo, Results of the efforts of the Red and the other being placed near an old Cross in road construction were 1,356 bridge that had been destroyed, and /z or 485 miles of standard highway costing about •'?r,ooo. Two other completed. Besides this, 50,000 trees bridges were used by simply repairing were planted along the roadway, the floors. These were old Chinese making an avenue from Pingyuan to stone bridges that promised to be Lintsing. There were over one hun- serviceable for several years. ^- -J^dli i^^^-Jg!^,^5£j Ancient bridge near Er-Shih-li-pu re-built by the Red Cross. Old raihvay sleepers were used for the floor and railing.

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New culvert near Kaotang built by the Red Cross.

( 43 ) —

of' line for earthwork alone. It runs probable that the split-log should be over very similar territory, and the used immediately after summer storms grading is very light. This was con- and that it should be followed by the structed some fifteen years ago when three ton roller, thus packing down the cost of labor and of food was less the roads and filling the ruts. In than half the cost during the past two years' time with prudent use of winter. In addition, it will be re- these implements, the roads should be membered that we deliberately carried a great improvement over anything on vyork during the winter months, that has existed in northern Shantung when frost made efficiency impossible, heretofore. in order to keep up.the relief phases Upkeep of the work, and that we did not give 13. Recommendations for of the laborers as small a wage as possible, Roads: but rather sufficient to keep them and As the highways have been turned their families in good health. over to the Shantung Highway Bureau, the duty of upkeep falls on that body 1 2. Quality of the Finished Road: Cross has no further When the roads were turned over to and the Red but in leaving the field, the authorities of Shantung, practically responsibility, following recommendations have every section would permit of a speed the of thirty miles per hour in a Ford, been made : Dodge, Buick or similar type of car. 1. To the greatest possible extent There were four or five patches of sand narrow tired carts should be kept off which would quickly deteriorate if not the new roads and carts with tires given constant attention. These were three inches or more wide should be not more than a half mile each. The encouraged to be used in their stead. numerous crossings would also soon Probably some form of taxation on the cut deeply unless frequently repaired. narrow tired, or bonus for using broad During July and August floods came tired, carts will gradually bring about and broke through in places, while the this change. farmers cut through in other places in 2. It has been recommended that order to let out the damned waters. drags similar to the split-log drag of But otherwise, according to inde- America be employed in the rainy pendent reports, the roads are standing season soon after storms, so that the well. The loess soil contains a small ruts may be filled and roads, slightly percent of lime, which causes an ex- re-crowned. Rollers weighing" one to posed surface to bake like brick after three tons should then be put on the being wet. A very limited main- roads, bringing the surface down tenance should retain an excellent smooth. road. 3. Small equipment for repairs to Toward the end of the work two fill washouts and deep ruts made by road drags and Buck scrapers were crossing of narrow tired carts should constructed at Pingyuan, and used be kept in the various hsien cities. successfully for a short time immedi- These will consist of picks, shovels ately after a storm. These were shod and railroad tie tampers. It is not 4" with a strip of steel 5/8" x and were considered necessary to use brick, so drawn that ruts were filled and the wood or stone on the crossings of the dirt thrown toward the center of the country roads. Probably regular up- road. An imitation of the old split- keep by putting in dirt, mixing it log drag was also put on the road and with lime one part in five, and tried successfully, but that was towards thoroughly tamping it would be more the end of the job and the experiment practicable, due to the scarcity of rock was rather a short one. It seems and bricks.

( 44 y 4- The sand stretches where there as the officials of Shantung are is little or no binding material in the interested in the upkeep of these earth will cause the greatest trouble highways. Thus far there has been and it IS recommended that rock or no definite arrangement made in this brick be placed on these stretches and respect. a macadam surface be made, after first The whole matter of upkeep is in rolling the sub-grade thoroughly. the hands of the new Shantung High- Probably this macadam surface should way Bureau, headed by an American be lo or 12 inches thick and 14. feet educated engineer, Mr. E. L. T'an", wide. This will be expensive in many with four Tao T'ai as the other instances, due to the long cart or members of the Board. The Governor wheelbarrow hauls from the railroad. of Shantung has expressed a great -Ul rock must necessarily come in by interest in this movement for better train or canal. When leaving the highways and it is expected that he work, the Red Cross turned over will give every encouragement to the eighty carloads or 320 fang of good work of the Bureau that has just been No. 2 limestone rock at Fingyuan established. station. This should be used by the 3 Shantung Highway Bureau on the 1 . Alacada m ir:ed Surface: stretches between Fingyuan and En We have been asked frequently why Hsien, En Hsien and Tehchow, and we did not " metal " the Shantung En Hsien and Hsia Chen. More roads. rock should be shipped in as funds Any considerable macadamizing of are available, for placing on the road. roads in Shantung is out of the 5. An estimate has been made for question. Some 487 miles of line annual upkeep of this 1,400 li that have been completed there. Consider amounts to nearly $100,000 per year, what it would mean to macadamize or roughly ^200 per mile. It is this extent of road. The standard suggested that this fund be raised by width of these highways is 20 feet. If a tax on narrow tired carts and also a a center crown 14 feet wide were made labor road tax levied against all of macadam 8 inches thick before rolling villages and cities benefiting from (which would mean about 6 inches these highways. The Governor has thick after rolling), each lineal foot of already stated that prisoners in jails highway would contain 9-1/3 cubic in northern Shantung will be available feet and a mile would require 49,280 to work in repair gangs for the Shan- cubic feet. At 100 pounds per cubic tung Highway Bureau, without cost. foot, each mile of macadam would It is doubtful if there will be enough amount to roughly 2,500 tons or five of these prisoners to do all the work, trainloads. Five hundred miles (to but it will cut down the annual use round numbers), therefore, would appropriation of s 100,000 otherwise require 2,500 trainloads or at the rate necessar}^ of seven trains per day for a year. In other words, the entire freight service 6, It has been suggested that the missionaries living in the immediate of the Tientsin-Pukow Line over the required vicinity of these new roads be used as section in Shantung would be road supervisors, advising the Shan- for one year, in order to macadamize needed tung Highway Bureau after heavy the Red Cross Roads. We storms of any damages that have those trains for food. occurred and recommending where Calculate the problem in a slightly emergency work should be done. different way. The rail haul upon this This seems a natural piece of cooper- rock from the nearest sources of supply ation, because the missionaries as well to the railway stations from which it

( 45 ) dould be distributedi would average per ion per li for carthig tke rock froih

150 kilometers, and at the extremely the railroad to the point where "it is low rate of 4 mills per ton kilometer, needed, and we arrive at the tremen- the freight would amount to 60 percent dous figure of $15,000 per mile for per ton, or $1,500 per mile. The mere carting the rock to the point where it railroad freight upon this rock would is to be put into place. There is no amount to $750,000, or not far short need of considering the cost of the of the entire amount spent by the Red rock or of putting it in place. Already Cross on highway construction. But the figure is over $8,250,000 for trans- remember that this rock would then porting the macadam for these 500 only be at the railroad, and it would miles of highway. Possibly as the have to be carted an average distance macadamizing progressed, unit costs of 100 li on either side of the railway. could be reduced. .Assuming an average rate of 6 cents

( 46 ) :

APPENDIX "A,"

RULES FOR LAND PURCHASING ISSUED BY THE SHANTUNG RELIEF SOCIETY

ClllXA Famine Kklikf, Shantung, February i^, /p2/

I. Principles 4. Work may be started within the boundary of said measured land by the 1. Twenty-one articles on land purchaser of said land, before purchasing are outlined by the Famine payment has been made therefor, if for Relief Society. Some will probably be some formal reason payment has been de- adopted by all philanthropic bodies, layed; said land owner is not both Foreign and Chinese, who con- permitted to hinder or in any way or for tribute money towards the purchase any reason, the progress of work upon said of land to construct roads for relief measured work. land.

2. With the exception that when III. Purchase of Land new roads have to be opened because the public roads are not wide enough, I. Where the land needed for the or in order to avoid crookedness, roads purpose of road construction belongs should be constructed only along the to the Government, there shall be no existing public highways, and it is payment therefor; there^shall be fixed unnecessary to have new land bought prices for various kinds of lands, as from the land owners. follows :

3. In case any portion of the public Field- land is illegally occupied, person Grade I. occupying said land shall be notified Vegetable gardens JBurial by the local officer in charge, to release etc. >*50. grounds, . .. .. permu the land encroached upon. Grade 2. II. Measuring of Land Cotton Fields, ist class

Gardens, 2nd class .. 45. ,, 1. Land shall be measured as follows Grade 3. Cotton Fields, 2nd class 6,000 sq. ft I mu. Gardens, 3rd class ... 40. ,, 240 kung I mu. Grade 4. 2. The land measured shall be Cotton Fields, 3rd class marked with lime. The land measured Gardens, 4th class ,. 35. ,, shall then be reported to the officer in charge,' said officer shall then notify Grade 5- the land owner to have his land Cotton Fields, 4th class

th class . measured, etc. Gardens, 5 . 30.

6. 3. After measurement there shall Grade be no planting, building, interment, "Cotton Fields, 5fh class etc., upon said land. Gardens, 6th class ». $25. ,,

( 47 ) Grade 7. mound has been reported as a grave Fairly good land .. !?20. permu in order to obtain compensation there-

Grade 8. for, person making such claim shall be punished. Land half usable. . .. ij. ,,

Grade 9. 4. The land owner shall in no case Land not good for cul- receive more money for his land than

tivation 10. ,, is due him according to the prices Grade 10. fixed by the Committee.

Waste land 5. „ 5. When there is a fraction of land 2. Where there are graveyards, left — over one fen— which is not usable buildings, temples or woods, existing for any other purpose, it will be upon land needed and detour is un- advisable for the owner of said land advisable, the owner shall be notified to offer same for sale to the purchaser to remove said obstruction. of land.

Compensation for such removal shall IV. Deeds he as follows : 1. The owner selling land should {A) Graves. guarantee that said land has never

I. Brick or stone graves ^i: each been mortgaged or sold to others. Dirt graves 6. Said owner shall be responsible for any complications which may arise J- Small graves . . 4- Receptacle holding after said land has been sold to the skeleton Committee.

5- Coffin above around. 2. Where the deed lo the properly (^B) BiiildiJigs or Temples. has not been recorded with the officials —private deed—or where there is no 1. Brick house— new S90. per room deed for the land, the owner offering 2. Brick house—old 45. ,, land for sale shall produce his proof of 3. Lime house . . 30. ,, ownership in the form of a receipt 4. Adobe house — which has been issued him by the thatched roof . 22. ,, government, showing the amount of 5. Camps made of grain he has paid in the form of tax mud .... 8. ,, for grain raised upon said land. His 6. Inclo.sure — Mud neighbors shall witness that said re- Walls . . . . 8. per 10 ft. ceipt is genuine. Well—brick 15. each 8. Well—dirt. 8. „ 3. Where the land owner cannot produce a deed to land offered for sale, C) Trees ( he shall be asked to fill in a blank I Large trees 1.50 each prepared by the Committee, blank to Small trees •SO „ read as follows :

Fruit trees— large 8.00 ,, Bill of Sale Fruit trees — small 3.00 ,, Vegetable—water I do hereby, for the consider- ation of lotus, lily roots, Dollars, transfer to the .the etc 3.00 per mu following land: Location 6. Miscellaneous Number plant and reeds 1.50 ,, Boundary After removal the above-mentioned Number of rnu shall belong to the former land owner. Signed Owner 3. Where there has been false claim Committee of ownership. of graves, Or when a dirt Witness

( 4S ) In addition to his signature the certificate, secure his money, provided owner shall also put his seal upon the there is found to be no error in the Bill of Sale. certificate when examined.

4. Before the land is sold the owner 2. If the owner for any reason fails of said land shall also fill in the to appear upon fixed date to present following form: his certificate for payment, the money shall be deposi^qd to his credit with Offer of Sale the local official court, to be drawn by I, offer for sale to the above-mentioned owner at his the following land: convenience. Location Number of mu VI. Appendixes (Signature of Owner). 1, There shall be a clear statement 5. For the land sold the owner made indicating the name and address shall receive a slip, showing the of the owner, the location of the field, location, number, boundary and price the number of mu sold, Said statement of the land sold and the name and to be sent to the local official court in address of the aforesaid owner. This order to secure exemption of payment slip he will exchange for a certificate, of tax for the above-mentioned land, which upon presentation upon a fixed 2. Above rules and regulatiorts are date will enable him to secure payment subject to revision as occa'siOn May for the aforesaid land. arise.

V. Payment Above rules and regulations sh^ll be

I. Date of paj'ment shall be pro- put into effect after they have been claimed for ten days in advance. At sanctioned by the Provincial Civil the fixed date the owner can, upon Governor. presentation of the above-mentioned

( 49 ) f'R" APPENDIX ^'B

Tehchow, Shantung, April- gLli, 1921. MEMORANDUM TO HEADS OF DEPARTMENTS OF SHANTUNG PROJECT-AMERICAN RED CROSS

will be directed all nei'.' road exUnsions the fol- 9. While each gang ON lowing method of relief will be by its own head-man, the Division adopted, commencing Monday, Engineers will furnish special General direct the work and see April II, 1 92 1. Foremen to the satisfaction of 1. Payment for work shall, be in that it is done to grail) according to the amount of work the Engineer in Charge. done. 10. Workmen will furnish their tools. If re- 2. Each gang shall elect its own own shovels and other head man to represent it in business quested to supply shovels, the Ameri- dealings and receive all payments for can Red Cross will do so at a daily the work of the gang. rental of three cents for each shovel, to be charged against the gang 3. Each head man will be furnished paid for by de- a suitable number stamp by which to receiving same and total grain due at the receipt for supplies. duction from end of a 12-day period. When the 4. Each man in a gang will be amount held back equals the cost paid furnished with a tin tag showing num- by the American Red Cross for the ber of the gang and number of the shovel, this tool becomes the property man. This is his evidence of right to of the gang that has paid such rental. work and right to share in provisions. 11. Each gang will be paid accord- Provisions will be issued to gangs 5. ing to the quantity of work perform- in bulk, leaving the gang to make its ed, probably five catties of grain own distribution. — like kaoliang, beancake, rice bran, 6. So far as possible gangs will be etc., per fong (100 English cubic recruited order close to the road in feet) of dirt put in place and tamped that they may arrange their own hous- so that when water is poured into ing. holes punched for the purpose, it will 7. No payment will be made for not run away. The payment shall be work not up to standard. slightly increased as may be decided 8. Engineers will compute in ad- upon by the District Engineers, due vance the total quantity of work to be to special diiificulties of the work or

put in place in each li and advise same long distance of men from their homes. to the Commissary, so that the total This adjustment will be made once in grain value of the completed job can 12 days to balance all inequalities be set up in the books. This is neces- arising from unequal opportunities.

sary in order to make sure of getting 1 2. After two days' work each gang the proper, quantity of supplies to will be allowed to draw 300 catties. headquarters, and to guard against Following this first payment, nothing mistakes in issues. shall be paid until earned. Engineers

o ) ( : will certify to all claims for payment upon the certificate of the Division before same will be honored by Com- Engineer to which such Head Men are missary. As a rule payments will be subject. made every days on advance ( ) 16. Head Men will come in person, estimates of Division Engineers. This or send duly authorized representa- all means work thoroughly tamped to tives, to the store at satisfaction of Engineers. for supplies earned. Gangs No. 13. The earth should be put in to shall receive no allowance for place in layers not exceeding one foot transportation. Gangs to in thickness, and each layer tamped or inclusive, shall receive a five per cent rolled solid, preferably have every. 6th increase to compensate for transporta- layer tamped well. tion, and gangs to inclusive, shall receive increase. 14. Division Engineers shall test a ten per cent the quality of the tamping by driving 17. Head Men shall receipt for a rod into the surface. Then withdraw supplies drawn upon the form provided, rod and pour water into the hole. If by impressing a stamp provided for the water stands, i.e., does not soak that purpose. away, the packing has been satisfactory. 18. If deemed expedient, the Com- substitute test in places will be the A missary may arrange with the En- ability of the road to carry a one-ton gineering Department for certificates loaded truck running on high gear from the Engineers calling for equal without appreciable sinking. The tests quantities, such as 300 catties, etc., so shall be such as to satisfy the Chief long as payment does not exceed work Engineer that the roads will stand up done, leaving the exact reckoning to under automobile traffic without undue the final payment. settlement. (Signed) O. J. ToDD, 15. Food supplies shall be issued to Head Men of working gangs only Field Manairer.

( 51 ) CHAPTER VI COMMISSARY

CkieJ of Coimnissary Faui> MacEaciikon E. W, Wanc; Maiuiirer JiilleUn"- Division . . Manager Stores Division LkRoy Hus.skll .Uanager Tr'ansportalio)i Division Michael Stkkj.k Sgt E. E. MoTT, (Dec. i—Apr. i) :Miuiagfr Foreign Supplies Division f I. DlAiMONO, (Apr. 1—June 30)

HE Billeting Divi- of about nine or ten square feet per T sion for the first man was provided, and within this his two months was food was cooked and eaten and he under the direction of slept. The men -invariably slept on the Superintendent of the floor. The repair or improvement Relief. This was be- of the cjuarters thus provided was left cause the manager, to the gangs, who also built their F. \V. Wang, who was own stoves, or fireplaces. Erom the so eminently fitted for standpoint of a newcomer to C'hina, this work, was a sub- such housing arrangements were simply ordinate of Dr. Tuck- impossible. J5ut compared with what I'AUL MaC- er's in the Tehchow these men have at home, it was not so Eaciikox hospital. Personal bad. At least, the shelter provided relations determine plenty of ventilation and the health many things in China. Later, because record was good. During the spring of the close cooperation neccssar}- months a very considerable proportion between tiTc Jjilleting and the .Stores of the workmen were quartered in mat Divisions, the former was transferred sheds. These are constructed on a to the Commissary Department. light framework of bamboo and The work of the Billeting Division covered with the mats mentioned was before. A camp of these looks two-fold ; one, to secure cjuarters for the native workmen, and, two, to something like a collection of tepees. prepare quarters for foreign personnel. At Tehchow, Lintsing, Xankuantao,

Native workmen were quartered for Tunchangfu and every other inission the most part in temples, and small station in the field, foreign personnel buildings close to the work on the were cjuartered at the homes of mission- road. Usually these could be obtained aries. Two dollars per day was paid free, or for a nominal rental. In some as a recompense. cases, spaces between buildings were At division and district headquarters covered over with mats made of split the Billeting Division provided office, bamboo, the ends closed in similarly, residence, and storage accommodations and thus a temporary building made for the Store and for the Engineers, to serve the purpose. Mats were together with their staff of interpreters usually furnished for the floor, and in and clerks. A temple or other com- some cases rushes or straw was placed modious com]>ound was rented. Such underneath the mats. A floor space quarters must have space for storing

( 52 ) "--^ ' -' '-t^-iiw.',

Dug out billets roofed with mats made of split bamboo, near Ilsia Chin.

Red Cross laborers often enjoyed the hospitality of the gods, temples being the usual quarters during the winter months.

( 53 ) :

the grain and for weighing it out to the Billeting Division supplies the the workmen on paydays. There must bed frames. be a strong gate to keep out intruders. As soon as the Billeting Division An Engineer and a Storekeeper were had secured quarters for the worknien, Provi- generally quartered together. fitted up headquarters, and installed a sion must be made for the accommoda- watchman there, it reported to head- tion of transient officers night bound. quarters, so that the other divisions Each engineer and storekeeper had an and departments could proceed with a interpreter. A cook, a coolie, and their arrangements. watchman comprised the retinue of Foreign Supplies Division : The servants. Thus the rooms which had Foreign Supplies Division sent out the to be provided were as follows remaining furnishings required by the Office foreign personnel, and the Stores Divi- Foreigners' room sion began to stock the place with Interpreters' room grain for the workmen. Kitchen A typical list for a two-man camp Servants' sleeping room (two foreigners) follows : Supply room (with lock) Stable 3 bed frames and mattresses. basin. After these premises were secured, I wash I tub. it was next 'the work of the Billeting 1 small looking glass, Department to clean the rooms to be 2 kerosene lamps. occupied, white-wash the walls, fit one lanterns. or more glass windows to the office 2 frying pan. and paper windows to the other rooms I boiler. occupied, construct toilet facilities, I tea kettle. install stoves, and provide the furni- I coffee pot. ture which could be had locally. 1 2 kitchen spoons. Tables, stools, benches, and similar 1 kitchen knife. furniture were borrowed or purchased 4 table knifes and forks. locally, for the most part. A consider- 4 teaspoons. able quantity was made by local car- 2 table spoons. penters out of odd railway sleepers, 2 candle sticks. on our design. For beds, folding army 4 cups,, saucers, plates, sauce dishes. cots with native made cotton mattresses I salt shake, pepper shake, sugar were used considerably for the foreign- bowl, milk pitcher, water pitcher, syrup ers. These cots are not durable, pitcher, vinegar cruet. however, and are relatively expensive. these articles are not worn A cheaper and fully as comfortable Most of out after four or five months' use and bed is made in the form of a wooden be turned in fair condition frame for a bench, the top of which should back as every consists of stalks of kaoliang (kaffir for sale. We found, however, our corn), nailed crosswise. Another form amateur organization will find, that was of the same design, except that system of charging such equipment to instead of kaoliang, nailed across, distinct individuals was not sufficiently rope was strung across. These frames rigid, and much of our equipment " were cheaper, with the same mattress, evaporated." more durable, and fully as comfortable Chinese when traveling always carry as the army cot— but they are their own bedding, wash basin, towels, awkward to transport. Where men chop sticks, etc., while other needs are on the move frequently the army can almost always be supplied from cot is worth what it costs. Otherwise, local shops. Hence little special

( 54 ) Typical division headquarters, street entrance. (Also typical crowd when the light truck was new)

Typical division headquarters, inside the compound. Note bean cake piled up on the left. Weighing up family rations on the right.

A beggar with one hand daily received the sweepings from the Hsia Chin yard.

( 55 ) pl'eparation is required for interpreters camps had a record as low as i^i.oo and cleri

( 57 ) cars to be unloaded within six hours to report daily to the Division of arrival. The result was that the Storekeeper whether anj- men were not sacks were simply heaved out of the appearing on the work, and if any were cars onto the platforms, and the cars absent without justifiable excuse the released. After the cars were hauled gang ration was reduced accordingly. away, then the carrying of the grain See Form E.-i. Issues wei'e made to to the stores began. The platforms as the workmen for their families every a rule were not wide enough to accom- two weeks, and two days' vacation were modate each carload in a separate pile. given to the men for the purpose of The presence of a swarm of beggars taking these rations home. They were- (in some cases the families of the rail- loaned sacks for the purpose, but were way coolies) before which the railway required to bring them back. police were disinterestedly helpless, Bins about 4x8 feet by 3 feet deep, required the attention of the foreign raised on legs so as to slope forward officers with staves and canes as a were built to facilitate handling of the special police force. grain when issued. Measures contain- In the Store compounds, the grain ing the proper weight of grain were was piled in the open, in pyramidal also ready. In the beginning, efforts heaps. A floor of old railway sleepers were made to measure out to each man (ties) or bamboo mats was generally the amount furnished his family. If supplied, and the heap was covered the vacations were given regularly with mats to keep off rain and snow. every fortnight, at the rate of two work- A ditch with outlet was dug around men's rations for each day, twenty-eight the base for drainage when rains began standard rations for the family would to be expected. Each kind of grain go into the sack, in addition to which was piled separately. Bean Cake and there would be two days' rations for Peanut C-ake was commonly shipped the workman himself. Thus, thirty unsacked, and at the Store the cakes standard rations would make up a were piled in columns, only the broken package to take home,—the same pieces being sacked. size as the package issued daily to When a shipment had been finally gang cooks. Hence an attempt was stored, the Accounting Department made to handle everything in standard was advised as to quantity and quality packages which were measured out in of the grain, so that deliveries could be advance. But irregularities in attend- compared with the terms of the order ance and in the date of the vacations and the advices of the Purchasing soon made the standard package a very Agent or the contracting firm. The inconvenient device, and at the same grain was then ready for transfer to time the expedient was adopted of Division Stores on instructions from measuring out the total weight to be the Chief of Commissary. The actual issued to an entire gang and let them transfer was accomplished by the divide it according to their own Transportation Division, whose work devices. It is quite possible that this will be described later. gave rise to abuses later on. A fore- At the Division Store the checking man would find it more simple to force contributions in of the grain was done very similarly from his gangs under this situation. to that at the Head Store. The issues from the Division Stores were to the Fuel, salt, and vegetables were workmen themselves. Grain was furnished the workmen but were not issued daily to the cooks of each gang furnished to their families. Fuel, salt and receipted for by means of a rubber and vegetables were furnished through stamp bearing their respective gang the Stores the same as grain. Towards numbers. Engineers were expected spring this allowance was cut off on

( 58 ) Piles of crain covered with maltinsf.

Workmen rejecting cotton seed for food. A "committee" beat every man who refused to pour out his portion when he got outside the Division Store compound. Later, they gladly took cotton seed for family rations, after being taught how to prepare it.

( 59 ) orders from ihe Director who believed would be taken as the weight of the that with the wanner wcatlicr the food cargo. This weiglit was entered on allowance was ample for the i^angs to J'orm C-3 : Report of .Store J^alance, secure their vegetable ration iVoin As grain was transferred to i)ivision sprouting a portion of their allowance •Stores, Form C-i Issue was used. of beans. Bean sprouts are a common This was made out in du|,)licatc, one article of diet to Chinese. cojjy being retained for record, and the other being sent with the grain to The accotmting work of the Stores the Division .Store, The copy was JJivision was simple, yet of basic signed by the Division .Storekeeper imporlance. Tiie supplies of grain and returned to the Mead Store, when were rcall}' the treasuiy of the oper- the grain had been received. The ation. Unless the records could be Head Storekeeper from the record traced from the bulk to the individual copy listed the amount issued on pa)(ncnt with its acknowledged receipt, Form : Report of .Stores Issued. there was a hiatus which might give 7 A different sheet of J''orm 7 was kept rise to any amount of diversion of the for each Division .Store, and at the working capital. Unfortunately, how- end of the week each of these was ever, grain does not admit of standard added up and the total listed on treatment like money, Grain wastes the "Issued " side of Form C-3. At enroute from holes in sacks, improi>er the end of the week both sides of tj'ing, etc. This may be compared to Form C-3 were totaled and the the cost of exchange, but whereas difterence represented the balance exchange costs can be recorded as a in the Store, Inventories were sup- certain percent and be witnessed by posedly taken once a month to verify both parties to the transaction, wastage these balances. But the rush of the varies according to the kind of grain, work was such that this rule was the kind of sack used, the number of probably honored in the breach more times handled, weather conditions and than in the observance. many other factors, for none of which standard percentages have yet been In the Division .Stores the receipts fixed. There are also a dozen tricks were recorded the same as at the by which actual pilfering may be Head Store. Foi' Issues, however, concealed. .Still more exasperating is Division Stores used a different set of the difference in units of measurement forms, for convenience. For the daily in points only a hundred miles apart, issues to the gang cooks. Form C-16 and the variations in scales at the was used. As a rule, two kinds of same place. At the beginning of our grain were issued each day, beans or opi-rations wc ordered eighteen steel- "cake" being one and the other a jards, specifying that they must be "flouring" grain like kaoliang,, or standard. These were to be used in buckwheat. The proportions were the llead and the Division Stores. varied somewhat according to the It was found out later that twelve of stock on hand. The weight per gang these scales agreed with each other, was first entered in the appropriate and six also agreed with each other column. Then as the gangs received but tiiat the twelve and the six their parcels, they receipted by using differed h)- as much as three percent. the rubber gang stamp on the space provided. When grain was received in train The total weight represent- ed by the sheet load lots, it was impracticable to weigh was thereupon a mere every sack. But where the sacks were matter of multiplication. uniform, perhaps a hundred would be Issues to the families (while pay- weighed and the average weight ment was on day basis) were recorded multiplied by the number of sacks on the same principle. See Form C-i 5.

60. ) ( Carting out old railway sleepers (ties) to division points where they will be used for fuel. PI' fl!

¥'P V S:. Type of native steelyard.

>)'ative iT(jU for grinding kaoliang and other grain,

(61 ) By combining these two forms of who were paid in cash. Form C-8 Issue Receipts, a total could be was used for this purpose. obtained for insertion on the Issue side of Form C-3 and the weekly Transportation Division: balance taken, the same as at the The Transportation Division of the Head Store. However, the need of Commissary Department, functioned being eternally up to date at the only in the field. Its responsibilities Division Stores was greater than at were to provide for the transfer of the Head Store, for the latter was grain, salt, and fuel, foreign and always stocked well ahead, and the engineering supplies from the Head end of the operations for the Head Store to division points, A large Store was practically fixed from the proportion of the first cargo from first. But in the Division Stores Dairen was shipped immediately from "peak' demand rose rapidly and Tehchow to Lintsing via canal before diminished even faster, Hence a Daily the ice stopped navigation. In the Report was used. (See Form C-12), spring shipments were again sent that This report was useful to the Manager way on to Nan Kuan Tao. But for of the Stores Division principally, the remainder of the season everything while Form C-3 by reducing the went overland, either by mule cart or number of items, was more convenient by wheelbarrow. It was our policy to to the Store Accountant. use wheelbarrows in preference to To prevent gangs from appearing a carts in order to furnish employment second time for their "family rations" to men rather than to animals. How- and securing more than their due, a ever, this policy had to give way to list in numerical order was prepared expediency due to weather and neces- on Form C-13 from information sity for immediate service on .some furnished by the Engineers, and this occasions. Carters are a bit more was checked up as the gangs appeared reliable than barrowmen, being men of for payment. This form also served some little substance, and the units as a recapitulation sheet from which being larger there was less bothersome Form C-12, Daily Report, was posted. detail with carts than with wheel- When payment was changed to the barrows. piecework basis, a different set of At the peak of our operations some forms was required. The forms so 25,000 workmen were employed at one used will be described in Chapter XI time in Shantung. At 5 catties per dealing with the Hantan Operation, man per day, this involved the move- where the plan from the beginning was ment of 125,000 catties of grain per the on piecework basis. The change day, plus fuel. A barrowman can push from one basis to the other in Shan- a load of 250 catties (more if he has a tung brought about a great deal of helper) about 50 li (18 miles) per confusion in the Stores Division. But day. Returning light he can go fur- it was abundantly justified in its effects ther. Our average distance was prob- upon the workmen. Those who had ably close to 1 50 li. Hence with three been fed all winter and were loafing days out and two days coming back, scandalously, quit immediately; thou- five days were required for the round sands of new workmen were reached trip of each barrowman, and five shifts who otherwise would have had to of 500 each, were required theoretical- suffer; and the of work construction ly to keep this stream of 80 tons of proceeded to speed immediately. up grain per day arriving at Division The District and Division Store- Stores. As a matter of fact, the total keepers also acted as paymasters to number at any one time did :not rise those native foremen, mechanics, etc. much above 1,800 barrowmen. They

( 62 ) Gang cooks sifting flour.

( ^3 ) were paid at the rate of 30 cents per between barrow men and carters, and

100 catties carried 100 li — no payment so by playing one against the other, being made for the empty return. keep himself from being the victim of Most payments were made in grain a strike by one party or the other. equivalents. Until harvest time suf- Barrow men were organized into ficient barrowmen or carts were avail- groups of fifteen or twenty under a able to handle our transportation needs. captain. The captain carried the 15ut at the very close of our operations, shipping documents and was responsi- tile assistance of Magistrates in rccj- ble to the Transportation Manager for uisitioning carts and barrows became the delivery of the correct \seight of necessary. grain in proper condition, liach sack, The organization of this large force as loaded on to a wheelbarrow, was at first seemed a big problem. Should numbered and weighed in the presence the barrows be organized in zones so of this cajJtain. The number and as to keep the men close to home, or weight was recorded on a list (See should each squad make the complete Form C-20). At destination, each the round trip ? If they were organized sack was weighed similarly and in zones, in each zone there would be weight recorded in a. parallel column. necessary a separate Transportation Captains were held responsible for dis- Manager so as to keep the rec|uired crepancies beyond one percent. numbers constantly recruited, ISe- .\ favorite method of stealing grain sides, such a zone sub-manager would enroute is to insert a ]Jointed bamboo always need to be closely informed stick, hollowed out, and take out a few as to the plans of the Headquarters. catties from each saclc No mark is The inevitable and everlasting dicker- left on the sack by this method. The ing and bargaining which even a weight is restored by pouring, back starving Chinese will employ to sand or other fine dirt in ecjual amount. secure what he considers better Water sprinkled over the entire sack terms is also likely to break down one also accomplishes the same purpose. of the liidis in the chain. Hence, the The successful transportation of such plan of through routes was adopted. supplies into the interior depends much This enabled the Transportation Man- upon the fine art of detecting such ager to "dicker" back and forth practices.

( 04 ) ( 65 ) CFR Form 1

Date 192 ISSUE No.

Issued by.

Issued to

Gang No. Div. No. . ..Sect. No.

QUANTITY Articles

No. ' Unit

i

Above articles received on . „ ....192.

Receiver... Receipt No.

Approved

( 66 ) . .

X m. ^O ^ E.-l DAILY REPORT SHEET

Division Section Date xm ^m Foreman Camp

No. of Men employed i&xmAm No. on work.

No. sick

No. absent. . .

Remarks, . . .

Work

urn- Materials m^s^mmmx-^ Tools missing or repair.

Remark.

Camp arrangements. mm Movements

General Remarks.

Signature. ,

( 67 ) Form 7 CFR REPORT OF STORES ISSUED

No.

To By-

Period ending. .192.

Bean Pea- Kao- Issue nut Corn Millet Remarks Date liang No. Cake Cako

TOTAL..

Correct: Signed

Issuing Storekeeper

{ 6« ) o o u

^

U Z <

DQ

h en

bh h

CO 03 O DC O

S DC • DC . z to < O o

111 Form C-46 AMERICAN RED CROSS CHINA FAMINEi RELIEF SHANTUNG

ISSUE RECEIPT.

IN CATTIES

Gangs of mote or less than thirty must be reported on separate sheets—scratch out the word Thirty and insert actual number in gang.

Received from Store No. Date.^ 1921. — One Thirty-man Gang Daily Ration Containing :

ARTICLES

GANG "STAMP" BELOW.

This report to ,lje made out in Duplicate, Ojjb copy kept in issuing store and Original sent with Daily Signed Report to Head Store at Pingyuan.

( 70 ) : .

Form 0-13 AMERICAN RED CROSS CHINA FAMINE RELIEF

FAMILY ISSUE RECEIPT. IN CAT! lES

Gan^s of more or less than thirty must be reported oil separate sheets—scratch out the word Thirty and insert actual numbei- in gang.

Received from Store No.. Dale. .19S1.

One Thiriy-man Gang Family Rations for two weeks from.- 1921 to 1921 containing

Total Quantity Quantity Total on AKtrCLES Number of Per Per Gang Man Gangs This Sheet

GANG "STAMP" BELOW.

to be made out in , This Eeport Duplicate. One c<5py kept in issuing Signed store, and Original sent to Head Store Storekeeper. at Pirtgyuaii.

( 71 ) - o |2H a s

O MH

OS'S'

CD

o s o « Q

az^ o

Ph

,03 a

'A

O o

Oj +3 CO

O >< <» 03

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S Form C-13 AMERICAN RED GANG ISSUE CHINA FAMINE CKUSS RELIEF IN CATTIES Form C-l2

AMERICAN RED CROSS CHINA FAMIi^E RELIEF DAILY REPORT IN CATTIES

Store No s

^ I H 2 M

Urn b4 nJ

o^

w n

O s CD < 0^ No.

To CHAPTER VII HEALTH DIVISION

(Shantung)

Dk. F. F. Tucker, Dr. D. E. Ford, Superintendent of Relief Cliief of Health Division

(Written by Dr. Ford)

Dr. D. E. Ford

Maligi; ^„A Workman

!- on K g^^.. vi^-achin.

( n ) THE work of the Medical Depart- Cross, and a fund of $150,000. Mex, ment was to care for the health raised to prevent or handle it. Every- of the ever-chaflging army of thing was ripe for it. Millions of famine sufferers recruited to build people weakened by poor food, many roads. Though theye are no sanitary concentration camps, filthy p'ersonal laws or regulatipfje, the living con- habits and lOO per cent lice infested,

_ ... ideal ditions among ttie fftrmers are more— ^, certaiftly made epidemic con- that*^''' healthful tblin if) the cities in ditions. the former are \e99 crowded and are V j^l^ ^^g ^^e situation that the Red the time. out pf 4ootn nearly a}l Gi-oss had to meet in Shantung. The - an Village 8ftt?j.tatj9n, is purejy job there was defimtely -outlined, and health or economic? ^i)ti

( 78 ) lb Red Cross native physician and delousiiig squad, which consisted'of foreman, two pressors, and two swabbers.

( 79 ) —

Then by a system of dispensaries weekly reports show that from January and inspection, epidemic diseases which 20th to June 30th, 4,348 billet inspec- broke out on several occasions, were tions were made. controlled and successfully isolated. The dispensaries were established When I came into the work in Jan- near centrally located grain distribu- uary, Dr. Struthers and Dr. Brafladt tion stores and moved from time to of Tsinanfu, whom I succeeded, had time with the extension of the work. already started this system which, en- Their equipment was small but re- larged and modified, was used through- plenished as required, the aim being to out the work. At that time there were adapt it to the work of keeping the about fifty miles of road under con- laborers in shape, rather than con- struction and five thousand laborers structing model hospitals. Daily re- on the work. There were two dis- ports were kept and weekly summaries pensaries under Chinese foreign-trained sent to the Medical Director. From physicians, located on the road, and January 30th to June 30th, 4,205 cases the excellent hospital of the American were treated, a total not including the Board Mission at Tehchow, available return cases of the two largest dis- for serious cases. pensaries. In May there were eight dispensaries under six Chinese and two The laborers were recruited in the foreign physicians. regulation gangs of thirty, each gang delousing with a permanent number, and billeted And third, a and dis- which would meet the in temples and houses, in the village infecting system conditions, nearest their work. At each billet one special working was put or two men were appointed by the into operation. The central bath and gang headman, as sanitars, whose delousing stations which we;re being duties were to clean the rooms and constructed when^ went on the work it could latrines daily and to hang out all the did not prove a success, and bedding for at least eight hours. All be seen at once that they would not do gang numbers and names of villages, for Shantung. The men were too busy where they were billeted, were kept on with their piece work (each gang was record at the dispensary covering the paid in proportion to the amount of division. The physician at each dis- work done) and being moved to new pensary had two or more inspectors work too often to be in touch with who travelled continually from village central baths, though at Hsia Chin, to village recording the conditions of which was a big center for quite a time, the billets, reporting any serious illness 8,072 baths were given. Here the city among the laborers or villagers, and bath was leased for a small sum and keeping the local sanitary men up to the men and clothing deloused by the their work. Upon inspection reports, kerosene and charcoal method detailed checked by local physician, sanitary men below. And 2,573 were deloused at a were praised or discharged. This system small bath built at En Hsien. For this was enlarged with the extension of the latter work it took almost three tons construction work, until in May it was of wood, hauled ten miles—sixty-five coverifig over two hundred miles of pounds for each gang of thirty men road and 25,000 laborers at one time. to heat the water. It proved very effective. Several If delousing was to be done in any epidemics threatened but on each oc- efTective way the apparatus would casion the gangs affected were seen by have to be taken to the men as they the district physician within twenty- worked, and their billets would have to four hours, moved to isolation temples be disinfected at the same time. So and put under special quarantine in March a system was' put into opera- guards and medical treatment. The tion which overcame rather successfully

( So Delousing squad on the move,

Ligliting up the charcoal irons.

( 81 ) —

the failure of the stationary delousing The forep^n and physician gave the plants. It was an adaJstation of the squads ord^s each morning as to what kefos&H^-ba4h^ -aftfei 'h'ij^#^g^!8feg iron sections or gangs should be covered. method used in Serbia and Mesopo- Arriving at the road, where the laborers tamia and in Siberia. were at work, stakes were driven and the screen mats attached. Inside one The dispensaries were mSde the entrance a man was stationed with the centers for delousirig as \Vell as,for treat- can of kerosene, spray pump and a ment and inspectioh. E&ch physician of twelve inch squares of cotton had a delousing fotenian who was in number cloth. Two men heated up the char- charge of from two tin eight squads, coal irons and placed the boards with- depending upon the futfolier of laborers in the side entrance. Another in in the division and the tAiled^e o£ ro&d charge of the cotton trousers was sta- to be covered. A delousing squad was tioned at the exit. No. i man with composed of six meiV and i billet dis- the help of the headman lined up one infecting squad of four. The more and five or six men entered the inteliipent laborers wfte selected for gang enclosure at a time, stripped and rub- this work, their pay increased. They all over with kerosene, were given two white Cqttort suits and bed themselves while the with the sprayer as- allowed to weat an a!;i'nftband with a red man sisted. each put on a pair of the cross on yellow, but had tO consent to Then trousers and went back to work. The their cu6s being cut. One man of each clothing was turned by a sixth man squad baxLto h€-^sbie~to-Vixlte.^ H e was and handed to the pressors, who passed appointed No. i man and- had to re- all the seams port daily the numbers of the gangs the hot irons over and threw it outside the enclosure. In the deloused and billets disinfected ; or if of distance was too great, a report was meanwhile another batch men were made every two days. being kerosened. Before the gang was finished the first batches were re- The apparatus and operation of these turning for their clothing and handing mcrbtle deltjusiirg pteits was as follows: in the trousers. No. i man was re- Each sqjuad had five straw ttxats, about sponsible for all property. 5x1 1 feet, which had been strengthened From late in March to i, by cross pieces of split bamboo and June 50,238 men were deloused by these mobile fitted with tie ropes at the ends. Four squads and the kerosene of these were used as a screen, tied to 10,695 by charcoal irons nine six foot stakes. The sixth was to and used with bathing at the En fisien bath the. city be laid on the ground as a carpet. and bath at Hsia Chin. there There was a wooden box containing Late in May thirty pairs of cotton trousers, Chinese was-s&much friction between the man- agement and the buying style, and fitted with rope handles. men over land the coming Ajiother box carried charcoal and two and harvest, that delousing discontinued railway. large charcoal heated pressing irons. was west of the danger of typhus practically An open kerosene tin with Wooden The was handles contatimig two gallons of over. To the east only 5,788 were kerosene and a small s^4iy pump done in June. This brings the total deloused to While enough for a day's work. And for the number 66,621, pressing of clothes there were two this method did not eradicate- all lice, inspection that the number of heavy boards, two by four feet. It showed was intended that six men should infested men was reduced from nearly carry this apparatus to the work on one hmfdfed per cent to ten or fifteen. poles, for it was not too heavy, but While the men were being deloused in a few days each squad foUnd a along the road, the squads of four men wheel-barrow. armed with large spray pumps and

( 82 ) Ironing the seams of laborers' garments,

( 83 ) -«--

J Bathhouse at En Hsien, under construction.

Williams-Porter Hospital, Tehchow.

( «4 ) Diagramma Morbium Oculis June 10. 1921

American Red Crou China Famine Relief

41 R

41

act

41

rS •a

31.67%

a

54% V (A

30* « 11 n 6.72 fS 5.8396

Iritii I Keratiti. I witB one ejre 2175 1174 653 146 127 7i

Shaatnag. China. Dr. S. D. Joffick '

Diagramma Morbium Jane 14. 1921

Chin* Famine Relief

Examinations

CO

g

;^ ft w a •c a •a a V V

26% 24.52% Heait 20.25%

8 «. 00 15%

•a

^ § £3; 1 I i.26y. 5 a ^ a relap. -(• o S .E f* 3 FEi5^|-f^^^>lM%-aj<% 1-04% 0.24 012% fever hsm dental |ey«, ea?] lFeoe?SiH^^^ Stnose nervoUB •"" malaria (troke .226 213 176 130 46 23 22 12 9 2 1

ShanluDg, China. SCREENS

T= Cotton Trousers K = Kerosene. B B = Ironing Boards,

SCREENS

Diagram of de-lousing enclosure

87 . ( ) per cent lysol and beating sticks, visited their Eye Diseases - - - -904 or 2 5. 62 billets, sprayed and beat the bed (Of these 10.8% were Trachoma) coverings and mats. There were Gastrointestinal- - -74Sor2l.l2 2,444 billet disinfections by this Respiratory 294 „ 8.33 method. Cardiac and Circulatory - 45,, 1.27 - - 1-52 The fact that typhus did not break Nervous and Mental 54 » ^-52 out among the laborers in Shantung Venereal 54 >> ^^-19 was largely a matter of good fortune, Skin Diseases - - - - 381 .. Sprains and for not all the lice were killed by any Contusions, - - 9-26 means and the laborers were constantly Lacerations - 327 » In- in contact with the villagers. But the Abscesses and Local - 15-72 machine of inspection and disinfection fections - - - 555 » was there and operating, and would Infectious Diseases - - 169 „ 4-77 have detected and handled any infected Rheumatism (acute and chronic gangs within twenty-four hours. And articular) - - - - - 57 it shows what can be done with an Influenza ------68 untrained staff in the way of han- Leprosy ------2 dling large numbers of undisciplined Cholera 6 laborers. Cerebrospinal Meningitis - - I Malaria - _ - - - 8 with As an experiment in working Smallpox------. 14 people not in Red Cross employ, the Mumps ------3 streets and forty-two court-yards in Whooping Cough 2 were the village at Yu Cheng station Paratyphoid - 5 Hsien cleaned. And at Yu Cheng Relapsing Fever - - - - - '3 the prison and prisoners were deloused. This was repeated later upon request 169 from the police. There were five deaths: Pulmonary Tuberculosis - - - At the dispensaries 4,205 cases were Acute Gastritis ------treated (at least 5,000 visits) with five Cerebrospinal Meningitis- - - deaths. Each dispensary had a room Influenza------where five or six patients could be kept Cholera ------for treatment if necessary, and these small hospitals were very effective in While all of these patients were re- keeping down the number of men to cruited from the most needy of the be sent to the large hospitals at Teh- famine sufferers, the proportion of chow and Lintsing. Transportation epidemic diseases among them was re- was difficult and slow. Fifty to markably low. The only place where seventy miles by Peking cart, wheel- the effects of famine show in the statis- barrow or carrying poles would have tics is in the high percentage of gastro- been necessary in several instances intestinal complaints. One of the first but for these dispensary accom- effects of famine conditions is not a modations. reduction in the amount of food eaten, but a substitution of less nourishing An analysis of 3,528 of these cases and usually unused articles, to increase will give a fairly accurate idea of the the bulk ingested in an attempt to re- diseases prevailing among the adult lieve the feeling of hunger. These male population of Shantung. Some substitutes aie of many kinds and are women and children were treated but ground up with kaoliang or millet the number was small and may be for the steamed cakes. Even in disregarded. normal times the poor eat little wheat.

( 88 ) Corncobs, chaff, dried elm leaves, and epidemic had run its course. The bark are the commonest substitutes. order had been given out for the The result is much chronic gastritis removal of travel restrictions when and chronic diarrhea from irritation of Dr. Yu of the Chinese Government the lower colon. medical forces was stricken. Dr. Tucker, As famine statistics, these records Dr. Perkins, and several would others of the Red Cross forces have been of more value if made had been contacts before, instead of being begun six weeks with Dr. Yu when his after, symptoms began to relief was started. As it is they manifest them- selves. It show the effects of famine relief work was necessary to isolate rather than of famine. them all for five days. During these trying days several developed symp- Mention should be made of the work toms similar to those of "plague" but of Dr. Tucker, Superintendent of in every case except Dr.Yu, the symp- Relief, in confining the outbreak of toms passed. The death of Dr. Yu pneumonic plague to its original area. was a profound loss to the Chinese Suspects were reported to Dr. Tucker medical fraternity. Railway restric- from the station just north ofTehchow tions were resumed and remainejj in during the last days of February. effect almost to the end of April. Dr. Tucker promptly established the Quarantine regulations were again im- identity of the disease, informed the posed and not relaxed until all danger proper government department, and was past. That "plague" was prevent- effected a quarantine. Railway trailfic . ed from entering the Red Cross area was put under rigid restrictions, and was largely due to Dr. Tucker's within two weeks it appears that the promptness and experience.

Drs. Tucker and Perkins in "plague" uniform.

( S9 ) Opening Ceremonies at Yu Cheng, June lo —The Governor's Special is due„

The Reception Pavilion, Yu Cheng, June lO.

( 9Q ) Opening ceremonies at Yii Cheng, June lO. The fornial barrier ready to be removed on the approach of the car with Governor Tien Cheng Yu.

The barrier removed. The job finished.

( 9\ ) Mr. L. Kolesnikoff, Dr. F. H. Crumpacker, Chief Engineer. Assistant Field Manager, and Chief of Commissaiy

Dr. F. J. Wampler, Fieid Manager, P'ingtirgchow.

.*rf* ».. *

,*v

Typical country around P'ingtingchow.

( 93 ) CHAPTER VIII P'INQTINQCHOW OPERATION

(Shansi)

Field Manager . , Dr. Fred J. Wampler Assistant Field Manager \ Dr. F. H. Crumpacker Chief of Commissary j Chief Engineer L. KOLESNIKOFF Cnief Health Officer Dr. D. L. Horning

THIS operation was located just in- and August they were eating leaves side and parallel to the eastern from trees, tree bark, and chaff. By boundary of Shansi. Its northern October suicides and deaths from end was at Yangchuan, on the Cheng starvation were of frequent report. Tai railway, and its southern ex- The industrial portion of the popula- tremity was at Liaochow, eighty miles tion was as bad off as the farming distant. portion, for their business had fallen The northern half of this operation off to the vanishing point, because the traversed a territory rich in coal, iron, farmers were not buying, fire clay and limestone. A coal seam Refugees from other provinces added near the road measures nineteen feet to the difficulties of the situation. Be- thick, and others in the same county cause Shansi has no heavy floods, like are said to be forty feet thick. Small Chihli, flood victim_s have acquired the potteries, coal mining by native and habit from generations of experience foreign methods, iron smelting by hand of taking refuge in Shansi whenever methods, and a few trades which grow disaster overtakes them. Thinking of out of it, constitute the industries. Shansi only as a land of continual Agriculture is carried on in all spaces plenty, this year they trooped in as where there is dirt enough to raise usual, only to find conditions fully as crops, but in normal years this northern bad as those left behind. Most of portion does not raise grain enough to these refugees passed on through, but support half its population. the problem of feeding them while they The southern half of the operation were passing was one of serious mo- traversed an agricultural territory, ment. principally, which in normal years can Methods of relief were undertaken export considerable grain, early. Even in August a Price Sta- Durincr the season of 1920, in the bilizing Bureau was established in the northern half, the principal crop— county of P'ingting, which purchased jnillet did not yield enough to replace grain, brought it into the county and the seed and corn and kaoliang did sold it below market rates. Local and provincial officials gifts little better. The year before, 1919, made of grain saw a severe drought, and 1918 saw a and of funds. Business men combined pest of locusts and severe losses by to purchase the products of the iron foundries so as to alive these hail. The population, therefore, had keep no reserve resource. Even in July families of craftsmen. It is estimated

( 93 ) >** "'^ '4^

0^f^:

Chihli Refugees migrating to Shansi.

A house with a history. Amid the ruins are the son and the father of the owner, who sold first a small daughter, next a baby boy, thea his wife (who killed herself three days later) and lastly the roof of the house.

( 94 ) Famine types : Girls in the refuge at P'ingtingchow.

unassisted to the job. Famine types : Too we,ak to^walk

( QS ) that 50,000 people were saved by this thoseout of this middle class, who were expedient. The Church of the Breth- willing to work, the opportunity to earn ren Mission secured considerable funds forthemselves and their families enough in America, which were also im- grain to keep them in working condi- mediately applied. tion and able to go on with their

But all of the native organizations farmingr and industrial work when the for relief confined their aid to the aged, proper time came again. Large num- widows, orphans, and those without bers were too weak to walk to work saleable property. There were not when the opportunity came, and all suilficient funds to extend help to any required feeding for a few days before who by any shift could "get through beginning work. alive on their own devices. This application was made before the Thus it was that the people who second appropriation of $500,000 gold owned any land or who owned build- had been made. But several large ings were unable to get relief from gifts had been received, notably from these organizations. This, of course, the Manila Chapter of the Red Cross, meant that the organizations were feed- and from the Standard Oil Company, ing the people who are always more or and out of these funds, a grant of less a burden to society and often those $20,000 Mex. was made for the purpose who were really not very worthy of of building a road from Yang Ch'uan, help, while the great middle class of on the Cheng Tai railway, to P'ing- thrifty farmers had to sell their farms tingchow, some six miles. Shortly to rich people at a very much depre- afterward, word of further gift from ciated value, or starve. National Headquarters was received, There was one provision, however, and the appropriation was raised to for these people. The Provincial As- $200,000. This has been augmented sembly also arranged for a loan fund. from time to time as the work required, Thus, the local governments in the until nearly |6oo,ooo Mex. has been worst sections established a Loan allotted to the entire route, Yang Ch'uan Bureau which would loan money to to Liaochow. land owners on their deeds. At the The need for a road in this section very most they would loan only 30% was very great. Roughly speaking, of the value of the deed and would the population to be served by this take up the deed when making the road is more than one million people. loan. The interest was to begin with Up to the present the only means of 1% per month and increase every six transportation for freight and passen- months until the end of three years, gers are pack animals. Since the when the loan was to be paid back or northern part of the territory is largely the property sold. Many people made industrial and has to have grain stuffs use of this opportunity, but none of brought in from the outside, most of them were enthusiastic about it be- this grain in ordinary years comes caiise it was too big an opportunity for from the southern end of this area. them to lose their hard-earned homes Manufactured products from the north- to somebody else for only a small ern end, together with government fraction of what the property was salt, coal, oil, and all kinds of imported really worth. goods, have to be carried south from It was largely to relieve this situa- the railroad. In addition to this, the tion that representations were made to hauling of the coal and iron to the rail- the American Red Cross, China Famine road stations was also an important Relief, to make an appropriation for consideration for a road. A mule can this section which could be used in carry on a pack only about two piculs. building a road. This would allow Hitch him to a cart on a road that has a

( 96 ) iTypes of Shansi's " bold peasanlry " which the Red Cross helped.

Waiting to be registered and assigned to work.

( 97 ) good grade and he will pull five times as These women of the Church of the much. The number of mules and don- Brethren Mission, out upon their keys that travel over the section of this journeys in those desolate mountain road on an average day near Yang villages, or alone managing the pay- Ch'uan station would be about five ment of rations from an interior thousand. Division Store, offer examples of quiet The old Peking-Taiyuanfu-Hsianfu heroism which should not go unnoticed. trail, which has been used by China's The rapidity with which workmen emperors and millions for hundreds of could be placed on the rolls depended years, makes up the first eight miles principally upon how fast the sur- of road from Yang Ch'uan station veyors could get the line staked out south, and the first twenty-four miles ahead. The Recruiting Department runs along the trail from Shuntefu to was, until the last, ahead of its Tai}uanfu. requirements, and the workmen were always on the very heels or the RIGHT OF WAY FOR THE ROAD surveyors. All told, the Recruiting Department The provincial government made it- furnished 21,300 men to the work. self responsible for the right of way, In addition, considerable numbers not only for the purchasing of the land were used in stores, on transportation, but also for the expenses in connection and various small jobs, so that the with the removal of graves, temples, total number of employees in manual houses and trees. As soon as the line work was approximately was surveyed, the route was gone over 25,000. by representatives from the provincial Highway Bureau and satisfactory ad- COMMISSARY justment made with the local people. Dr. F. H. Crumpacker, C/t/ef. The co-operation of the local officials and people was generally very hearty. ' In only a few cases was there ajiy objec-- •This division dealt with billets ior tion to the work and this always on the workmen especially. Quarters for part people of who preferred to have foreign personnel on the line were somebody else's land occupied. Mag- provided in temples and inns, princi- istrate Liang, of Hsi Yang county. pally. At P'ingtingchowandLiaochow should be mentioned especially for his the Mission homes were opened u__... :.. the _, hearty assistance and valuable, ,, aid., Red Cross paying the estimated 'cost of food, service, and wear of linen. At RECRUITING first their rate was fixed at $2.00 per day but later Anna V. B lough, Chief of Division was raised to $2.25. In the most of pur territory we were The plan of organization followed fortunate to have an abundance of was the same as that followed in Shan- temples, empty caves, farm houses, tung. The instructions issued and mining camps that were available for recruiting, for co-opera- for the housing of our laborers. The tion of departments, and men slept on the ground where brick the organization itself was beds were not available. When this patterned after those in Shan- was necessary an allowance of ordinary tung. Due to a scarcity of millet fodder was made that they could men, and the need for them use as mats. After the weather Anna V. in other departments, women Bl,OUGH became warm the use of fodder was featured in the personnel of discontinued. the organization in both the Recruiting In the beginning the billeting was in and the Commissary Departments. charge of afpreigner but later, as the

( 98. ) Grain supplies at Yang Ch'uan^-rail head

Pack animals waiting to take out "family" rations. , The disks are beancake.

( asE ). Church of the Brethren Mission, P'ingtingchow Red Cross Headquarters. weather grew warmer, the work was the additional half catty being donated given into the hands of a few capable by the Church of the Brethren Famine Chinese, the Chief of Commissary Relief Committee. This change was supervising. This work was done in recommended on the field and sanction- connection with the local officials in ed by the Director. every every event, and in practically We had during the operations at place the support was hearty. various times and places the following In the mountains where the villages grains for the laborers and their sparse, we and other buildings were families: millet, rye, kaoliang (cane were compelled to build a few tempor- seed), buckwheat, oats, corn, wheat, advice of the ary mat sheds, but on the beans, beancake, and rice flour. At not field manager this method was no time did we issue more than three and generally used because of the cold, kinds of grain at one time. All of the it un- at times, local rains which made above grain was received and used healthy for the laborers. gladly by the laborers and their the very The billeting continued to families except the rice flour. This operation because there end of the came to us in a damaged condition being added or were either new gangs and caused a lot of dissatisfaction and old gangs were being transferred and probably some sickness, so that its use re-lo:ated, was discontinued before its supply was

2. Fnod Allowance. exhausted. Later the few remaining bags were given out to the beggars. Following the experience in Shan- tung it had been suggested that the The largest number of laborers fed laborers should have one and one-half at any one time was about 19,000. catties of grain per day, and the The laborers, including their families, families to draw at the rate of three would total more than 100,000. To catties per day, and each gang to have feed the laborers and their families a daily allowance of ten oz. of salt. during the operations we received The allowance of grain was later in- 7,154,122 catties of grain, and this creased to two catties per man per day, was all distributed. In addition, a

( roo ) considerable amount of money was to the other on account of the rabble expended in lieu of grain. of beggars. The Standard Oil man- It was certainly fortunate for the agement rendered us no small service people of our district that we could on several occasions by allowing this get our grain from the outside, for we transfer to be made in their yards. could thus keep the local prices of grain After the grain reached our Store No. down, and by so doing we were able to I at Yang Ch'uan, the troubles were help thousands who had no connection not at an end, for often just at the time with our relief work. when we were wanting to make a rush to fill One difference in conditions that up a gap, the haulers would suddenly brought about a difference in practice, want an increase for hauling. At the was in connection with the issue of beginning we tried to make a family rations. At P'ingtingchow contract that would hold all the way through, most of the workmen came from a but this was practically impossible. However, by careful region considerably north of the No. i Store at Yang Chuan, while the work dealing with a local hauler as our was all to the south. Hence, instead transportation man, we were able to get through with but few, if of allowing the men to go home fort- any, excessive charges. nightly, as in Shantung, they were given a family ration ticket good for Another hard nut was the leakage catties per each half 45 man month. of grain. This, too, we could not This could be presented by anyone the control absolutel}^, but when we con- gang chose to send, on the date reg- sider the amount of grain hauled and istered on the-trcket. Two or three handled and the tricks that the' haulers men could thus take the entire gang's know, we should count ourselves lucky allowance to the village home and to come through as well as we did. make the distribution to the families. At times we would find coal, gravel, This cut a down good deal of work and stone and dirt in the bags, and some- reduced confusion. times the grain was soaked in the sacks At times, due to shortage of grajn, to make the weights stay up to normal, family allowance was paid in cash in- for each lot of grain was weighed to stead of grain. This was the plan in and from the hauler. He had to forcefrom the beginning at the southern account for the weights and if he took extremity of the job. In fact there out, of course he had to put in some- was a small surplus of grain in this thing else. When the leakage did

section at one time, and an attempt occur, we could not locate it, for you was made to buy locally for our three will remember that the grain had likely southern stores, rather than to buy in been sacked by some farmer in Man- Kalgan or Dairen and transport by churia and then it came through the pack animal from the railwa)^ to this hands of the railway people, the police section. We were hastened to this on the road, the local police, the local attempt by a shortage of pack ani- transportation men and finally our mals. But prices began to soar, and coolies in the stores. Eternal vigilance to protect the general public as well as itself cjuld not absolutely prevent leak- our own laborers, the experiment was age. We must have come through abandoned as soon as possible. rather well, though, for we had but few complaints from the people who 3. Transportation, used the gfain, and this was a testimony This was one of the most trouble- that there was not a great deal of some portions of the job. There was damaged grain to get through to them. difificulty in getting grain transferred So far as the weights were concerned, at Shih Chia Chuang from one railway as our reports show, practically

( lOi ) Grain going out to a division store. Note workmen on the right, starting the line over a rocky ledge.

Gang rations weighed oiit and ready to issue.

( laz ) —

all the grain was accounted for. usually furnished by the local officials There were necessarily some differences but in some cases the Mission buildings caused by the different men as weighers were loaned to the Red Cross. and the different scales, but this had to 6. Foreign Mess Provisions. be allowed for, as well as some other losses that came while the grain was To care for the foreign staff, messes being hauled in bad sacks. were arranged at each of the stores where no missionaries were living and, Fuel 4. Allowance. in addition, several other messes were Besides the grain allowance, each carried on by the construction staff gang in the P'ing Ting Chow end got themselves. We had six regular messes $2.00 Mexican per month for coal and and five which were not as fully water money, and this was given to equipped as the regular mess. The the gangs semi-monthly at the place regular mess had an equipment as they received grain for their daily use. follows (It was called a "two man ' In the Liao Chow end the method of camp but could accommodate at giving was the same, but since fuel was least six people temporarily): a little more expensive for them, they 6 plates, 6 cups, 6 saucers, 6 received $2.50 Mexican per month. knives, 6 forks, 4 teaspoons, 4 dessert spoons, 3 large spoons, i sugar bowl, 5. Distribution Stores. I creamer, i teapot, i meat platter, 2 To carry out the distribution from vegetable dishes, 4 soup bowls, 2 our eight centers, namely Yang Ch'uan, frying pans, 2 baking pans, 2 stewing P'ing Ting Chow, Chang Chuang, Le vessels, i coffee pot, 2 tea kettles, 3 Ping, Ho Shun, Ping Wang. Tien, and mixing bowls, i dish pan, i bread

Liao Chow, we organized each place board, i rolling pin, i meat cleaver, i

with a local staff. This staff was butcher knife, i large fork, i large

made up" of one foreigner, an inter- spoon, I ladle, 2 water buckets, i

preter, if needed, an assistant to the dipper, 2 wash basins, coal oil, 3 storekeeper, and as many coolies as lamps, I poker, i shovel, i bath tub, were needed to carry on the weighing I .large water jar, 2 empty tins (oil), 2 and other work. water jars for cooling water, and one These stores were from five to lantern. twenty miles' apart and in addition to A cook was furnished who could the other work of the storekeeper, he^ prepare food for foreigners in each of carried on a mess for the foreign con- the six regular messes and also in the struction men in his section. The five other messes that were furnished storekeepers reported daily their with fewer utensils but with sufficient balance, their receipts and their issues, to get along. A list of provisions was with a final balance at the end of the furnished to each storekeeper and each day. This came to the P'ing Ting mess camp, showing the' kinds of Chow head office daily and thus the tinned goods, etc., that could be had Manager and the Chief of Commissary at the stores from the foreign com- could know how the stores stood at missary depot at P'ing Ting Chow. any time. A bulletin board was These tinned supplies were ordered arranged by the office manager show- from Tientsin. The following list was ing at a glance the standing of each an allowance for a two man camp for store daily. These store staffs con- one month : tinued to operate as long as there Lard - 8 lb. were laborers in their respective Milk 3 doz. tins sections. Coffee - - 2 lb. The property occupied by the staff, Soap (Ivory) - 2 bars the store rooms and mess rooms, were Salmon 6 tins

( 103 ) Workmen at their noon-day meal of kaoliang cakes with millet broth (in the iron kettle). On day work, they always insisted on going to the camp for meals, but on piece work they always had it brought out to them.

" A " close up." " Have a bite ?

( J-04 ) —

Cocoa I tin addition to this, a large order for Pineapple 6 tins goods was misshipped to one of the Table salt 1 bottle other fields of operation. Thus, Oysters - - 6 tins an extra number of men eating and the Lemon extract 2 oz. supplies ordered failing to arrive, made Vanilla extract a situation that was very unsatisfactory Worcester sauce i bottle to the foreigners along the road. Apricots - 6 tins In all, about thirty-five foreigners Potatoes - 50 lb. were provided for by the commissary Pork and Beans 8 tins mess camps. Dried beans - 5 lbs. 7. Foreigner's Bedding Outfit. Pepper - i bottle Vinegar Each foreigner was furnished with a i ,, Peaches - '6 tins cot, either army or home-made, and

String beans - bedding for same. The bedding .3 ,, consisted flour - - - 25 lb. of one mat, two wool blan- Sardines 6 tins kets, two sheets, a pillow and a pillow case. Sugar- 16 lb. The linen was laundered when- ever Corn - - 8 tins sent to the laundry.

Catsup - - I bottle > - 8. Laundry. ' Pears - 6 tins At P'ing Ting Chow a small laundry Peas - - 6 ,, was started to take care of the linens Jam - - 12 ,, and personal laundry of the foreign Soap (laundry) - 4 bars personnel. This was no small task, Essence Cinnamon i bottle made so largely because but few, if any, Dried beef - 6 tins of the personnel would mark their own Olives - - bottles 4 laundry. The actual washing, ironing, Butter - . lb. 5 etc., was done by two Chinese men, Pickles - 2 bottles but the receiving and sending out of Herring - 8 tins this was. no small task. Porridge (Wbeatlet) - 10 lb. Horses Tomatoes - - 8 tins 9. and Bicycles.

Baking powder - i lb. Several horses were owned by the

Prunes - - 6 tins Red Cross and kept by the Commis- sary Department, and several were kept In addition to this, the mess could that were borrowed from the officials, buy eggs, chickens, and a few vege- at various places. These, with eight tables locally. The above list was kept or ten bicycles, furnished most of the on file with tlje mess so that they could men with a method of getting to and order from the depot from time to time from their, work. The Medical De- such as they were short on. partm.ferf^t had the use of thesp horses In the month of it was very July and bicycles, too. difficult to supply the foreign commis- sary with the proper amount of goods 10. Rules for Commissary Department. from the coast. This difficulty was To enable us to carry out these principally due to a number of engi- operations, th'e offices at Peking and neers being rushed in from the Shan- Tientsin issued certain instructions tung operations to help oversee the that were observed as nearly as condi- work here, that it might be completed tions would permit. Some of these as early as possible. These men had were: not been expected and therefore had I. At close of day, quantities on not been prepared for in the earlier Form C-14 (Report of Stores Is- orders for the foreign mess. In sued and Received), should be totaled

( 105 ) —

and such totals entered on Daily Commissary for approval, before pur- Report, also in Stock Book. chase is made. 2. Materials should be listed on 3. The Transportation Division Form C-14 (Report of Stores Issued will be in charge of hiring ajid direct- and Received), care being taken to ing barrowmen, cartmen, and other cross out the word "Issued." At the forms of transportation used to move end of the day. Form C-14 should be all kinds of supplies, both relief and totaled and the total transferred to the foreign, also engineering, between the "Daily Report"— "Received Column." head store and district stores, and all 3. The Daily Report should be other stores. completed, signed and mailed to the Foods for which the Transportation office at P'ingtingchow in an envelope Division has receipted shall not be con- marked "Stock Report". The Daily sidered out of the Transportation Report should be accompanied by Division and in the custody of the Re- Forms C-5, and all C-4, C-15, C-16, lief, Foreign, or Engineering Stores, other receipts. until shipment has been receipted by Division 4. stores will not take re- receiving storekeepers. sponsibility for tools or other engineer- 4. Advance of cash for local and ing equipment. Such will be taken current expenditures will be made care of by the Engineering Department. direct by the accountant, but only on Stocktaking— On the last day of each the O.K. of Chief of Commissary. De- month all stores will take a physical tailed vouchers and receipts are inventory of the stocks on hand, which required in settlement of each advance should agree with the "Balance on and these reports shall be rendered Hand" shown on that day's report. dii'ect to the accountant, who, after If actual stock agrees, please 'certify auditing and checking shall not pass on the Daily Report that it agrees with until the whole has been approved by the inventory taken on that date. the Chief of Commissary. If you find a discrepancy, please send (Signed) F. H. Crumpacker. in a separate sheet attached to the Daily Report showing the actual REPORT OF THE ENGINEER- inventory, and make out an "Issue" IN=CHIEF or "Receipt" for the shortage or over- plus, stating in your opinion what is L. KOLESNIKOFF the cause of the difference. I. The Highway Project. Besides those from the office at headquarters, the Field adopted some The American Red Cross began rules of a similar kind to fit the local actual work on the road the 28th of with engineers conditions. Some of these follow : February two Chinese in 1. The Relief Stores Division will the field and a few hundred work- have charge of all relief foods in the men recruited from the famine district. custody of the stores, and will super- The scale of the enterprise, the vise methods of handling stores, physical features of the country which personnel, etc. had to be cut through, and the short 2. The Foreign Supplies Division period of time (five or six months) at will have charge of the purchasing and the disposal of the American Red custody of all foods required by Cross for completing the road, led to foreign personnel in this A. R. C. opera- the necessity of creating an adequate tion, and those who are living in technical staff, which was gradually messes established .along the roads. increased during the operations to Lists of stocks to be purchased twenty foreign and six Chinese should be submitted to the Chief of engineers. The Chief Engineer was

( 106 )

also put in charge of the whole con- stmction of the work. The number of workmen was also increased continuously just as soon as the surveying had been completed and the formation line decided upon, until it reached the maximum average num- ber of 18,466 men per day during the week from May 3 ist to June 6th, when the construction work on the road was in full swing. A cut through loess.

Big fill near P'ingtingchow, and culvert nearing completion.

( 108 ) Down grade towards P'ingtin^chow.

> ... j!Aki*-^.ua^x^.\*.v^ .-v:...^

P'ingtingchow, Red Cross headquarters at the Mission station just outside the wall at the left.

( 109 ) —

Starting in the river valley at Yang until it reaches the city of Liao Chow,

Ch'uan with an elevation of 2,184.02 with an elevation of 3,688.84 ft. ft. above sea level, the road in its whole So the city of Liao Chow, the south- length goes over four crests of moun- ern terminal of the road, is located tains before it reaches Liao Chow: 1,504.82 ft. higher than: Yang Ch'uan The first one with the highest eleva- station, the northern- terminal. tion of 2,511.77 ft., located between The high crests to be crossed by the Yang Ch'uan and P'ing Ting Chow. road with comparatively short ap- The second one with the highest proaches to them from one end and the elevation of 3,128.88 ft., located be- very short time allotted for surveying tween P'ing Ting Chow and Le Ping. work, which eliminated any possibility Leaving Le Ping and going along of thorough surveying investigation for the river for about eight miles, the picking out the most practical route road at Tu Chuang begins to climb up for the road, led to the necessity of Ts'ai Ling mountain with an elevation allowing at some places quite steep of 4,834-50 ft. grades for the road bed, although all After reaching this peak, the road efforts were directed to shorten up goes down to the river level again as stretches with steep grades as much as far as Ho Shun, and then begins again possible. to climb up the highest crest on the The table No. 2 below gives an idea whole road with an elevation of 5,035.24 of the steepest grades used on the ft. at the village of Kung Chia Kou. road and length of sections of the road Leaving Kung Chia Kou, the road with the grade mentioned: goes down a river valley and follows it

Grade

7-7 per cent 7 6 Cutting a " ribbon " road over T'sai Ling mountain.

1 —

used whole road, 20 ft. wide and 80 miles 1 5 before the contract basis was long, with side gutters, was practically exclusively. It would have been im- completed, and the comparatively possible to start with the piece work small amount of additional earth work basis for two reasons ; one, that the required was to make fills over a dozen men were not in physical condition culverts in order to make joints between sufficient to earn a living for their the disrupted parts of the road. families at normal contract rates, and In building the road bed, three two, that to have delayed the work principal kinds of soil were encoun- until measurements could have been tered: made in advance or sufficient foreign secured for I. loess, a very hard formation. personnel could have been 2.' loose stone mixed with loess. inspection purposes, would have been

3. solid stone formation, which fatal to our relief purpose. consisted in their turn of the The principal tools in working out following kinds, sandstone, this soil were native picks, augmented limestone, and a very hard later on, and to great advantage, to a limestone-like semi-granite. considerable extent by picks of In the total length of the road of American make, steel wedges with eighty miles, the following sections hammers, crow bars, steel drills from feet long. The solid had the following kinds of soil : four to twelve Loess and similar kinds of soil limestone was worked out exclusively 74,87 miles with local blasting powder. Loose stone and solid rock— 5-i3 In building the road through this miles or mountainous country which is cut 6.4% of the total length of with so many streams, small and large, the road. and ravines, which during the rainy The total quantity ofearth work done season are carrying a considerable on the road is 26,120,000 cubic feet. amount of water with a swiftness which The total quantity of rock work done to a great extent increases the de- on the road, including the solid rock stroying power of the water, the as well as the loose rock mixed with question of crossing the rivers with loess, is 7,202,425 cubic feet, the the road was a most difficult one to be deepest excavation being from 26 ft. solved satisfactorily. to 29 ft. on a length of 300 ft. This road in its run crosses 12 wide Each cubic foot of rock work rivers, each one from 200 to 1,900 ft. (including loose rock) is equivalent to wide, and a considerable number of about 7.5 cubic feet of earthwork. At small streams and old trails which had this rate the equivalent of 80,138,000 become, during the rainy season, cubic feet of earthwork was performed natural channels for carrying the water. at a cost of 1,840,200 daily rations. The lack of adequate funds and the This is an average of about- 44 cubic very limited period of time for con- feet per ration. It will be remembered struction work eliminated, entirely the that' each gang was fed from two to five idea of building stone bridges over the days before it began work. There was large rivers, and in order to protect considerable "carry" for much of the the road bed against the washing out work. But this is an average of less effect of the water running over it, the than half a fong per man per day. building of "dips" was adopted on But the principal explanation for this every large river, with the exception relatively low average, compared with of the one between Yang Ch'uan and the performance of healthy contract P'ing Ting Chow, where a stone bridge labor, is to be found in the fact that up with a wooden top was built in sections to June practically everything was done of a total length of 135 ft. over a river on a day work basis, and it was July 1,000 ft. wide.

( "2 ) Culvert construction : Preparing foundation.

Culvert under construction at Liaochow.

( "3 ) Blacksmith shops on T'sai Ling Mountain.

Culvert at Chang Chuang.

( "4 ) —

Simple in its construction, with two materials have been used for surfacing, parallel stone walls built with lime, depending on what was available at from four to five feet deep, the top of that place. which is about to follow the cross 1. Crushed hard limestone ij" to section of the river bed, heavy pave- 2-^" on the bottom, i" to i|" on the ment between walls, and stone apron top, and river sand or loess dirt on the with a slope of 2 to i along the whole top of stone surface. length of the dip on the down stream 2. Crushed slag from iron works side, the dip is supposed to offer the with sand or dirt spread over the top.

least obstruction to the water running 3. Cinders with dirt spread over over it and at the same time it re- the top. inforces the road bed against the Practically the total length of the washing effect of the water. road has been surfaced. Only the experience of maintaining this road must show whether the 4. Cost of Construction. building of "dips" over the peculiar At the beginning of the operations rivers of this country proves to be when the whole enterprise was chiefly satisfactory or not. a famine relief measure, workmen were For crossing the small streams and paid in grain for each day of work, water pathways, culverts with openings practically without considering the of 2 to lO ft. and small dips of similar amount of work done. construction were built. Later on, after the urgent relief was the At close of the American Red rendered, piece work system was Cross operations, lO, the August 1921, gradually introduced in order to get following number of bridges, culverts more efficient work, and at the end of and dips were completed : the operations a fairly good amount Stone bridge with wooden top, of earth as well as stone construction 135 ft. long I work had been executed on a contract Stone arch bridge, 10 ft. span i contractors and 3 basis. , Professional .Stone 2 arch bridge, i o St. span i gang foremen worked as contractors Culverts, single, double, triple, for the Red Cross, as well as individual frorn 2 ft. to IG ft, wide, and gangs in corpore.

from 22 ft. to 75 ft, long . . 234 Below are given unit prices which Dips, 20 ft. wide and from 20 have been arrived at and under which

ft. to 1,200 ft, long . . . . 54 different contractors have been work- ing on this road profitably for them- Total 300 selves and to the advantage of the Cross, as the work has Masonry retaining walls-rrr American Red done quicker and cheaper. 1,300 ft. long. been work, with the distance of After a considerable time had Earth not more than 250 ft.,— 20 elapsed since culverts were put in and carrying cents IVtex. per 100 cubic ft. the road bed was finished so that it limestone excavation work, had settled to a certain extent, the Solid $1.50 Mex. per 100 experiment of light surfacing of the without carrying, road was undertaken. cubic ft. Carrying stone, for one cubic foot The road was surfaced 3 in. deep per one li, price i cent Mex. and 15 ft. wide, leaving 2-2- ft. shoulders work in building retaining on each side of it, and side drainages Masonry walls with lime, contractor digs out every 50 ft. through the shoulders were stone made on both sides of the road. After foundation, quarries and carries and the road bed for a distance of not more than one li, 3 in. were taken out with the was properly tamped, three kinds of and supplies everything else

( I 15 ) Carrying rock for culverts or protecting walls.

Protection wall near Liao Chow,

( ii6 ) Red Cross road along the river bed. There are miles

I of retairiina: walls like this. —

exception of lime, — 4 cents Mex. per Afternoon rest from 3:30 P.M. to one cubic foot of stone wall. 4:00 P.M. Masonry work in building stone No work on Sundays. culverts with lime, conditions same as 2. Each gang is to have a foreman. before, price 4 cents to 6 cents Mex. Every five gangs are to have a head per one cubic foot. foreman. Every thirty gangs or less Making brick arches with building should have an overseer. There is to wooden forms from material supplied be one head overseer. These must all by A. R. C, price $2.00 Mex. per be on the road during working hours 1,000 bricks. must eat at same time as workmen. Crushing hard limestone, size i|" 3. Overseer must carry out en- to 2i"; in piles 100 cubic ft., price gineer's instructions in full. $2.09 Mex. per pile. 4. a. The overseers must send in Crushing hard limestone, size i" to reports each working day containing i}", in piles 66 cubic ft., price $2.00 number of working men working on Mex. per pile. their section. Surfacing the road bed 3" deep, 15 b. The length of the section fc. wide, side drainages every 50 ft., under work, giving stake numbers. and tamping and supplying all crushed c. If there is a shortage of men, stone required, and spreading sand give the gang numbers in which the over top of it, per lOO lineal ft. of the shortages occur and the reason for the road, price f lO.OO Mex. shortages. The cost of this entire line, including 5. In case of accident or illness, repairs from floods during construction, head foreman must report to overseer, was in round numbers $560,000, or who reports to engineer.

$7,000 per mile of line. This includes, • 6. - No man can ;leave the works culverts, bridges, medical service, and still receive help for self or family supervision and everything. The without a doctor's permission. Cheng Tai railway, through similar 7. The noon meal is to be eaten on territory, cost over $13,000 per mile the works. The gang foreman may for its roadbed, exclusive of culverts, appoint a man to assist the cooks- in ballast, and all of the other items bringing the food from the kitchen to which have been named above. While the works. railway work is heavier due to neces- 8. Men not working up to the sity of eliminating heavy grades and. above rules will be punished by lack sharp curves, this extra work is of food. The gang will be held re- ntutralized in part, at least, by the sponsible for individuals in the gang. fact that the railway work was per- (Signed) L. KOLESNIKOFF. formed over fifteen years ago when the (and, therefore, of labor) cost of food SANITATION AND HEALTH was barely half that of last year. A DIVISION large allowance should be made also for the fact that there was not time All the sick workmen needing hos- sufficieht for surveys which might have pital attention were referred .at first eliminated much of the heavy work. to the hospitals of the Church of the Brethren Mission at P'ingtingchow Later on, when the 5. Engineer's Instructions. and Liao Chow. great numbers of workmen were col-

I. Working hours : —6:00 A.M. lected on the mountains about the to 6:30 P.M. central section of the road, quite far

Lunch from 1 1:30 A.M. to i:oo P.M. removed from these hospitals, tem- Morning rest from 8:30 A.M. to 9:00 porary hospitals were established at A.M. Tu Chuang and Ho Shun. At the

( "8 ) first named place, .as it was only a were cleaned up at least once, and small village, it was necessary to build :s.ome,of them. two. and three times. Later on, a deloiiser built by the same committee, was used at Liao Chow, and two others were built by the Ariierican Red Gross atproperlocations along the; road, so that the entire vvoxking force.could be taken care of without losing too,' much time from the: work.. These last two never worked very satisfactorily. The delouser had.the advantage of being able to delpiise the bedding of the workmen as well as their clothes, bait it had the very big disadvantage of taking the men from a half day to two days from their work each time they were deloused.. .If the men were billetted ten or. fifteen miles from the Horning delouser, it was im.possibIe for them to make the round trip to the, delousing a small mud building for the hospital. station in one day. Of course, they Here we took care of more than fifty often had to wait w;hen they got to the patients at a time. At Ho Shun we delouser until those ahead of them were able to secure' two temples 'and •were cared for. their courtyards, which served us very Ironing the clothes of the workmen satisfactorily as a hospital. and giving them a kerosene bath was Because of the epidemic of relapsing used on the lower half of the road. fever, which was spread over the This method of delousing had some big- famine area before the beginning of advantages from the standpoint of the the Red Cross relief operations in this construction work.. The men could be section, the sanitary staff was deluged put into clean clothes right after their

with work from the very beginning-'. .kerosene, bath: and : go on with their Relapsing fever being carried by the work, while their, own clothes were body louse made it necessary that' we being ironed, thus they did not need use some method of delousing the to Jose over fifteen minutes from the workmen and their clothing and bed- work. ding or have the disease spread There was no difficulty in keeping rapidly and greatly cripple the men as some of the gangs free from disease well as the working operations. Be- after they were once deloused, but cause of insufficient s^tafl^in the health with other gangs we had more difficulty department, we were not able to begin because sorhe ofthe men would return

delousing until in April. The disease home. for. a: visit and . either become was kept in control before that time infected themselves, .or bring back by isolating the sick and getting thfem some infected lice with them. There to the hospital as quickly^ as possible. was.a great deal, of substituting among About April ist a delouser, which the workinen;. Where thexe were two had been built by the Church ofthe men in, a family,' ,one would register Brethren Famine Relief Committee, for work. He would go and work a and which had a capacity of i,'ooo month and: then have the. other man •men per day, started operating, and all come to the work and substitute foi the gangs on the northern third ofthe Jiim and the man who had been regis- their billets road were deloused and tered . would return home. , Thus,

( 119 ) onstant vigilance was necessary to acute indigestion. There was some keep fresh outbreaks of the fever from influenza^ some diarrhea, some malaria playing havoc with the gangs. and beri-beri. No typhoid was diag- The epidemic among the workmen nosed and the several cases of cholera reached its height in the month of that were reported were found to be June. By that time we had four incorrectly diagnosed on investigation. deiousers running and several ironing Considering the large number of squads at work. The disease was soon workmen employed and the heavy under control and for the last month rock work that had to be done and and a half of the operations, we had the precipitous cliffs that had to be practically no relapsing fever. cut down, it is remarkable that there Relapsing fever is not a fatal disease. were only six accidental deaths. Only Only a very small per cent of those one of these actually occurred while who get it will die, and most of those the person was at work. This man die, who do die of complications ; but was struck by a stone from a blast. it is a very debilitating disease, and Two men, during the rest period, were where the people have two, three, or sitting under a loess projection when four relapses, it often takes them a it fell and killed both. Three men very long time to regain their strength, took refuge in a ravine oh a mountain sometimes even a half a year. side to protect themselves from a rain The few cases of the more dreaded storm. The water came down the typhus fever which we had among the ravine in a wall and with such rapidity workmen were very mild. The head that the men could not escape, but of the sanitation division contracted were washed down the rough stream typhus while working among the and were drowned. There were three gangs, taking sick about the middle fractures and quite a number of smaller, of June. He was very ill for more insignificant casualties. than two weeks but had fully recovered his health by the end of the operations. SANITARY DEPARTMENT The total number of cases of typhus Health Rules for the Camps and and relapsing fever cannot be given, Workmen because the workmen would sometimes 1. Worknien must use the latrines, go home as soon as they took sick, under no conditions urinating or def- without reporting for diagnosis and ecating at other places at will. treatment. Judging from those enter- 2. All waste water must be dumped ing the hospitals at P'ingtingchow and in a hole dug for that purpose. Liao Chow, where blood tests and 3. All bedding and fodder must be positive diagnosis could be made, there put out to sun for three hours during were about i,ooo cases of relapsing the morning every day. fever among the entire force and not 4. Every day the sleeping rooms

more than 1 5 cases of typhus fever. and yard must be swept. Fortunately, relapsing fever has a 5. All clothing must be examined specific treatment in salvarsan and frequently for lice and if any are found, neosalvarsan. All the cases entering destroyed by any means at hand. the mission hospitals or the temporary 6. All water before drinking must hospitals were treated with this drug be boiled. Stations for boiling water when positive diagnosis was made. at the place of work will be provided. We had difficulty in getting the drug 7. When any of the workmen are in sufficient quantities at times, but we taken sick, if possible, they must at were able to have it for most of the once be placed in a room prepared for cases. them away from the other workmen.

Other diseases were not very com- (Sigd.) Fred J. Wampxer, M.D, mon. There were several deaths from D. L. Horning, M,D.

( 120 ) •^i^ i T 1*. .* * / , "/^^-#^i*^

.v^^'l 'M w:*

-i^

Bringing in a patient to tlie P'ingtingchow hospital.

In the F'ingtingchow hospital.

( 121 ) —

The famine relief idea was kept In Ho Shun county, the official prominent in this operation from the changed the streets of the city from very beginning. Had it been a road gutters to properly rounded roads with building project, the line could have a crown and gutters on the side. He been built much cheaper by paying the also tore down some dilapidated pai- men a much lower wage than was given lous and repaired and painted others. and by putting the work on a contract In the city of Liao, a new East Gate piece work basis, in which only those was built to replace the ruins of the in a first class physical condition could one that was standing there. have competed successfully. Since The Red Cross road followed the the big idea was famine relief and road main street in the East Suburb of building a secondary consideration, P'ingtingchow for quite a distance. the daily amount of grain given was The local people, seeing the advantage much more than was required to pay of this type of road over their own for the services of an average laborer. streets, took this road as pattern and Besides, the average man on the work repaired the rest of the main street in could not do as much work as the the East Suburb. average skilled laborer. Quarters are now being built along- In addition to the direct famine side the road by the Provincial High- relief, the amount, of grain brought way Bureau for the use of regular into the territory —nearly 4,300 tons caretakers of the road. The use of aided greatly in keeping down local narrow tired wheels is forbidden, and prices, and the money that was put transportation companies have already into circulation by local purchases of been formed and have purchased carts equipment and in payment of contract with broad tired wheels. As the entire labor, was of inestimable value in traffic over this route has been by pack keeping the numerous small local animal, there is no vested interest in business men from failure and, in narrow tired wheels to be dealt with. general, gave new life to the section.

{ f22 ) Col. S. Y. Chao, Chief of the Shansi Highway Bureau, to whose remarkable energy and integrity the success of the J^'ingtingchow and Fenchowfu operations is due in large measure.

( i^i ) R. J. McDonnell.

Watts O. Pye, Field Manager.

Dr. P. T. Watson, Assistant Field Manager.

( 12,4 ) CHAPTER IX FENCHOWFU

Field Manager Watts O. Pye

Assistant Field Manager. . . Ur. P. T. Watson

Chief Engineer Maj. J. W. Stillwell

IN the preceding chapter considerable plicants for work were far beyond the was said concerning the need of requirements of the job in hand. At relief in the Province of Shansi the Provincial capital we were assured and the efforts which were being made that the territory which was being by local authorities to meet that need. served by this bit of famine relief was yVlso the fact was mentioned that only a small fraction of the most before the Red Cross definitely was needy area. allotted a territory within Shantung, We travelled from Taiyuanfu as representatives of the Shansi far as Ping Yao by motor over a authorities had made approaches in provincial highway which had been

the interest of their Province. The constructed - by means of military orderliness of Shansi, the presence of a forces during the past year. From highway administration organization Ping Yao to Fenchowfu — 80 li —was which had been functioning for over a the route proposed by Dr. Watson, and year, and the assurance that questions this we covered on horseback. The of right of way would never bother only difficulties to be encountered on us, made work in that Province the route were the Fen River which ])articularly attractive. Hence, one has a quicksand bed and two large week after the second gift of $500,000 irrigation canals. Hence assurances (jold was announced, on request of were given immediately that funds ])r. Percy Watson of the American would be granted for the construc- Jioard Mission, Fenchowfu, Captain tion of this highway. Also a small engineer, branch was authorized from Fenchowfu R. J. McDonnell, a volunteer and the Director proceeded to interior to Yu Tai Ho, a beautiful river canyon -^h ansi.to investigate at first hand the at the base of the mountains where the feasibility of a proposed highway, and missionaries send their families for the need of the section from which the hot summer months in order to the relief labor would come. escape the noisome smells and con- At Fenchowfu we found that con- tagious diseases which characterize siderable funds which the ^American interior Chinese cities at this season. Board Mission had received from The sum of ir>25,ooo Gold was appro- miscellaneous sources for famine priated for these lines. ambi- relief were practically all being At Fenchowfu a much more administered on a work basis in the tious proposal was made by Mr. Watts improvement of grounds and erection O. Pye. He urged that the line should eighty of buildings for the only hospital in be extended westward another point- that western region. We also found miles to the Yellow River. He supplies for the that these funds were practically ed out that the food exhausted and the numbers of ap- entire Shansi plain were coming in

( 125 ) Yu Ta Ho Valley.

Yu Ta Ho road, in the background.

( 126 ) from the West by means of the River The subject was laid before and thence overland the via pack mule. American Advisory In the Committee with famine of 1878 this great high- the recommendation that a consider- way was entirely inadequate for relief able portion food of the funds which were and in February, 1921, a scarcity being allocated for free relief be reserved of pack animals threatened. Mr. Pye for this piece of construction in case maintained that the construction of a it should prove that the American Red cart road over this route would not Cross funds were not adequate. The only give employment to thousands of American Advisory Committee replied laborers who might be recruited from by immediately turning over to the other districts in Shansi, if necessary, Red Cross •'*li250,ooo, local currency. but would also be the largest measure of constructive famine prevention like- ORGANIZATION ly to grow out of any of the efforts of the year. Furthermore, the econornic After explanation of the form of value to the Province would be organization required for work of this tremendous, — which in itself, is a kind, the American Board Mission at famine preventive feature. The cost Fenchowfu was asked to recommend of transporting a ton of grain from the for appointment the officers re- Yellow River to Fenchowfu was ap- quired. This was done in pref- proximately $26.50 Mex. per" ton. erence to an appointment in the first By the use of carts this cOst can instance by the Director because of the probably be reduced to $6.50 per ton. fact that none of the members of the Customs records show that approxi- Mission were personally known to the mately seven hundred tons per day Director prior to this visit. As this are carried over this trail. The saving road would also be a valuable asset to to be made by the use of carts would, the Mission in connecting up its out- therefore, be $14,000 per day or stations, it was felt that the Mission $5,000,000 per year. In addition, the should be encouraged in every way to capacity of the route for emergency consider the project its own. traffic would be indefinitely increased, The line from Ping Yao to Fenchowfu while lower freights would stimulate the is over a level plateau. It was decided, opening up of numerous coal mines therefore, to begin vvith the piece work whose development has waited merely basis at once. because the price of coal delivered Whether a commissary department into Shensi (the Province next to the should or should not be established west) puts it beyond the purchasing- was a point of considerable importance. capacity of any large proportion of Manifestly it was impossible to intro- the population. duce grain from Manchuria into this Although this information was far interior district nearly a hundred readily verified, the admitted engineer* miles away from the railway and in- ing difficulties were SUeh that no volving" at least two rail transfers en promise was made concerning this route. The natural and cheapest source route pending a report by Captain of supply was from the Yellow River. McDonnell after reconnaisafice. Such While the difficulties of the mountain a reconnaisance was necessary, not only trail made its use expensive, these to prove the feasibility of construction would be as great in one direction as within a reasonable tirne, but in the other if the Yellow River Road addition it was neppssary to know were started. Altogether it seemed something of the cost. It seemed best to pay laborers in money and very doubtful if the Red Cross funds allow them to buy their grain upon would be sufficient for this under- the market. The only objection was taking. that grain dealers finding the people

( 12 7 ) Passenger transport in Shansi toward the Yellow River.

Camel train going to the Yellow River. Donkey and mule trains are more common.

( 128 ) — — ——

Analysis of Expenditures (Gold Dollars).

The division into groups of expenditure is

Ping Vao Vellou- River Paotingfu Tientsin Tientsin End, Well Digging Hantan, Pingting- rionan, Shantung Fenchosvfu — Fenchowfu end Tientsin. Tungchow Tientsin- Chihli chow, Shansi Hwaikingfu at Tingchow, Road, Shansi Road, Shansi Paotingfu Peking Road^ Paotingfu Chihli Road, Chihli Chihli Road, Chihli 12-A. 12-B. 12-C. 12-F. 12-D. 12-E. I 12-1. i 12-G. 12-11. 12-1. Relief Food. I $122,000.00 1-1 Cost of Food P:^14,500.tX) 129,500.00 7,000,00 $5,500.00 $7,250.00 1-2 Cost of Food Transportation 10,000.00 1,000.00 1,0(10.00 $1,000.00 250.00 250.00 $500.00 1-8 Cost of Food A;;ency 7,500.00 500.00 , 2,000.00 1-4 Cost of Fuel and its Transportation . 8,000.00 I 1,000,00 1-0 Recruiting and expenses re laborers. I 500.00 $ 500,00 3,500.00 500.00 l-(i Relief Wages 23,500.00 I 5,500.00 71,000.00 $19,000,00 170,500.00 $48,000,00 7,750,00 15,000.00 $364,000.00 636,500.00 $204,000.00 $19,000.00 $171,000.00 $48,000.00 $1 ,000.00 $17,000,00 $23,000.00 II Staff Commissary. 2-1 Salaries and Wages $11,000.00 $2,500.00 $3,000,00 $2,000,00 $500.00 $250.00 2-2 Food and Quarters 9,000.00 2,000.00 3,500,00 $1,000,00 $2,000.00 500,00 250.00 2-3 Horses, Motors, Cycles, etc 5,500.00 1,000.00 ], 500.00 2,500.00 500.00 2-4 Other Expense 4,000.00 500.00 2-5 Equipment 1,000.00 500.00 500.00 500.00 2-6 250.00 Travelling Expense 500.00 1 ,000.00 $31 ,000.00 $6,000.00 $10,000.00 $5,000.00 $1,000,00 $3,000.00 $1 ,000.00 III Engineering. 3-1 Equipment $8,000.00 $1,000.00 $ 5,000.00 $ 500,00 $250,00 $500.00 $2,000.00 3-2 Salaries and Wages y,noo.oo 4,000.00 11,000.00 1,000.00 5,000.00 500,00 4.000.00 $1,500,00 3-3 Other Expense 500.00 500,00 3-4 Supplies 1,500.00 2,000.00 8,000.00 250,00 6,000.00 500.00 250.00 3-5 Travelling 1,000.00 500.00 1,000.00 250,00 500,00 500.00 250.00 $ 250.00 3-6 Trees and Wells 3-7 4(i,750,00 Bridges 12,000.00 31,500,00 8,000,00 29,000.00 $1,250,00 $20,000.00 $57,000.00 $19,500.00 $10,000.00 $43,000.00 $2,000.00 $500.00 $7,000,00 $2,000.00 IV Health. 4-1 Medicines $1,000.00 $250.00 $1,000.00 4-2 Sanitary Equipment 500.00 1,000.00 4-3 Salaries and Wages 3,500.00 250.00 2,500.00 $250,00 i 4-4 Other Expense 1,000.00 1,000.00 4-5 Travelling Expense 500.00 $6,000.00 $500.00 ;i!,ooo.oo $250,00 General. 5-1 Salaries $21,000.00 $ 750.00 $3,500.00 $250.00 $250.00 $500,00 $750.00 5-2 Travelling Expense 6,500.00 1,000.00 2,000.00 250.00 $250.00 250.00 250.00 250.00 5-3 Otfice Supplies 6,000.00 500.00 500.00 250.00 250.00 5-4 Other Expense 4,500.00 250.00 1,000.00 750.00 $250.00 _ $38,000.00 $2,500.00 $7 ,000.00 $750.00 $1,000.00 $500.00 $1,000,00 $1,000.00 $45<),000.00 $(i5 ,000.00 $284,000.00 $31,OO0X)0 $220,000.00 $50,000,00 $2,000.00 $28,000.00 $27,000.00

rj-A. 12-B 12-C. 12-D. 12-E, I 12-F. 12-G. 12-H. 12-1. — ——

Ping Yao— Vellow River Paotingfu Tientsin Tientsin End, j Honan, Well Digging Fenchowfii — Fenchowfii end Tientsin- Tungchow Tientsin- Hwailiingfu at Tingchow, Paotingfii Road, Shansi Roadj Shansi Peking Road, Paotingfu Chihli Road, Chihli Chihli Road, Chihli 12-F. 12-D. 12-E. 12-G. I2-H. 12-1. 12-J.

$0,500.00 $7,250.00 $1,000.00 250.00 250.00 $500.00

$ 500.00 3,500.00 500.00 «^^'"""^""' ^'"-'"""" $48,000.00 7,750.00 15,000.00 $19,000.00 $171,000.00 $48,000.00 $1 ,000,00 $17,000.00 $23,000.00 $500.00

$2,000.00 $500.00 $250.00 $;! ,000.00 $2,000.00 500.00 250.00 2,500.00 500.00

500.00 250.00

$1,000.00 $5,000.00 $3,000.00 $1,000.00 $250.00

I 500.00 $2,500.00 5250.00 $500.00 $2,000.00

] ,000.00 5,000.00 500.00 4.000.00 .*i] ,500,00

250.00 6,000.00 500.00 250.00 250.00 500,00 500.00 250.00 $ 250.00 4(),750.00 8,000.00 29,000.00 $1,250.00 $10,000.00 $4^,000.00 $2,000.00 $500.00 $7,000.00 $2,000.00 $47,000.00

5250.00

$250.00

$250.00 $250.00 $500.00 $750.00 250.00 $250.00 250.00 250.00 250.00 250.00 250.00 750.00 $250.00 $750.00 $1,000.00 $500.00 _$1,000.00 $1,000.00 $250.00 $31,000.00 $220,000.00 $50,000.00 $2,000.00 $28,000.00 $27,000.00 $48,000.00

32-D. 12-E. 12-F. 12-G. 12-H. 12-1. I 12-T. Type of temporary native bridge.

Ferry over Fen River, Pingyao road.

( .129 ) with money in their pockets might they were paid for the time consumed combine to raise prices, and so convert in movement. A few weeks later, the situation to their own profit. Mr. when work on the Yellow River road Pye immediately consulted with the was about to begin, a large number of grain Merchant's Guild, and secured gangs were held in idleness tor several from its members a pledge that prices days, because the survey was not in would not be increased beyond the condition for them to begin work. level prevailing at the moment, if the They were paid for this time also. Red Cross would keep out of the Thus the famine relief feature was market. This pledge was fully carried consciously put ahead of the construc- out and the.Fenchowfu operation was tion purposes, and later, when the men saved the very considerable expense had earned considerable sums, no such and the very difficult task of forming allowances were made, and many of a commissary department. Accord- the advances previously made were ingly, payments to the laborers were deducted on the occasion of later made in cash, and they made their payments. own purchases of food. While some care was exercised in Under these conditions the Fen- the selection of the first gangs, it was chowfu operation was divested of the soon apparent that with grain selling more distinguishing marks of a famine at fifty per cent above its price in a relief effort, and appeafed m6re-di^-. normal year, cair rate of pay, twenty tinctively a construction job. A cents per loo cubic feet of embank- billeting officer was provided to assist ment, would not be attractive to men the gangs in securing accommodations who had any other means of livelihood. in temples and other public buildings It also induced to co-operation of the when they were quartered in strange workmen themselves in eliminating towns. A Sanitary division was also opium smokers, shirkers, boys and maintained under the direction of Dr. men too old to do a day's work. Chang, reporting to the Assistant Hence, it was found safe to take on Field Manager, Dr. P. T. Watson. almost every one who offered to work. However, no delousing program like Soon after the Yellow River work that in Shantung was attempted, nor was begun, the Shansi Famine Relief were any dispensaries established. Society followed the Red Cross ex- Gangs were given a certain amount of ample, and undertook the construction instruction in camp sanitation, a little of a connecting highway. This made inspection, and sick workmen were it possible to send to other needy treated in camp. Serious cases were portions of the province for surplus taken to the hospital at Fenchowfu. labor. Indeed, a very considerable number came in from the Province

( 130 ) Some of the —

Engineer of the Provincial Highway taking. Practically the entire line was Bureau, assisted by one of his engi- surfaced with these cinders before the neers, beginning on March 14. Land summer rains began, and so were owners were assured that payment packed by that agency into an excell- would be made in due course, and so ent surface. The earthwork on this without objection, gangs began work line was completed about April 14th on March 16. The land appraisers after which the surfacing and building appeared in due course. A representa- of culverts continued. Two bridges, tive of the hsien magistrate, a rep- one two arch 15-ft. span, the other resentative of the local gentry, and with three arches, each of 13-ft. span; because of the Red Cross interest in and 45 culverts have been included in the matter, a representative of the this line, — in addition to which ate Field Manager, usually accompanied many built by villages for irrigation the official appraiser. As soon as purposes. metes and bounds were established Upon completion of the Ping Yao- the appraiser classified the land and Fenchowfu road, the extensions to Lao then set his price. Usually consider- Chen and to Yu Ta Ho were under- able " dickering " accompanies such taken. Lao Cheng is in the direction appraisals, but the urgency of the of Taiyuanfu, the capital of the prov- work and the character of the accom- ince, and Yu Ta Ho is a branch to panying committee made quick de- the west about midway of the line to cisions possible. Payment was made Lao Cheng. These two extensions on the spot in Provincial scrip bearing aggregate a little over nine miles. interest and redeemable in four years. The Yu Ta Ho branch is only 15 feet If any difficulties have arisen over wide, in contrast to 22 feet, the width right of way matters in Shansi, they of the other roads. It is built high, have not reached the attention of however, to stand above the summer outsiders. floods. It parallels the river bed and is built of river gravel, protected in Engineering, places by walls of rock taken from the The highway consists of simple river bed. These two branches include embankment thrown up loose and 18 culverts and 2 bridges of three 13-ft. afterward rolled. The borrow soil is spans each. The grade is a uniformly taken from the drainage ditches at the 2 per cent ascent in the direction of side. The grade is practically level. Yu Ta Ho. On the advice of Capt. McDonnell, The total cost of Ping Yao — the line was built with a heavy Fenchowfu line with these two bran- embankment so as to raise it above ches, aggregating 30 miles, was the summer floods. In addition, a practically $62,000 Mex., or $2,070 per very considerable number of culverts mile. It was intended at first to are required for irrigation purposes, build the bridge over the Fen River, and these, in many cases, must be for the major portion of the work four feet high in order to carry the would be as thoroughly famine relief required volume of water. The soil of work as any other. But as the dif- this plain contains a high proportion ficulties with foundations were made of sand, and in order to produce a more and more apparent, our engineers proper bearing surface, it was neces- became reluctant to attempt it within sary to surface the highway with the time limit imposed. Later, short- cinders, slag or gravel. Fortunately, age of funds prevented any further there are many old piles of coal consideration, and hence a native ferry cinders which have' been accumulating at high water and a light temporary for ages outside the large towns and trestle at low water remain the means cities. These are to be had for the of crossing.

( 132 ) A valley of Yellow Roses (^Rosa Hiigonis).

Game abounds. Maj. Stillwell gets a golden pheasant.

( 133 ) Beyorid Yunningchow the road goes over cliffs like this for several miles.

Road Jtd the top of Hsieh Kung Ling cut through solid rock.

( 134 ) Cutting into a rocky cliff.

Bridge near Cheng Tu said to be six hundred years old.

Above the rock, in the loess.

( I3S ) Yellow River Road. ahead of the laborers. The line was completely located by the first of June, by Capt. McDonnell, accompanied but the end of the month found a few Col. started on Chao and Mr. Hummel, stakes to be set. This was on the the reconnaissance this route on of most difficult section, —the last two on the March 22nd. There was snow miles of the slope down to the Yellow mountains passes, which and ice in the River at Cheng Tu. At this same left a very vivid impression on the moment all of the earthwork sections, minds of the engineers as to the except the last eight miles, were rapid- difficulties of trail. At several the ly reaching completion. On the first points alternative lead to the paths fifteen miles bridges and culverts were next stopping place. One of these finished by July i, so that the automo- routes was explored the out trip on bile was used on this section of the and the other on the return. Capt. road. On the remaining portion of McDonnell's report confirmed every- the line, however, which contained a thing that had been urged in favor of great many openings of this sort, this route, and declared feasible the probably less than twenty-five per construction of a highway to the River cent of the masonry was in place, and at Cheng Tu. At the same time he long sections of rock remained to be pointed out that the difficulties were blasted. such that 3urveys of two or three months were very desirable, quoting Because the harvest in the Shansi the engineering maxim that " More uplands does not occur until Septem- dirt can be moved with a transit than ber, it had been decided to carry on " with a shovel. this operation to the end of July under In the meantime, the work on the the original Red Cross organization, Ping Yao road was drawing to a close, and after that under the same person- and we had the problem of taking nel reporting directly to National care of nearly six thousand men Headquarters rather than to the clamoring for an opportunity of Director of the China Famine Relief earning a livelihood. These men But about the middle of July the clos- could not wait for a two or three ing up of advance accounts showed months' survey, and with the backing that only a small balance remained of of the American Advisory Committee's the funds appropriated for this pur- $250,000. Mex., construction on the pose, the American Advisory Com- Yellow River road was begun. mittee donation included. Unusually Unfortunately, Captain McDonnell heavy rains resulted in mountain was under such obligations that he torrents which put a stop to active could not undertake the direction of work at the same time. Forces were this work. Surveys were made by an immediately reduced and on August

assistant engineer and Col. Chao's 1 0th, the operation, together with un- Chinese assistants, but it was not until expended appropriations, were placed April 17th that any line was staked in the hands of the Fenchowfu Famine out. About this time we received Relief, of which the treasurer is Mr.

tender of the services of Major J. W. Pye, China Famine Relief Field Mana- Stillwell, U.S.A., who was made Chief ger. In the meantime, application Engineer. As fast as they could be had been made to the Shansi Famine obtained, other engineering assistants Relief Committee for funds known to were put into the field, and for the next be in their treasury derived from the six weeks it became a game of hare American Advisory Committee. Of and hounds between the surveyors and these, $150,000. was appropriated and the workmen, surveyors having hard by the middle of August the work was work in the difficult country to keep again under way. It is estimated that

( 136 ) '**' 'y^* ^

Preparing a blast.

Gravelled road through a cut.

( 137 ) :

the entire job will be completed by to wash out during the torrential November ist. Earthwork was com- rains which are prevalent in this pleted on September 15th. district at certain times of the year. The summit was reached at a height Description of the route. of about 1,200 ft. above the Yellow The Yellow River Road joins the River, and a greater elevation was extension the northwest Loa Cheng at avoided by opening up an old tunnel corner of the city of Fenchowfu and 100 feet long which had been in use proceeds west southwest through by upwards of one hundred years. From gradually rising country into the loess here the drop to the Yellow River, hills at Chin Chia Chwang, 9 miles which is less than two miles distant distant. Thence in a westerly direc- by air line, was accomplished in tion ten miles to the village of Wa approximately five miles, with a maxi- Chih. From there, it takes a winding mum grade of 6 per cent and a suffi- course generally northwest to the cient number of reverse grades and level Hsieh Kung Pass, at a height of 4,900 stretches to make the use of the route feet above the level of the sea and practicable for animal-drawn vehicles. 2,700 feet above Fenchowfu, from This necessitated taking advantage of which it is 24 miles distant. From all available gullies and saddles and here there ensues a down grade almost making two sharp horseshoe bends on straight north to Chou Li Nan. as many hillsides. The last two From there it runs alongside the river miles is through almost solid pyritical bed in a westerly course for 28 miles to rock that fortunately had been con- the important city of Yunningchow. siderably disturbed by earthquake From Yunningchow the line runs in agencies, which enabled its removal a general westerly direction, winding with but little blasting. At the River, as the river course demands for 24 a narrow sand ilat permits of the con- miles through a narrow irrigated valley struction of an adequate bund where to Hsieh Tsun. At several points, boats could be tied up with some however, the road goes up over cliffs protection from the current, which has overhanging the river by perhaps a a velocity of about eight miles per hundred and fifty feet. Hsieh Tsun hour during low water and probably is about seven miles from Cheng Tu, double that at high water. the terminus. West of Hsieh Tsun precipitous loess mountains are en- On this line there are 458 culverts countered for three miles. At some varying in span from two feet to ten feet. places sheer cliffs five hundred feet There are 9 bridges of one arch high overhang the trail, below which each varying in span from 12 feet to are declivities of equal proportions. 30 feet; 3 bridges of two arches each To widen these trails means a tremend- varying in span from 12 to 30 feet; 4 ous movement of earth with consequent bridges of three arches each varying changes to local water courses. These in span from 15 to 20 feet; i bridge of four arches, 5 1 changes in water courses inject a con- 1 feet each span ; siderable factor of uncertainty and will bridge of five arches, 15 feet each span i bridge feet require constant patrol of the line ; of six arches, 20 during the rainy season until a condi- each span, i single arch viaduct, 20 tion of equilibrium has been estab- feet each span, 52 feet in height and lished. It was considered impractical I multiple arch viaduct consisting of to widen the old trails and a new route three 30 feet arches each 85 feet in was located independent of them. height.

This, though longer, was less expen- The maximum grade is 6 per cent- sive and also enabled lessening the The entire line contains the following grades considerably and was less likely grades

( 138 ) A 30-foot culvert under construction near Wa Chih.

^5&»Kfe^ ^

s~

A 20-foot culvert completed, near Wa Chih.

( 139 ) Approximate the larger culverts and bridges were Per Cent Total Length undertaken by professional contractors, 3.0 (or less) 64.7 who selected specially skilled men 3-I-3-9 8-3 from the gangs or brought in others 4-0 8.3 from the needy hill sections of Chilili. 5-6 1.7 Prices paid for loose rock excavation averaged about $1.75 per 100 cubic 83.0 feet and for solid rock $3.20. For culverts the price averaged about $9.50 The road bed is twenty-two feet feet. Many of these broad except where heavy rock work per 100 cubic sublet, the first con- required narrowing down. Most of contracts were tractor furnishing the tools, blasting the line is surfaced with gravel obtain- paying the transportation ed either from the river bed alongside material and the workmen. At or from excavations. One of the expenses of Wa prices were complained of, peculiarities of a considerable portion Chih these somewhat, due to the necessity of of this section is that narrow seams of miles. gravel ranging from a few inches to hauling water eleven excellent opportunity a foot thick are uncovered at intervals There is an upkeep of this highway. of fifteen to twenty feet in the cuts for proper Province of Shansi is under good through the loess hills. It was thus The and officials are more possible to ' surface a considerable discipline the progressive. Instruc- portion of the route without special than ordinarily the Governor organization for that purpose. tions have been given by that no narrow tired carts shall be used The total expenditures upon this upon this road nor upon the P'ing- line have been $671,000 Mex., made tingchow road. Furthermore, since up of the following contributions: traffic over this route has been entirely American Red Cross $271,000 by pack mule, there are no carts at American Advisory Com- present which would be tempted to mittee - - 250,000 use the road except at the Fenchowfu Shansi Famine Relief end. There are no vested rights to be Committee - 150,000 violated by demanding "that broad (Derived from American Advisory tired carts be used. Native wheel- Committee) wrights at Taiyuanfu are already turn- When the construction had passed ing out broad tired wheels. The Red beyond the region of simple earth- Cross sent a considerable number of work, most of the work was done by American type broad tired wheels to contract. Contracts for the earthwork Fenchowfu for demonstration purposes, and many of the smaller culverts were and the first transportation companies let to individual gangs. But some of using the highway will be equipped in the worst pieces of rock blasting and this manner.

( 140 ) Views of the Yellow River at Cheng Tu. iKkT" CONTRACT AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS AND LABOR FOR CULVERT ^104, 106 AMERICAN RED CROSS FAMINE RELIEF ROAD CONSTRUCTION BETWEEN FENCHOW AND PINGYAO SHANSI CHINA

Contracts i. This agreement made the 5 day oi May, 1921, between the American Red Cross Famine Relief, hereinafter called the "Own- ers," and CA'en Tien Fa, hereinafter called the "Contractor." 2. The Contractor does hereby agree on or before the 26 day

of May, 1 92 1 to provide labor and materials for the complete erection of the above culvert in accordance with the drawings and specifications placed in his hands.

3. The Owners in consideration of the above agreement, hereby agree to pay to the Contractor the sum of %6s.oo, in installments as follows; 1st Installment work begins 35-00

2nd ,, ,, completed 30.00

4. In consideration for the Contractor completing the work by the afore mentioned date, doing first class work in every particular, and using materials as directed, he will be paid the following bonus $70.00.

5. All work is to be done in a substantial and workmanlike manner, and first class material is to be used throughout. 6. Should the Contractor during the work become insolvent, fail to do first class work or to use first class materials, or fail to perform the work in strict accordance with the drawings and specifications, the Owners shall have power to take possession of the work at the discretion of the Culvert Superintendent, and deduct from the price of the Contract the amount necessary to complete the work.

7. Should the Contractor fail to complete the work by the afore mentioned date he hereby agrees to deduct from the Contract price the sum of %i.oo per day until the work is complete. Specifications

1. Excavations Excavations are to be made in accordance with the drawing, the bottom of the pit to be pounded well before any filling is done. There are to be 2 courses 6" deep when

pounded of lime and earth composed of i part lime to 5 of earth. 2. Brickwork All brick used are to be of first class quality. The brick are to be soaked before laying, and are to be laid plumb and true. 3. Arches All arches are to be laid true to a center upon a wood framework that shall be approved by the Superintendent.

4. Mortar All brick, except as hereinafter mentioned, are to be laid in a mortar composed of i part lime to 2 of clean sand. (No mud is to be mixed in the mortar). All joints are to be full of mortar,

and each course is to be well slushed before the next course is laid.

5. Inspection No work is to be covered up before it is inspected and passed upon by a foreign superintendent.

Prepared by J. B. WoLFE, April 20, 1921.

( 142 ) 51 pg zi r. - — -t A i£ tig H H m m m m ^ -^^ ;*: ^ ;4: fi^ ^. m x :r: ^ mm m IrI — m ^„ A m rlra Si no ^\- mm m >si> m n -W ffi IX W -L \m K J®. M -f- Km m # Fl X T ^ ^D^ 1^ 4: ;fL ^J^ B' —1_ m m m^ X N X fi^ xm El it ^ X n z. z. A ii — ^ ^it n X m ^ r§^ y\ mm m ft m- i- x^ y^- 11 m^ 3l '^ E 'J'li ^± it *4 B ^- Km. m. K PI %z. ^1-^ li

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TO ± ti ftii 71: % A 9H -gif: '^ X

( 143 ) Governor Yen Shi Shan of Shansi.

( 144 ) CHAPTER X HONAN OPERATION

Field Manager Rev. J. A. Mowatt

Associate Field Manager . Rev. H. A. Boyd Treasurer Dr, D. R. Reeds Secretary Miss A. E. Ross

of public improvement. They have built a macadamized highway from Wuan, in the northern tip of the province, to Hantan, on the Peking- Hankow Railway. (See Chapter XI, Hantan Operation). They were in- strumental in securing the improve- ment of the streets of Weiheifu by relief labor. And they attempted to improve the highway from Chinghua to Tsiyuan, but were called off from this work by the threat from certain sources of funds, that if more money was put into improvements, all further support would be withdrawn. Chinghua is the western terminus of the Taokow Chinghua railway, — a branch line to the Peking-Hankow Railway. The native road from Chinghua to Tsiyuan is through low country, actually below the level of the Rev. A. Mowatt J. Yellow River in several places. In fact, many of these spots are little bet- Province of Honan because THE ter than a bog and the road was used as of its productivity is known to an irrigation ditch during certain literary Chinese as "Land of the portions of the '^year. The eastern Central Flower." It has a population section of this route often required of 25,000,000 on an area like that of twelve hours for the fourteen miles, Minnesota. It was one of the four even with light loads. When famine provinces hard hit by the drought of relief grain was sent by rail for free 1920. . . distribution, it was absolutely im- missionary enterprise in this The with- hands of the possible to get it out to Tsiyuan province is largely in the out making some improvements; and Canadian Presbyterians, and the after the improvements, six animals members of this group were, in per- favor of were lost in the mire and considerable haps a majority of cases, in upon work of the grain had to be stored along relief through employtnent

( 145 ) the way, awaiting a more favorable macadam, which later resulted in a condition of the road for transporta- further appropriation. tion. Hence on March 29th, Rev. Jos. A. GENERAL PLAN Mowatt addressed the American Red By the time this operation was Cross asl^ing financial assistance for begun, information was definite that the further improvement of the road, the country at large was fairly well explaining that the needs for relief stocked with grain, and that prices in were so great that the small number the famine area were comparatively of workmen which he already had on little above those in the markets where the job were being changed every two the famine relief societies could pur- weeks to give as many as possible a chase with some hope of delivery. chance to earn something. With The credit for this condition may as characteristic enterprise, he followed well be given here as anywhere to the the letter in person, and finding the Ministry of Communications, whose Director away on an inspection trip. able head, Hon. Yeh Kung Cho, in

Rev. H. a. Boyd Rev. J. A. Mowatt. Dr. D. R. Reeus. followed up, and almost literally sat the early part of September ordered astride the pass by which the Director's the rates on grain from points outside return trip must be made. There is no of the famine area to points inside the refusing a man like that. An appro- famine area to be reduced twenty-five priation of -Si 8,000. Mex. only was per cent, and those in the reverse made for the earthwork on this line. direction to be increased a similar Nothing was promised for macadamiz- amount. The result was an immedi- ing at the time, for it was not known ate grain movement, perhaps ten times how fast some of the other operations as great as any previous year, and a were going to require funds. However, pretty thorough breaking of speculative from the description of the location control of the market. Besides, the and character of the soil, the Director people who were to be relieved by this made a mental reservation in favor of road building, were not those along-side

( 1 46 ) the road, but rather those eight or valuable in this region. However, no ten miles away, up in the foothills. difficulty was found in taking from There was grain to be had down in the the adjoining farm properties all the lowlands, if one had the price. In soil needed for raising the grade. view of the limited forces now avail- Even as late as two weeks before Ihe able for supervision, it was decided to harvest, the Director on an inspection handle this project on much the same trip noted only one protest to heavy basis as the Yellow River Road; that crops being destroyed for a width of is, pay cash and dispense with a com- six or eight feet. The explanation missary department. The Mission for this unusual condition is to be medical forces were relied on to prevent found in the fact that this region is far epidemics from getting a long start. enough south for rice culture. Rice Operation began April 26th under is a more valuable crop than wheat or the organization shown at the begin- barley. These borrow pits make ex- ning of the Chapter. Field Manager cellent rice paddies. Trust a Chinese Mowatt while giving general attention farmer to keep still when his property to the entire operation, acted as was being improved without expense Chief Engineer for the eastern section. to him.

Raising the grade.

Hwaiking to Chinghua. Mr. Boyd Earthwork. of Hwaiking took in hand the line west drawn The earthwork was in fact mud with the assistance of foreigners work, as practically all of the ditches from other Canadian Presbyterian were very quickly under water. Labor- Missions. Both Mr. Mowatt and Mr. were paid on the basis of the Boyd were experienced men, having ers Chinese chang (ten linear feet, irre- handled coolie battalions in France spective of width),— the price per chang during the war. varying according- to the width. In Right of way. arriving at this price, twenty cents per cubic feet) was held to. The old public road was followed fang (100 is extremely Where there was a considerable carry without deviations. Land

( 147 ) involved, the rate was slightly higher. cashed his voucher. The headman In view of the heaviness of this wet then returned and distributed the soil, this is probably the lowest rate amount among the members of his paid on any job. Because of the gang. The banker was responsible heaviness of the mud, and the fact that for the payment of the money until the construction was carried on under given a check by the supervising traffic, no tamping was required. The foreigner covering the payments for gangs were listed in groups of forty, that particular section for the day. in contrast to thirty which obtained on In all cases of disputfe the gang was the other operations. They chose required to choose two coolies from their own headman or ganger. They among their number to assist in mak- were allocated to sections of varying ing an investigation. size depending upon the exigencies of the work and convenience to the Transportation of Rock. supervising foreigner. When the al- The heaviest portion of the work lotted work was done, measured and was that of transporting the rock from accepted, a voucher was made out in the mountains, an average distance the [aresence of the entire gang, the of seven miles. While carts, were used amount filled in and read aloud so that to a considerable extent, most of it all might hear. The head man then was done by wheelbarrow. The stone took this voucher to a Chinese inter- was paid for delivered, the supplier mediary who acted as a sort of profes- being left to his own devices in secur- sional identifier or sub-treasurer. The ing the rock. Prices paid varied sub-treasurer took the finger print of according to distance hauled and the head man and recorded in his book quality of the rock, A higher price the amount of money required, then was paid for stone of large size that went with the headman to one of the had rolled down the mountain side but banks where the Red Cross money had not been worn smooth like the was deposited and where the headman stones in the river bed. A still higher

Wheelbarrow for carrying rock.

( 148 ) price was paid for quarried stone. The immediately. The price per fang paid average price at Chinghua was :?2.75 on such a section was posted up in a per fang. At Hwaiking $4.70. On conspicuous place and the number of the most western sector as much as catties in a fang stated in the same $6.00 and when irrigation made large notice. When a fang had been com- detours necessary, as as S7.00 much pleted, a red mark was made and it and even >f8.oo per fang was paid for was the duty of the foreign supervisors quarried stone. The basis for arriv- to check the number and completeness ing at these prices was one and one of these fang. When the amount half cash per catty for twenty-five li. delivered had been verified, payment This is equivalent to fifteen cents was made, in the manner described gold for one hundred and thirty-three above. When two sections came close pounds for a haul of nearly nine miles. together, it was rather more than

Stone delivered in sections.

A barrow man will push two piculs at human nature could stand—the temp- a load without much difficulty and tation to steal a little rock from the hence can make the equivalent of next section, rather than transport it fourteen cents gold by pushing these so far. And in measuring the deliv- two hundred and sixty-six pounds ered material, it was found that only nearly nine miles and walking back foreigners have the prestige and the with his empty wheelbarrow. If the personality to secure honest results. roads are not bad, he can do more Rock Breaking. than this in twenty-four hours, but on the average this would be a day's work As soon as the received fang had and a day's pay. been measured, it was marked by a Rock was delivered to the road in liberal sprinkling of lime in various sections. The headman for a rock patterns. A slip stating the number section took up his stand at a con- of fangs to be broken was then handed venient cross road where he weighed to t"he headman of the stone breaking or measured the stone as it passed gang. Breaking of the stone nto the and paid each barrowman or carter proper sizes is don'e entirely by hand,

( I 49 ) Rolling Macadam.

Breaking the Rock. Note the traffic.

( 150 ) and the price varies according to sizes next day by a layer of one inch rock and quality of the stone. Some stone and screenings. Each layer was mixed which was brought in from towns or wet with lime and sand. The pay for villages where it had been used in this work was about eighty cents Mex. temples or foundations was especially per chang complete. Each of these difficult and many gangs refused to layers was rolled with heavy stone work on it because they broke too rollers weighing perhaps three tons. many hammers in the operation. The However, the corners of such rollers lowest price paid was the equivalent to had been chipped away so that the one dollar Mex. per fong and the entire bearing space was so reduced highest was two dollars. The method that a pressure of about one ton to of payment was the same as that the foot was secured. This work of described in connection with the earth putting on the macadam was carried work. on continuously night and day for the same reasons that the pouring of Laying the macadam. concrete must be contmuous. Three The form of the road is merely ordi- gangs worked in alternate shifts of nary embankment with a slight crown. four hours each. Each man received Its width varies from fifteen to twenty ten cents Mex. per shift. feet. The macadam was put on in Due to the position of this highway four layers with screenings for a top between a mountain range less than dressing after some rolling had been ten miles away and the Yellow River, done. The first layer consisted of drainage was an important factor. four inch rock spread out to within Unless means were provided for draw- two feet of each side of the embank- ing away the water, which might ment. On top of this was placed a accumulate alongside the road, the three inch layer. The three and four foundation would gradually "melt" inch layers were put on the same day. away. Besides this, no matter how On the following day a layer of two high the road might be raised above inch rock was applied, followed on the the surrounding fields, there was

Old Chinese culvert. Later this was extended to full width of the road.

( 151 ) constant danger of its being swept These culverts will be built by funds away by freshets. Accordingly, 128 in the hands of Field Manager bridges and culverts were made. Mowatt, derived from Canadian Some of these culverts are very Presbyterian sources. complicated, having to take care of The entire length of road was irrigation ditches which cross the finally found to be a little over 39 drainage ditches at right angles. miles, of which 30 miles were macad- There are instances where triple amized. The macadam covers all the culverts were required. An effort was worst portions of the route. The made to build them level with the remainder of the macadamizing will road so as to save the bumping be done by funds similar to those usually experienced in passing over a available for culverts. The total cost Chinese bridge. For the most part, to the American Red Cross was almost the culverts were made of stone exactly $100,000 Mex. or an average throughout, but in the case of double cost of $2,560 per mile. and triple culverts in order to save dimensions, brick was introduced. Amount of Relief. Temporary bridges had to be erected Due to the method of contracting over the Chin River to enable passage this work, there are no recruiting of stone to the new road, but these records to show the approximate were removed when the floods came number of men employed. But from on so as to avoid loss of material. actual counts made on several sections, A permanent structure cannot be it is estimated that on an average of built here or at the Tan River except six thousand laborers were employed at great expense, due to quicksand from May ist to July 31st when the foundation. operation closed. Fully 30,000 people As the floods came on, additional thus received relief. culverts were found to be necessary. This_. highway under old time In order to save the road, openings conditions was an i-mportant artery of were purposely cut at several places. commerce. For years an extension

Mr, Boyd on an inspection trip in the only American buggy west of the Peking^-Hankow. Railway.

( 152 ) of the railway through Hwaikingfu wheelwrights are studying their con- has been under consideration. There struction, and a road committee is is also a heavy traffic from Hwaikingfu reported to be in process of formation to Tsiyuan and return. Under for the maintenance and administration improved conditions the traffic will of this road and others which they undoubtedly be many fold heavier. expect to build. Unfortunately the During the recent floods all of the Tao Yin of this district who had been other roads in the district were very much interested in the work has impassible, but the Red Cross road been replaced by a political favorite stood out dry and ready to bear any whose attitude, of course, is still amount of heavy traffic. Six broad problematical, tired carts are now in operation,

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( '15^ CHAPTER XI HANTAN OPERATION

Field Manager . . Waynf, C. Jordan Chief Etigineei' .. l. e. osburn Chief of Coinmissarv \V. M. CoppiN

It seemed a fitting thing to connect up as many ot the construction projects as possible, for in such case, each contributes to the value of the other. Additional point is lent to this purpose when the construction in Shansi is also considered. It is only a matter of a very short time before a highway in Shansi connecting the provincial highway at Taikuhsien with the Red Cross road at Lia Chow will be constructed, because such a line is now only a relatively short missing link in a modern highway over the historic Yellow River— Shuntefu trail. When that link is built, then a short but difficult line from Liao Chow to Wuan would make a continuous high- way from the western boundary of vShansi to the sea. (See map). Wayne C. Jordan Accordingly, as soon as the Shansi projects were set afoot, formal letters PRELIMINARY were dispatched to the American Legation and to the Ministry of the the Red Cross area in WHEN Interior, announcing willingness to Shantung was extended wester- enter upon construction in Chihli as ly of Lintsing and the Grand well as in Shansi upon the same terms Canal, one of the possibilities kept as observed in Shantung. On March constantly in mind was that of the same date as a favorable reply extending the Red Cross roads on 12, from the Ministry of the Interior, a into a badly affected area in and about letter was addressed to the Civil Taimingfu in the province of Chihli, Governor of Chihli, His Excellency and thence on to the Peking-Hankow Tsao Jui, reading in part as follows: Railway at Hantan. Hantan was the " natural terminus of such a line, for it If it meets with your excellency's was the eastern terminus of a highway approval, the American Red Cross being constructed under the direction will furnish sufficient .funds to build Hantan, of the Canadian Presbyterian Missions an ordinary dirt highway from Railway, from Wuan, in the province of Honan. on the Peking-Hankow by

( 159 ) Famine refugees aboard qars at Old woman resting in the streets, Hantan. on her way to claim relief.

Normal Chinese children in summer.

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the most appropriate route, to a undertaking was also made to connection with the highways which withdraw from the field on July l, or it is constructing in Shantung. As before on request, at which time the soon as possible engineers will be Red Cross would "relinquish all claim dispatched to examine the possible to or control of the highways con- routes and a report will be made structed by it." to your excellency concerning the The area in question was one in advantages and disadvantages of each. which the United International Famine "The ways and means for acquiring Relief was already giving relief on the the land necessary for such highways "free" plan. Hence, it was essential will then be at the discretion of your that the Red Cross should form excellency, it being a fixed policy of relations with that organization more the American Red Cross not to intimate than the mere asking of purchase land in any foreign country. permission to undertake the work of Such matters as the movement planned. Otherwise, all kinds of over- buildings, trees, graves, etc., would lapping and abuse would result. Chinese also be attended to by the Every step in the procedure, therefore, authorities. The American Red Cross was taken only after careful consulta- must be k®pt harmless from all claims tion with the executive office of that due to building public and upon society, and it was agreed that the private lands." United International should select To this, the Civil Governor replied from its workers in that region a on March 26, as follows person suitable for the position of " In reply to your letter of the 12th Field Manager for the Red Cross. instant proposing to construct an In this way the work of the Red Cross ordinary dirt highway with famine could be made to supplement that labor from Hantan, on the Peking- of the U. I. F. R. to the best Hankow Railway, by the most advantage. with the appropriate route, to connect The country in and about the route constructed highway which is being from Hantan to Taimingfu is es- in Shantung. sentially the same as that in Shan- " I wish to express my deep tung. There appeared to be no senti- appreciation of your benevolent special difficulties in the way of this ment and good will. I shall be pleased job, and its shortness, forty-six miles, to be informed of the movements of made possible several simplifications your engineers so that I may instruct of the plan followed in Shantung. the local authorities to render them This territory being short of grain protection and assistance. supplies, it was planned to pay work- "As to the matter of acquiring the men in grain the same as in Shantung. necessary land for the highway I shall, But the distances were short enough upon being informed of the definite so that it was feasible to dispense with route, instruct the magistrates take to all transportation of grain into the with the local gentry so that the up inteirior, leaving the workmen to look matter will be properly to. attended after that on their own initiative. I personally interested in the am Hence, an allowance of five percent matter and shall best assist do my to additional was given to gangs who you in having the work carried came in for it more than fifteen miles out." and an allowance of ten percent for In the meantime a conference had the gangs who came more than thirty been held with his excellency in miles. which the plans were gone over in It was estimated that a gang of third detail, and approved. A written thirty men could build a li (one

( 162 ) of a mile) of road in six weeks or two in dt'oVe^ around the coi^ner aiid months. Hence, each gang was as- surrounded one, literally tearing one's signed to a section consisting of one clothes off to get at the tickets li, extra gangs to be put on where supposed to be hidden in one's pockets. extra work was required. The en- People froze in the streets by night, gineers were instructed to stake out many dropped on the way back with the road, and then estimate the their loads which proved too heavy

fongage on each li. This figure for their exhausted condition, and multiplied by five catties per fong occasionally some trustpd neighbor would give the amount to which each absconded with the entire allotment gang was entitled for work. The for his village. It was a wild place. transportation allowance would next Under such conditions it seemed that be added— see Foim C-20. This total our simple plan would have absolute would then be advised to the Com- simplicity of operation. missary set Department which would The first cloud on the horizon was up an account for each gang, as per the explanation of a hsien magistrate Form C-17. Engineers would inspect that while the Civil Governor had the work from day to day, and every given instructions that land was to be week, say, issue a certificate giving furnished to the Red Cross for the the per cent complete, which would highway, no funds had been furnished entitle the men to draw on the com- by the Governor for the purpose, and missary for their pay in grain. The that the Hsien itself would be in hard

engineer would have to . be careful straights. Then came trouble with only to obtain good quality of work land owners concerning the destruc- and to keep his certificates of comple- tion of their growing crop, which at •tion a little in arrears. The Commis- this time was very promising. Women sary would have merely to weigh out laid on the land and dared workmen to the grain and enter the amounts on bury them before they would move the sheet provided, and see to it that and permit the crop to be destroyed. no gang overdrew its account. The The Magistrate said that he would list of rules given in the appendix to have no funds for compensation for this chapter will give a clear idea of crops until tax time. The crop owners the plan. seemed to be willing to take a chance on payment for the land (many of The investigation and listing of them were "squatters" on the old deserving families had been accom- official road), but not for the crop. plished already by the United Inter- Many of these crop owners were on national Famine Relief Society as a the relief lists and needy at the time. preliminary to their free distribution. So as a means of getting on with the All that seemed to be required was a job, the Field Manager was authorized re-listing of those who should go on to compensate owners on the basis of to the Red Cross rolls. A visit to about half of the estimated yield of Hantan was convincing to the most the area destroyed. This was the skeptical that a great work of relief entering of the camel's nose into the was necessary. Great crowds stood Red Cross tent. in line for days at a time, each man Field Manager now found that waiting his turn to obtain his measure The free distribution had been of grain. Wretches who claimed to tickets for distributed to all of the poorest class, have lost their tickets kotowed, follow- them food for fully a month ed and wept whenever a foreigner giving would be difficult to call in appeared, hoping to obtain one of ahead. It these tickets, and put the holders onto the magic pieces of paper which meant the Red Cross work job. Hence, he a sack of grain. Old women rose up

I ( 63 ) : —

recruited from ttie next poorest class. ten pel' cent in peaiiut caJsc, ten per cent These were the people who had re- in bean cake, and the remaining thirty ceived no relief to date, who were in per cent in other cereals as headmen of the best physical condition, who lived the gangs desired. The Field Manager, along the road, and who were of more believing in encouraging Sunday ob- substantial substance than the poorer servance, and that it would promote the class. This seemed favorable in that work and good feeling, also authorized it appeared possible to get on faster a Sunday allowance of 79 catties per with the work, there would be no gang of thirty men, although they did bother with billeting, and less danger not work on Sunday. It will be from epidemics breaking out among remembered that in .Shantung, while the men. As a matter of fact, we dis- workmen were on day basis, they were pensed with a Health Division until required to work half a day on Sundays the close of the Shantung operation as a means of keeping them occupied. made a physician obtainable. This was on the advice of elders of the native But after these people had been at Christian Church. It appears work a few days, they demanded that in Hantan the workmen on Sun- millet as the grain for their pay. It days merely turned their activities to appeared that millet was being issued their own farms, instead of resting. by the Canadian Presbyterians who From the standpoint of famine relief adjoined us, and hence a precedent and the encouragement toward a full had been set. A Chinese peasant will crop for the next season, this was not starve his ancestors rather than yield entirely unfortunate. But all of these anything to which he thinks he is variations broke into the simplicity of entitled by precedent. Besides, these the plan, and what was more important, eminently respectable people whom indicated to the populace and to the we were employing felt highly insulted local officials that a given amount of when we offered them bean cake and opposition would produce for them peanut cake for food. Bean cake and better terms. The "take it or leave it" peanut cake, they were accustomed attitude which had characterized our to mix with their night soil for ferti- Shantung negotiations seemed to have lizer. Tell them all you were a mind been abandoned. Finally, responsibili- to about the food value of this cake, ty was assumed for payment of damages due for how Shantung people liked it, how the destruction of certain .Shaiisi people came back for more buildings, several trees, and the removal of graves. This they would have none of it — except shows the lengths to after a bargain. So finally, to get on which one will be driven if one sign of with the job, and because he felt that weakness is ever shown in negotiations actual relief was needed, the Field of this sort in China. Manager yielded the following: Please observe that these various Payment to be five catties of millet points were not yielded all at once, per fong, this to be equivalent to but only at various stages. If they had five catties of oats. been all brought to issue at any one five ,, beans. ,, time, the operation would have been six ,, ,, kaoliang. closed down forthwith. Hindsight is so six ,, salt. ,, much better than foresight. But after seven barley. ,, ,, we had stocked our stores with a special

seven ,, ,, buckwheat. train of supplies, it would have been a seven ,,. ,, bean cake. big waste to move them out or to sell seven peanut cake. ,, ,, them, forfree transportation was obtain- It was specified that fifty per cent of able only from outside of the famine this issue must be taken in kaoliang, region inward, and bean cake and

( 164 ) North and south pailous of Weihsien, the "buried city" through which the Taimingfu-Hantan road passes.

Tamping by use of a "flapper." Tamping. A "flapper" is a disk of iron or stone weighing about lOO lbs., to which four or more ropes are attached by means of^which the workmen swing it up.

^^ peanut cake had a local market only consuined in returning him to Shanghai as fertilizer. By the time that the next and in placing a successor in the field. dispute developed, considerable land The successor soon proved incompetent had been temporarily destroyed in the and was removed. But over three work of construction, together with a weeks of delay had occurred, a period few buildings, trees, etc. It seemed which was all important in getting the bad faith to pull out and leave the local work going smoothly and getting it magistrates "holding the sack," so to completed before the harvest. The speak, by having to repair the damages line had been laid out with railroad caused by our entry into the field. grades and curves. Except for slight Hence the Field Manager was instructed kinks in passing through some villages, to worry along as best he. could, yield- there are only three curves in the entire ing no more than necessary to. get on forty-six miles. The twenty miles with the job, and making an absolute nearest Taimingfu is absolutely straight. stand that the Cross for Red would pay The effort toward an air line was not no land nor assume any responsibility for without peculiar consequences. Atone any claims the period- our beyond of point a tremendous elm was in the way, operation. and the engineer ruled that it must Recruiting. come down. But a red cloth around the trunk and other insignia indicated to Recruiting was done under the direc- the properly initiated that this was a tion of the Field Manager by Chinese spirit tree and required special consid- assistants along lines similar to those eration. The local villagers were sure pursued in Shantung. Most of the that anyone who cut down this tree investigation work had been done in would come to some serious harm. advance by ^agents of the United In- None of them would take chances with ternational Famine Relief Society. it, — even for pay. At least, a potion The Gang Lists on this operation were must be prepared that would take simplified by classifying dependents twenty-one days, ami the spirit must only as male and female, adults and be carefully escorted from one tree to children. In the families of 3,908 men another until he could be brought to a employed on May 31st, in regular safe dwelling in the twenty-first tree. gangs, there were 21,178 dependents, After some delay, a native Christian or 5.4 per workman. Of these, adults offered to organize a gang to cut the exceeded children, the children number- tree. The elm fell with a crash, for its ing- 9,344 and the adults 11,834. The heart was rotten, and none of the gang maximum number of laborers reported have suffered any particular bad luck so was 5,500—in June. At this rate far. Evidently the potion was properly 29,700 people received assistance, in mixed. The Field Manager reported addition to the workmen, or 35,200 time ago that the red cloth altogether. some had started on its journey from one tree to Engineering. -another, and undoubtedly the spirit is The engineering was seriously hand- now at rest in a sounder, if younger, icapped in the early stages. Even tree. before it was decided to open this The type of road is somewhat operation, an engineer was employed to different from that built in Shantung, as investigate the routes, for it was known will be indicated by a comparison of that some bad sandy stretches would be the cross sections. The road was built encountered. But just as the work was with a twenty-two foot base allowing about to begin, this engineer's strength nine feet on each side for borrow pits failed, due to insufficient convalescence from which to secure the clay for build- from typhoid. Nearly two weeks were ing up the center. It was a round-top

( 166 ) road, of the type known throughout The road contains seven bridges, two the Philippine Islands as a military of which have spans of thirty feet, the road. The advocates of this type claim other five having spans of twenty feet. that it will withstand heavy rains All seven of them are high enough for better than other types built from any vehicle to pass under, being about ordinary earth. It was the policy of ten feet in the clear, and thus eliminat- the Director to allow engineers who jng native crossings at grade. The had positive ideas concerning types to original plans provide for three hundred follow their individual preferences. and seventy culverts, this including There is no highway experience in China the small culverts parallel with the road which has any particular value as yet, under the native cart roads crossing and the test of time upon the various ours. Two hundred and seventy were types will ultimately be of considerable completed by the Red Cross. The worth. Motorists using this road for remainder could not be completed the first time complained of it. But because of the termination of the Red those who later became accustomed to Cross period of operations. Local or- it, withdrew their objections. ganizations are now preparing to includes All except about a mile was built of complete this work, which shown ordinary dirt. The exception was over sixteen large culverts now by necessary. the Nan-Pu sand stretch. For nearly the recent floods to be very three li, the road bed here was construc- Sixty-three wells were dug and ted of three layers : — first, sand floor bricked up at about equal distances thoroughly tamped ; second, sun dried along the north side of the highway clay bricks 4" x 12" x 12", cemented all the way from Hantan to Taimingfu. by mud and wheat straw plaster ; and These wells were designed to serve a

of lime and earth concrete, triple purpose : ( ) assist in tamp- third, a layer i To consisting of one fourth lime and three ing the dry earth while construction fourths clay, 10 inches deep at the was in progress; (2) to assist in mainte- sides and 14 inches in the center. nance of the road during operations; This dried within a short time and and (3) for irrigation to adjacent presents asurfaceofstone-like hardness. property. These wells are rather larger It is guaranteed by the builder and his than those described in a later chapter guild for ten years. On either side of on the Tingchow operation. clay the pavement, a wall of bricks The total cost of this project was plastered with wet clay was erected, so approximately $130,000 Mex. It is as to hold back the shifting sand from impossible to give the exact cost of the covering the road. It is planned to different features of the work, such as plant drought resisting shrubbery for a the cost of wells, bridges and culverts, considerable distance on either side of and earth work, for the reason that a point, the road at this which will considerable part of this expense was ultimately hold down this sand. But paid for in grain on the same basis as until the shrubbery grows to some other labor and our accounting forces proportions, the wall is necessary to were not sufficiently large to make a buried. keep the road from being cost segregation of such issues. How- Within a short time the native carts ever, specific contracts for the paving crossing a highway, of this kind soon and walling of the Nan-Pu sand moun- cut deep transverse ruts, which are a ted to f 1 2,000 Mex. and for bridges serious menace to motor transportation. and culverts $18,000 Mex. The sixty- One hundred and sixteen of these have three wells cost at least $4,000 Mex. been surfaced with a lime and earth The concreting of crossings cost $2,000 mixture similar to that over the Nan- Mex. Altogether $36,000 Mex. of Pu sand. special features are incorporated in

( I 68 ) The Nail Pu sand stretch.

A native foreman. As it used to be.

Showing side walls, brick floor laid, Complete, after days of traffic. and lime-and-clay ready for mixing. While the wheel tracks can be seen, note that they are not ruts.

Types of culverts and bridges.

( 169 ) .

this highway, leaving 894,000 Mex. 5. The Supt. of Recruiting shall for the earth work, compensation for assign Gang No. i to Li No. i, crops and buildings destroyed, salaries, etc. commissary and general expenses, or 6. Payment for work shall be in about $2,050 per mile. grain according to the amount of A motor bus service has already work done. been installed over the eastern half of 7. Each gang shall elect its own this line and will be extended through head man to represent it in to the railway as soon as the breaks business dealings. caused by the flood can be repaired. 8. Each head man will be furnished Native carts on roads miles distant a suitable number stamp by which leave the direct road and converge on to receipt for supplies. the paved Nan-pu section. It is estima- 9. Each man in a gang will be ted that with a toll of five coppers per furnished with a tin tag showing cart, the present trafific over this piece number of the gang and number of paving will pay normal upkeep over of the man. This is his evidence the entire length of line from Hantan of right to work and right to to Taimingfu. share in provisions.

Local authorities have already install- i o. Provisions will be issued to gangs ed maintenance gangs upon certain in bulk, leaving the gang to make sections of the route and plans are its own distribution. being made for branch lines. 1 1. Gangs must arrange their own transportation from stores. HANTAN PROJECT 12. .So far as possible gangs will be

1 The Field Manager is the repre- recruited close to the road in sentative of ^he Director, China order that they may arrange Famine Relief, American Red their own housing. Cross, and all communications 13. No payment will be made for from the four following officers work not up to standard. should be through him. 14. Engineers will compute in ad- 2. The Field Accountant is the vance the total quantity of work representative of the Director of to be put in place on each Li, and Accounts. advise same to the Commissary, 3. The Chief Engineer, Chief of so that the total grain value of Comm.issary, Superintendent of the completed job can be set up Recruiting and the Health Officer in the books. This is necessary are subordinates of the Field in Older to make sure of getting Manager. the proper quantity of supplies to 4. Chief Engineer will number each headquarters, and to guard Chinese Li, Hantan to Taiminfu. against mistakes in issues. (See- Forms C-20, C-17)

( 170 ) A bridge near Hantan (Red Cross No. i.)

During tiie floods, the Red Cross road was the only means of ingress to Hantan besides the railway.

Ting Chou—thief

Fate of a foreman who "squeezed".

( 171 ) .

Form R-10

Gang No. AMERICAN RED CROSS CHINA FAMINE RELIEF

Hsien Village

X m W ti Head Man. Stamp m m ^ DEPENDENTS ft * lH A Adults m Children No. NAME REMARKS H Male \ic Female| H Male |if Female

( '72 ) No 19S1. To The FIELD ACCOUNTANT, AMERICAN RED CROSS, HANTAN.

I hereby certify that the bearer: —

has rendered services to the American Red Cross as stated below and is therefore

entitled to reimbursement by the amount of: —

Coppers.

Big money,

Catties of Grain.

Particulars of service.

Signature

Note. Amount of cash or grain must be entered in words not figures.

AMERICAN RED CROSS ^°™ ^ CHINA FAMINE RELIEF TIENTSIN

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLETED WORK

To the Commissary Department:—

The following amount of work has been completed to date, by gang as

indicated, and they are entitled to draw food as allowed for the same.

GANG No SECTION No

No. FONG COMPLETED TO DATE (on this section) for which payment is due, less previous advances.

State here if section is completed a7id this is final payment

Date 1921

Engineer

( 173 ) AMERICAN RED CROSS GANG ACCOUNT CHrNA FAMINE RELIEF X m m SUMMARY CM >

iliia H

^

^ ^ < CO z UJ Q. "^ o o OQ. OQC

tn AMERICAN RED CAOSS No CHINA FAMINE RELIEF CONSTRUCTION AGREEMENT CHIHLI FIELD ENGLISH CHINESE

Hkm^tl^lSL Object to be ^ JS Sft constructed, and location. Contract NO. Hmerican Red Cross

China Famine Relief FORM OF CONTRACT.

South Chihli Field ^ ^f ^ IrI

English Chinese

Contract for. 7§^^^!tis

Quality. ^ i$,

Quantity.

Delivery. mmmn Particulars.

Date and place of sign- ing contract. : :

APPENDIX

Departments : men close enough to the road so that they can live at home. Recruiting

Engineering II. Engineering Commissary The Chief Engineer will appoint Health division engineers furnished by the Director to have jurisdiction I. Recruiting over definite portions of the line. 1. List deserving men in groups of 2. The number of Chinese Li begin- thirty on Form R. 10. ning at Paotingfu by the route 2. Instruct each group that they are selected shall be ascertained. to elect their own head man who Each Li shall be numbered, suc- will represent them in all business cessively, beginning at Hantan, dealings.. As to the character and its limit shall be marked with and kind of construction work, white line, post, or other suitable they will be under the direction indication. of foremen appointed by the 3. Each gang shall have a definite Engineering Department. Li, or section, within which to

3. Workmen must furnish their own work. tools. 4. The earth should be put in place 4. Each gang will be paid according in layers not exceeding one foot to the quantity of work performed, in thickness, and each layer — probably five catties of grain tamped or rolled solid. like kaoliang, bean cake, rice 5. Division Engineers shall test the bran, etc., per fong of dirt put in quality of the tamping by driving place and tamped so that when a rod into the surface. Then water is poured into holes withdraw rod and pour water into punched for the purpose, it will the hole. If the water stands, not run away. i.e., does not soak away, the

5. After two days' work, each gang packing has been satisfactory. will be allowed to draw 300 6. After any gang has been at work catties. Following this first pay- two days, the Division Engineers ment, nothing shall be paid until shall certify that fact to the earned. Engineers will certify to Headman of the gang on the all claims for payment before forms provided for that purpose. same will be honored bj' Com- This is to enable the gang to missary. draw immediate rations.

6. Each li will constitute a section, 7. The Chief Engineer may employ and will be numbered beginning a suitable number of qualified at Hantan. Tags will be furnish- foremen to instruct Headmen in ed to the Recruiting Department proper methods of construction, for the workmen, and these tags and to assist the Division shall be so assigned that Gang Engineers. i. 8. the authorities of the No. I shall work on Section While taken to recruit Hsien traversed will see to the 7. Care should be

( 179 ) purchasing of necessary lands, it ir^ood supplies shall be issued to frequently happens that portions headmen of working gangs only of the public lands lying within upon the certificate of the the road confined have been Division Engineer to which such planted. The Chief Engineer Headman is subject. shall determine the areas of grow- Headmen will come in person, or ing crops which in such cases it send duly authorized representa- will be necessary to destroy and tives, to the store at Paotingfu advise same to the Field Manager, for supplies earned. Gangs Nos. with recommendation as to re- to shall receive no compense to the planter for seed allowance for transportation. lost. Payment shall be made in Gangs to inclusive, shall grain as approved by the Field receive a 5 per cent increase to Manager. compensate for transportation, and gangs to inclusive, III. Coin in issary : shall receive a 10 per cent in- 1. Chief of Commissary shall be in crease. charge of all supplies belonging to the Red Cross. Headmen shall receipt for supplies drawn upon the forms provided, 2. He shall check in the numbers of sacks, and verify the weights of by impressing a stamp provided for all food supplies received, and that purpose. record same upon forms provided If deemed expedient, the Com- for that purpose. missary may arrange with the 3. The unit of weight shall be the Engineering Department for cer- catty. tificates from the Engineers, 4. The general accounting rules calling for equal quantities such provided by the American Red as 300 catties, etc., so long as Cross, China Famine Relief, shall payment does not exceed work be followed, except as specified done, leaving the exact reckoning herein. to the final payment.

( '80 ) CHAPTER XII TIENTSIN—PAOTINQFU HIGHWAY

IMMEDIATELY after the second gift consulting his superior as to the 1 of $500,000 gold was announced substance of that promise. The in China, the Director was urged superiors are usually busy with matters by unofficial representatives of various which they consider more important American interests at Tientsin and than dealing with missionaries and Peking to undertake road construction relief societies. in the immediate vicinity of those two (3) The higher officials of Chihli cities. The reasons were as follows: Province from the first had been (ij "Your improved roads," they represented as being indifferent to all said, " are hundreds of miles down in famine relief work, making no con- the country where there are no tributions personally to that cause and automobiles. At Peking and Tientsin, often commandeering railway equip- where there are plenty of automobiles, ment for personal use which was badly there are practically no roads. Might needed for movement of food stuffs. as well do something that will promote (4) Along the Tientsin —Paotingfu a legitimate American industry. Highway free relief societies were Besides, some good roads in this already covering the ground very well. region where the well-to-do officials However, in a conference with the are to be found, will promote the good Civil Governor concerning the Hantan roads movement in China more than road. His Excellency, Tsao Jui, anything else." expressed the wish that the Red Cross (2) " The route from Tientsin to undertake the repair of the highway Paotingfu runs directly through some from Tientsin to Paotingfu. At the of the worst famine districts, while the same time his Yamen had given a route from Peking to Tientsin could certain encouragement to the National be manned by the thousands of drive in China for famine relief funds refugees now in camp in Tientsin. and the Governor himself had made a These camps constitute a positive trip into the interior for the purpose menace to the health of the entire city of investigating at first hand famine and some means should be found for relief conditions. breaking them up before warm weather On March 31st, a letter was received sets in." from the Honorary Secretary of the This plea was resisted for the North China International Society for Famine Relief at Tientsin specifically following reasons : (i) Difficulty was being experien- requesting the Red Cross to under- that the ced in securing adequate personnel take this work and stating districts which for supervision. magistrates of the had petitioned "to (2) Knowing the intrigue that would be traversed surrounds the Capital, endless delays have the highway from Tientsin to and exasperations were feared. Much Paotingfu repaired, so that the famine these districts could find of this arises from the fact that no sufferers in relief." This underling in Chinese official life can employment and get Secretary was one of the make a definite promise without first Honorary

( I8i ) English Secretaries to the Civil held between the representatives of all Governor. Thus the assistance of concerned with the idea either of both the Government officials and of concentrating upon the Peking—Tien- the Famine Relief Society which tsin highway to the exclusion of the operated over the greater part of the Tientsin — Paotingfu highway, or at route seemed to be assured, and with least, of securing the Governor's this assistance considerable hope for assistance towards the construction of speedy and effective work was justified. the Peking—Tientsin highway in re- There was the more reason for expect- ward for the Red Cross attempting to ing this in view of the fact that the put into repair so much of the Tientsin Military Governor's Yamen is located — Paotingfu highway as lay on either at Paotingfu while the Civil Governor's side of the sandy stretch. Such a Yamen is located at Tientsin. These conference was finally convened on two Governors are brothers. Hence April I2th, there being present besides it was highly important to them to representatives of the Red Cross, have direct connections between their representatives of the following: two capitals to supplement the present 1. The United Internationa! Famine round-about railway connections. Relief Society (Peking). the Director made an Consequently 2. North China International Socie- appointment to go over the route on ty for Famine Relief (Tientsin). April 3rd. 3. Civil Governor. A representative of one of the 4. Motor Car Association. short motor car companies a time At this conference the Governor's before had made the drive of 115 representatives were disappointed at miles in less than eight hours. But the report on the ten mile stretch of trip the west on the Director's 45 sand, but offered to make the Hsien miles was found to be almost magistrate responsible for its repair. It been cut with impossible, had up This was almost equivalent to promis- in addition the narrow tired carts and ing the moon, since the Hsien be rather sandy. soil was found to magistrate of a famine area certainly stretch of 10 miles, some miles One 35 was not in possession of the means to western terminus, con- away from the buy the lime and transport the rock a an old river bed and the sand sisted of mean distance of 50 miles. The wind was shifting was so light that the representatives of the Governor stoutly it in on the of this trip. clouds day resisted the suggestion to concentrate The last 45 miles required six hours. on the Tientsin— Peking Highway. Apparently, a relatively light amount Accordingly, as a means of satisfying of work would put the highway into all parties, if possible, upon the for the first seventy good condition suggestion of one of the Motor Car miles nearest Tientsin and the last Association representatives, it was miles nearest Paotingfu. thirty But agreed by the Red Cross to devote intermediate section of miles the 15 $40,000 Mex. to each route. Repre- to be specially surfaced would have sentatives of the Governor considered its distance from which, with long all this as grossly inadequate, but the constituted sources of supply, a larger computations made by the Director Shantung job than the whole opera- based upon the performance which tion. was then current in the Shantung area, In view of these conditions and in made it apparent that if no hindrances view also of the keen interest felt by were put in the way, this amount so many different interests in the would be sufficient to put into con- Peking —Tientsin highway, the Di- dition one hundred miles of repair rector felt that a conference should be work on the Tientsin- -Paotingfu line

( 182 ) —

and to make a passable route also These conditions were accepted by from Tientsin to Anping, where the Governor in a communication another road would be intercepted which reached the Red Cross April leading to Peking. Subsequent devel- 20th. opments proved- that except for the It was planned to divide the line "if" above mentioned, this would into two sections corresponding have been accomplished. roughly to the territory covered by The gist of the agreement reached the two respective famine relief at the conference described above was societies which were to do the recapitulated in a letter to the Gover- recruiting. Incidentally the sand nor dated April 13th, in which the stretch lay along the border between Red Cross offered to appropriate " at the two jurisdictions. At the Pao- least $50,000 Mex. to be used in the tingfu end the plan to be followed was payment of labor on the repair of this that used at Hantan. Oh the Tientsin highway" under the following condi- end the Hantan plan was to be Varied

tions : only by the setting up of headquarters at two or " I. That the North China Famine three diiiferent points where the Relief Society and the United Inter- Tientsin— Pukow Railway and national Famine Relief Committee various canals crossed the route. Later, the canals will cheerfully co-operate in the (^ were found to be too recruiting of labor. low for use). " 2. That you (the governor) will PAOTINQFU END co-operate in the furnishing of engi- neers now employed in enterprises Reece Oliver, Field Manager under your control. Mr. Oliver took up his duties, April " 3. That you will purchase the 30th, prepared headquarters, made the material necessary for doing the work usual calls and was prepared for work upon the section undertaken. when a series of incidents occurred " 4. That the expenditure above whose sequence and effect can best mentioned shall be completed not be indicated, perhaps, by a brief later than June 15th, when the famine chronology. is supposed to be over, so that the May 4. " Hsien officials imply that American Red Cross may retire they have received orders from the absolutely from the field not later Governor to recruit the labor them- than July ist. At this time the selves. It is time we knew whether American Red Cross will yield the we are being assisted by the Gover- highway worked upon unconditionally nor and his men or whether we are to the people of Chihli. At the same being opposed."— Oliver. time the American Red Cross must May 8. "Cannot recruit laborers be saved absolutely harmless of all until Civil Governor notifies Hsien claim of whatsoever nature due to the officials to co-operate." — Clack construction of highway upon either (Representative of Peking United private or public property. International Famine Relief Com- "5. That all matters concerned mittee.) After some negotiation with the securing of necessary land by wire, the following—was possible: and materials will be taken in hand by May 10. To Oliver "Governor's your organization. telegram supporting our position " 6. That the American Red Cross being sent to police chief, Paotingfu." Baker. In the meantime our grain will appoint the Chief Engineer, will — pay necessary salaries to foremen and had arrived and was put in stock. engineers had also arrived and will provide its own commissary and Two accounting organization." were ready to work.

( 183 ) ( i84 ) May 15. to "As payment for land, There was abundant evidence that a It is now said that the owners are considerable section of this region, being told that it is the American especially in the outlying foothills, Red Cross who is taking their land was in for a summer drought. The from them, and thus hatred for the magistrate represented that the famine foreigner has been materially societies' recruiting committees had stimulated. We have insisted that not bestirred themselves to get out the people be informed that the into this foothill region and recruit. American Red Cross is not at all Negotiations were immediately set responsible for the right of way, but on foot to secure kaoliang and millet is concerned with labor and grain from the United International Famine distribution only. This matter in Relief Committee with which to pay Itself is now holding up our project. the workmen, trading our barley, rye We hope for an early settlement." and other grains to which the work- — Oliver. men were not accustomed. The May i6. "Gangs began work to-day." Famine Relief Committee agreed that — Oliver. our grain was plenty good enough for May 1 8. "Gangs displeased with people who were in danger of starva- grain issue. Recruiting Committee tion, especially if they were getting it informs that it is quite likely that free. We had notice of this arrange- there can be no sjancfs more ment on May 27th and on May 30th, recruited mless we can assure the the Field Manager reported that five men a belter class of grain, say gangs had begun work. The next millet or kaoliang."— Oliver. day, however, he reported that they " May 19. Disband all gangs who had quit. refuse grain offered. Stop. Allow As a result. Field Manager Oliver magistrates to furnish labor on our was instructed to ship half of the terms. Stop. If they choose other- supply of grain on hand to the Ping- wise Paotingfu closes. Make ar- tingchow operation. And on June rangements to sell our supplies." 15 th orders were given to follow it Baker. — with another two hundred tons. This The Director visited the field im- grain was badly needed in Pingting- mediately and found that some of the chow, and it was accepted there grain was dirty and needed to be without trouble. cleaned. This was ordered. But he In the meantime, on June 2nd the also " found that there was demand for following instructions were given : In labor in the fields at the rate of fifteen view of the rapid reduction in the coppers per day plus three meals. price of grain, and other factors Hence road building terms were not affecting willingness of laborers to attractive. > At the same time a work on highway projects, this will request had been received at the authorize you to offer seven catties of Peking Office of the United Inter- grain such as can be arranged for national Famine Relief for three locally, either from our own stock or months' supply of grain for free by exchange with the United Inter- distribution. The two facts seemed national Famine Relief Committee." to be incompatible. Local magistrates On June 22nd, Field Manager Oliver " insisted that there was some misunder- reported : It is evident that our grain standing somewhere and asked for offer is still insufficient to attract another chance to recruit labor at laborers to our project." He tendered slightly improved terms. The im- his resignation on the same date and proved terms were refused but an Mr. R. W. Powell, Chief Engineer, additional opportunity was granted. was made Field Manager and

( 18S ) instructed to sell out the remainder had been recruited. " My personal of the grain. opinion, however, is that a certain Two days later a very interesting personage in Tientsin is giving orders letter was received from a person in to delay the work in the hopes that close touch with the whole operation, the Red Cross will finally quit in stating that in his opinion, there disgust and turn the whole sum of were forces at work keeping the money over to him to manage. One people from working on the road. of the chief reasons for this opinion is He cited the fact that a number the apathy of the local officials, who of missions in the same field were act as if they were trying to queer the doing relief labor jobs out of private whole thing." He also mentioned funds received from America and were that the type of grain used at the having no' trouble in getting men and start had comparatively small influence holding them at a lesser wage than on the situation. In view of later the Red Cross offered. The local developments on the Tientsin end of Chinese recruiting committee resigned the job, some color is lent to what for the reason that some one was was considered, at the time, a highly tampering with the men after they imaginative construction.

I

Capt. L. Impey

( ^86 ) TIENTSIN END care for them. Thus it was May 23rd before any men could be put on Capt. L. Impey, Chief Engineer the job. The work of recruiting was As stated before, the reply from the facilitated by the fact that the North Civil Governor accepting the Red Cross China Famine Relief Society at Tien- terms for repairing the Tientsin— tsin withdrew free relief to the Paotingfu hfghway was received April encampments there at the same time. 20th. Although a skeleton organiza- But when these men appeared on the tion was ready immediately for the job they failed to comply with instruc- Paotingfu end, it was not so easy to tions, having no cooking utensils or provide an organization for the Tien- tools. A few of them could be used tsin end. The engineers which had at the commissary quarters for been promised unofficially by the unloading the grain, but when this motor car association we found were work was done, there was nothing intended for the Tientsin — Peking further for them and they were highway. The Governor's engineers allowed to depart. did not care to take the responsibility In the meantime the threatened for starting the road and we were spring drought had developed con- requested not to leave them to their siderably. In fact, there was consider- own resources, but to appoint a able panic in many quarters. The foreigner to take charge. Captain magistrate of one district sent word R. T. McDonell, who had assisted that he had fifteen hundred men in the reconnaisance of the Shansi anxious for work. Hence, the Director roads, went over the proposed line notified the authorities that an with the Chinese engineers, indicating additional thirty days would be \yhere it should be staked, but his allowed for the completion of the own affairs were such that he could program. give no further attention and nothing By this time difficulties with respect resulted. On May 8th, Captain to the right of way began to develop. Lawrence Impey, Chief Engineer on Although assurances were received the Shantung project, was transferred from the Governor that magistrates to Tientsin with the same title but had been notified to announce to their exercising the powers of Field citizens that the Chinese authorities Manager. were solely responsible for payment A week was consumed in getting an for land, as late as May 22nd it was organization together in Tientsin and necessary to inform the Governor that then grain was loaded onto the canal the magistrates had not put out any boats for the stores which were located notices on the subject, and even as late down the line. By this time the as July I2th, Captain Impey reported: " canal had become so low that the Down the line beyond Jen Chiu I boats stuck. The commissary men in was informed by the local people that charge of them were not particularly the persons appointed by the Governor resourceful and returned to Tientsin to deal with the land question had for instructions. Captain Impey at- been in the habit of informing the tempted to float the boats further people that they regretted that the down by constructing small dams in people should be expropriated from the shallow places, but it was their land for the road construction, necessary to unload the boats and but they were not in any way to cart the grain to destination. blame, as the foreigners were doing" It was impossible, of course, to take it all." on any workmen until the commissary In the outskirts of Tientsin a grave- arrangements were in condition to yard was encountered, with disastrous

( I 87 ) results. The graves belonged to in- practically exhausted by the middle of fluential families who, of course, would July and the work was closed down as not permit the road to run through, soon thereafter as possible. Except but what was still worse, would not for the losses sustained' on the grain permit the only possible detour since transferred from Paotingfu, in salaries that would destroy the "feng shui " of to officers idle for a month and a half the place. Possibly it was not without before work began, the entire distance significance that in this enlightened except for the sand stretch would have treaty port, more difficulty was found been put into a good state of repair on this point than in any place in the within the fifty thousand dollar interior. appropriation. The average cost per mile of road repaired was about $773 In the meantime, the harvest period Max. had arrived, and while certain sections which were to be traversed had The method of payrnent used on practically no harvest, all of the the second section is one which surrounding regions were well blessed. deserves particular attention. Every No further grain was sent into the second or third day the Chief Etigineer district and instructions were given with a paymaster traversed the entire that if within the next few days any district in an automobile, measured considerable number of workmen the completed section and then while appeared, they might be paid .in the gangs stood at attention, paid the cash at the rate of tv/enty-five cents head men the sums due and took per fong. Almost immediately some their receipts. The amount paid was three thousand appeared. called out so that everybody could hear it, so there was no opportunity Captain Impey then divided the for any gang to be misinformed as to line into two sections, one, that their dues.. As the automobile went between the Tientsin —Pukow Railway over the road the quality was im- and Tientsin and the other, westward mediately tested and deductions for of the railway. The gangs were insufficient tamping could be made grouped to the number of twenty or where the fairness of the penalty was under native foremen. thirty They publicly attested. In s.pite of all this, were furnished with bamboo poles and however, it is reported that within ten matting out of which to construct for days after the Red Cross evacuated temporary shelter themselves when- the field, one of the foremen collected ever temples were not available; A from each head man of the gangs day's work for each gang within siich a under his direction sums ranging from group was staked out by the foremen, three to ten dollars with which "to section and by night the entire would buy a present for the foreigners." be connected up. Every few days as the distance from the temporary billets After the close of the American became too far for convenience, such Red Cross operations at Paotingfu, billets were taken down and moved official forces put the road from Pao- forward. Within the space of six tingfu to Kao Yang in such condition weeks almost exactly seventy-five miles that a motor bus service was inau- of highway was put into repair. The gurated between the two points. A

portion covered was entirely within the recent - news item states that this territory of the North China Interna- motor -sei'vice company is increasing tional Famine Relief Society of Tien- its capital by $iOO,OOOfor the purpose tsin. The ten miles immediately of extending the service to Tientsin. outside of Tientsin we were prevented This company is undoubtedly allied from repairing. The appropriation was with official personages and will

( I88 ) probably have monopoly privileges of Governor the pledge that this highway a common carrier service over this shall be a public road so far as route. However, the Red Cross has ordinary motor service and broad tired secured in writing from the Civil carts are concerned.

Murray Sullivan, Chief Engineer.

( 189 ) —.

CHAPTER XIII PEKING-TIENTSIN HIGHWAY

Murray Sullivan . Chief Engineer V. A. Sheldon Superintendent of Relief

these funds, this High- IN the preceding chapter the genesis In addition to of the Peking— Tientsin Highway way Bureau provided funds for the was set forth. The terms under construction of the reinforced concrete which the construction vyas undertaken bridge across the Yuen River at were identical with those applying to Yangtsun for which a contract was let the Tientsin —Paotingfu project. to French interests and the funds for deposited in the The title, Peking—Tientsin High- this purpose were way, was adopted in order to include Banque Industrielle de Chine. the section of 13 miles from Peking In view of the various organizations to Tungchow constructed under the interested in the construction of this direction of the American Red Cross highway and of the various funds with funds from both the Red Cross which were available for this purpose and Chinese sources donated for the at that time, no one of which was suf- relief of flood sufferers in 1917—18, ficient to complete the highway, it was this first section being considered as proposed to combine all the organiza- merely a link of the whole Peking tions into the Peking—Tientsin High- Tientsin Highway project. The way Commission—an informal and completion of this highway project voluntary organization, the purpose of was the purpose of the present relief which would be to co-ordinate all work interests in the highway and to carry The construction of the next section the work to a conclusion without of the highway extending from Tung- breaks or interruptions. Accordingly chow to Anping, a distance of 20 miles, while the American Red Cross was undertaken by the office of the organization was being formed, con- Metropolitan Governor of Peking ferences, were under way towards the under an agreement with the Chinese formation of what was afterwards Government Highway Bureau having denominated as the Peking — Tientsin in charge the construction of the road Highway Commission. This Com- from Tungchow to Tientsin. Funds mission as finally constituted, consisted were obtained by this Bureau through of a representative of the following a loan from the Banque Industrielle organizations : de Chine at Peking. But very little The Northern Five Provinces actual construction work was accom- Famine Relief Society, represented by plished and the work that was done Former Premier Hsiung Hsi Ling, was not on the location agreed upon Chairman, who also had charge of the for the highway. Approximately funds of the Chinese Government $80,000 Mex. was spent in this Highway Bureau. manner, leaving a balance of about Chinese National Famine Relief $[70,000 Mex. in the hands of the Bureau, represented by Hon. Yuen Chinese Government Highway Bureau. Pao Hwei, Vice Chairman.

C 190 ) The United International Famine all of these Divisions with the program Relief Committee, represented by Mr. of the Engineering department. It Andre D'Horman. was planned to supply The food for the American Red Cross (until laborers from the canal which roughly withdrawal from field), represented by paralleled the highway route. Stores Mr. E. Baker, J. Director, American were stocked at Tungchow and Yang- Red Cross, China Famine Relief. tsun, rail points. No Health Division Together with the Chief Engineer was provided, both because physicians to be appointed. were not available, and because a It was planned to use the Chinese general health program in the Province road funds for the acquisition of right of Chihli had been under way all of way as. far as necessary, the re- winter, supported by the American mainder being reserved for macadamiz- Advisory Committee. ing the earth work which would be In view of the fact that the road is put in place by Red Cross forces. to be macadamized, careful surveys The route of this Highway lies in were authorized for purposes of two administrative areas, namely, the ultimate economy. These surveys Metropolitan District from Tungchow were completed about the middle of as far south as the village of Hankou, May. After considerable negotiations, six and a half miles south of Yangtsun. the construction of the Tungchow- From there to Tientsin the territory Anping section along the approved traversed lies under the jurisdiction route of the survey was undertaken of the Civil Governor of Chihli Prov- by the Metropolitan Governor's office, ince. The Commission immediately —this being done to replace the work addressed petitions to the authorities previously done which was of no value of both of these areas asking for their and could not be used, and the Red assistance in arranging with property Cross laborers began work on the owners for the immediate expropria- next section to the south, but were tion of their lands, — settlement to be immediately driven off by the owners made as fast as land diagrams and of the land. New assurances were similar formalities could be prepared. obtained as to the right of our laborers The oral assurances which were given to proceed and promises of police to the representatives of the Commis- protection therefor were received, but sion charged with this matter seemed it now became difficult, so the recruit- entirely favorable. ing forces reported, to obtain work- Meanwhile the Commission had men in large quantities, light rains appointed as Chief Engineer, Mr. having encouraged the farmers to Murray Sullivan, the leading American begin to plant. railway engineer in North China, who The United International Famine happened to be open to engagement Relief Committee recruiting agents at the moment. Mr. V. A. Sheldon tried in a supposedly needy district in was appointed Superintendent of the Western Hills not far from Peking, Relief, reporting to the Chief Engi- but met with no success. Representa- neer. Mr. W. T. Barker was appointed tives of the Catholic Church then Chief of Commissary. The recruiting offered their services as recruiting

was in charge of Rev. J. R. Lyons in agents, assuring us that they could the United International Famine Re- furnish ten thousand men, but when lief Committee territory and of Rev. actually put to the test, found the Robt. E. Chandler in the area of the men demanded better wages. This North China Famine Relief Society. wasted perhaps two weeks but it It was the duty of the Superintendent served very effectively to clear the of Relief to co-ordinate the efforts of atmosphere of doubt concerning the

( 191 ) —

severity of famine conditions in the tional laborers were returned to their area contiguous to Peking. All relief homes. Americans interested in the agencies withdrew their aid before the success of the project, however, made end of the first week of June. representations to the American Advis- ory Committee and secured from that By this time the operations in organization an additional fifty thou- Shantung were being closed down in sand dollars Mex. The funds of the accordance with the undertaking which Cross were sufficient to keep the had been made by the Red Cross at Red going tpr about July 31st, which the beginning of operations there. work been originally fixed as the limit Our representative from the north- had of Cross participation. eastern district reported that large Red numbers of men were applying for At the beginning of the month, work and were willing to work else- about four thousand laborers were at where if given an opportunity. At work, but this number had gradually this juncture the Ministry of Com- dwindled as the men from Shantung munications offered to the Peking were able to find more lucrative Tientsin Highway free transportation employment in the vicinity of the road. of stone for macadam. Hence, it The $50,000 Mex. appropriated to seemed wise to transport some two this work was exceeded slightly before thousand men from Shantung to this all the accounts opened under the Highway. The men walked overland authority of the Red Cross were finally from Haifeng to the Tientsin—Pukow settled. The results accomplished by Railway and were transported free of this expenditure may be summarized charge by that line and the Peking as follows: Mukden to destination. Also appli- 1. Careful surveys were made of cations for relief work were received the entire route, aggregating over 130 from over five thousand famine miles, which includes alternate lines sufferers in the territory south and surveyed as well as the final location. east of Peking and from the southern 2. Sections of completed Highway, portion of Chihli Province. in all measuring 12 miles, were con- Just at the time that the laborers structed and at various points along from Shantung were coming to the the route the grading work was started job, the Banque Industrielle de Chine and the embankment partially built closed its doors, thereby tying up the when our forces were compelled to funds which the Chinese members of withdraw. the Commission were putting into the The distance from Tungchow to work. However, the state of the Red Tientsin along the final location is Cross treasury seemed to indicate that 62.7 miles. a few thousand dollars would be The average cost per mile, about available beyond the appropriation, $4,500 Mex., is excessive. However, and as positive famine relief work was it must be stated that the earthwork being done by the employment of on this line is very much heavier than these Shantung and Chihli men, on any of the other lines. Because orders were given to recruit an the route traversed is subject to additional one thousand. This last frequent floods, and because the thousand were ready to go forward highway when " macadamized will be just at the moment when the June subject to heavy motor traffic between accounts of the various operations the two lartjest cities of north China, showed that, after all, no further funds the embankment has been raised would be available. The Peking — well above the level of all ordinary Tientsin Highway Commission was inundations. Still the results are not immediately notified and these addi- commensurate with the expenditure.

( 192 ) j

The Chief Engineer reports the Chinese officials to secure the right- following causes: of-way. The one hundred thousand " First, interference with our work dollars which jointly have been con- on the part of officials and natives tributed would have been adequate who went so far in some instances as for the earthwork if no interference to drive our men off the work ; Second, and delay had been experienced. failure of our recruiting department It is of interest, however, to add (the famine relief societies) to supply that the Peking— Tientsin Highway the men needed for this work ; and Commission has now negotiated a Third, failure on the part of the loan for the Chinese Government Chinese authorities to furnish the Highway Bureau from another French necessary right-of-way in accordance Bank, in lieu of the loan formerly with the agreement." At the time obtained from the Banque Industrielle, this report is being written, right-of- for the completion of the Highway. way in the Province of Chihli has not The bridge over the Yuen River, yet been secured. And the same which is a modern reinforced concrete expensive delays with reference to structure approximately two hundred right-of-way (but not as regards labor feet in length and which will cost have been experienced in the ex- about $40,000 Mex., is now nearing penditure of the funds contributed by completion and notwithstanding the the American Advisory Committee as delays and difficulties encountered by was previously experienced by the the American Red Cross and other Red Cross organization. The failure supporting organizations, it now ap- of the Banque Industrielle de Chine, pears that the Peking—Tientsin High- through to coming as it did at this unfortunate way will probably be carried of the time, tied up the funds of the Chinese completion and that the efforts organization and was directly respon- American Red Cross in connection with been in vain. sible for this failure on the part of the this work will not have

( 193 ) ( 194 ) CHAPTER XIV TINQCHOW WELLS

Rev. F. J. Griffith Field Mana,crer

famine districts, and the United Inter- national Famine Relief Committee distributed grain there throughout the winter and spring. The prospect for a crop in 1921 was very poor, and at the urging of Rev. F. J. Griiifith, who was in charge of the relief work there, the United International Famine Re- lief Society sent a geologist to investi- gate the subject of irrigation by means of wells. The geologist. Prof. Barber of Yenching University, reported favorably, but the United International Famine Relief Committee seemed reluctant to appropriate the funds. Rev. Mr. Griffith then came to the Red Cross, China Famine Relief. As the c*igging of the wells would afford relief on the "work" plan, while the wells themselves would serve as a means toward famine prevention, $100,000 was appropriated on the condition that the work be finished by July 31st. This appropriation Rev. F. J. Griffith was made with the approval of the United Inter- TINGCHOW is situated about national Famine Relief Committee thirty-iive miles south of Pao- and since Mr. Griffith had been their tingfu and about one hundred local representative and had his and twenty-five miles south of Peking, organization ready, he was immediate- on the Peking—Hankow Railway. Its ly put in charge under the title of history goes back thousands of years, Field Manager. and during the Chow dynasty, it was The various questions in this con- the capital of the Middle Kingdom. nection had been carefully gone into During the centuries since, rivers have and it was decided that the following so coursed through this region as to rules would best govern the situation : cover most of it with sand. Every 'i. Grant of .| 100,000 Mex. to be dry year sees the wind blow this sand made for well construction in the six about and extend the area covered Hsiens of Ting Hsien, Ch'u Yang, with this barren soil. During the Shenchai, Wu Chi, Ankwo and past year it was one of the worst Anping.

( 195 )

Interior of Red Cross Compound.

2. Wells to be finished by July g. Each well to be numbered ;ind 15 th and accounts to be sent in by a brick placed along side with July 31st. this inscription — " American 3. Wells to be built in those Red Cross, number i, 2, 3, elc' villages that have been suffering from h. Well to be inspected during drought. construction and also after 4. Method of apportioning wells completion before payment is to be—The total number divided finally made. equally among the six counties. The The $30 per well which the Ameri- exact location of the wells then can Red Cross agreed to pay was decided by lot. estimated to be the cost of labor. for 5. The plan of construction to The site, bricks for lining, wood conform to the arrangements and the base, tools and all other expenses conditions laid down for the other were looked after by the person to wells that have been built: whom the well was allotted. Labor digging had been a. Well to be lined with brick. costs for well the reports of the local b. Six feet of water at bottom. computed from in these six hsiens and also c. Well to be eight feet at the authorities bottom diameter and five feet confirmed by direct investigation. in money, at the top. The payment was made since the famine had passed the acute . d. Half the grant to be made when provided a greater contract is made. Full pay- stage and money grain would. ment to be made upon com- amount of relief than differed from our other pletion. This system operations in that the village was e. The builder of the well to sign for its neediness rather than a contract that he will conform selected individual. The village that had to the rules under which the the suffered most from the famine got the grant is made, and he must also and in this way it narrowed find a guarantee. wells, individuals built in each down to the most needy f, 540 wells to be employment. See form of Hsien. Average price $30 per getting the

registration : well.

( 197 ) REGISTRATION FORMS These new wells will be called upon of each well. One difficulty was in to give water for irrigation only, since the scarcity of bricks for lining the there is an adequate supply available wells. All the brick kilns in the for personal use. In the six selected vicinity re-started. At places, the Hsiens, there are roughly sixteen city magistrates issued instructions hundred square miles of 1,024,000 that, for the time being, private acres. Each well is supposed to water building operations must cease, and at least 20 mu (equal to four acres). all bricks be used for this public work. In other words, the American Red Again, in other areas, temples and old Cross in one month built enough wells buildings were demolished to release to irrigate 71,440 mu or about 14,000 bricks for this purpose. acres. The building of these wells is an Mr. Griffith was assisted in his unexpected and at the same time very foreigners inspection work by a few interesting procedure. The cavity is and a large number of trusted Chinese. made somewhat larger than the final After a contract was made by the well-hole down to the water level. the site person who had drawn a well, A brick chimney is built at or above was inspected by some one from a the water level, slightly tapering branch office before work could be upwards, the top and bottom diameters begun. Then during the work, in- being five and eight feet respectively. spection tours were made at unexpect- This chimney is built up eight feet ed and varied hours to see that above the ground level and is plastered specifications were being lived up to. over with a mud mortar on the out- The final inspection either proved or side, the inner surface being clean disproved the right to the last half brick. Men are then hoisted down of the sum awarded for that particular inside the chimney and dig away the well. So far as possible, it was bottom. As this is removed the arranged that three or four families column subsides. As the water depth jointly built the well and thereby at the bottom increases a chain of obtained benefit for their respective bucket men is established to bale out plots of land. the well as rapidly as possible and the water There was usually great competition diggers again go down until the their necks. Three men can for this subsidy of $30 and in some rises to at the bottom at one villages they would agree to increase usually work the number, thus decreasing the cost time.

The wooden base.

( 159 ) by means of a handle, is the system. That will probably be the commonest form on our wells. Then the advanced method is to revolve a drum to which is gfeared a chain of buckets. This drum can be revolved by man power in the form of a tread mill or by a donkey walking round and round. It was an adaptation of this latter form that our engineer worked upon. This same drum and chain of buckets were to be worked by means of sails mounted on a superstructure above the drum. The important point to guard here was the initial cost. An American or Dutch windmill would have been very nice but because of its cost an entirely different scheme was tried. Four cloth sails were supported at equal distances by a framework of wood in the form of a square. These The Chimney. hung loose so that they could follow the wind as the structure revolved. Sometimes there is a scaffolding As it worked out, however, the wind just above the water level on which was not strong enough to lift the water. other men stand and keep baling. The sails were then increased to six This process is not always so successful, but the results were not very satisfac- as in one or two instances during our tory. Before a highly successful type operations the brick chimney collapsed, could be worked out, our operations causing the death of the workers closed and the problem was dropped inside. Five men were killed in this fashion. The depth of the wells, of course, varied with the locality. Water was struck anywhere between fifteen and twenty-five feet below the surface of the ground. The rule was followed that there must be six feet of water in the well. In a hand dug well it is practically impossible to get a greater depth than this, since a man cannot very well dig when the water is above his shoulders. The matter of improving the methods of drawing water out of these wells was made a special subject by an American Red Cross engineer. The most common method of bringing water to the surface is to merely lower a wicker bucket on a rope without a pulley. For drawing a greater volume, a rope which winds around a drum operated by a man turning this drum Sinking the Chimney.

( 200 ) Laying a lining below ground.

Working below ground. so far as the American Red Cross was it cannot be said that this was wasted concerned. However, the plans and effort. Chinese interest of the right experience of our engineer have been sort was raised in this project through passed over to the body which will the original windmill being built under likely resolve into a permanent famine the direction of a teacher, himself an prevention organization, for further engineering school graduate, by boys study and experimentation. Hence, in a mechanical school.

Windmill.

( 20I ) work. Added to this, however, is the powerful factor of famine prevention. The figures for the spring crop are enlightening on this phase. In this very district, small patches of land that had been watered by artificial means produced a crop which was 30 per cent normal against a crop of 5 per cent or less in areas where no water was available. This naturally makes the land more valuable^ A small tract with a well is worth from two to four times more than a similar piece of land without a well. This operation may well be con- sidered one of the most successful.

In all, there were built under the supervision and at the partial expense of the American Red Cross, some 3,572 wells. The average cost to the Red Cross was $27.19. Private initia- Tengchow Sand. tive was so awakened, that probably an additional 2,500 wells were dug This scheme was essentially a famine without aid from the Red Gross. relief measure since there were The short time in which this was employed approximately 35,800 men accomplished and the very pleasant during the entire operation. The memory left behind with the Chinese greatest number digging wells at one are gratifying factors. One Chinese time was probably during the last expressed the general feeling of the week of June, when on one day, district when he said, "There are none approximately 30,000 men were at who do not approve."

Wheat under irrigation.

( 202 ) CHAPTER XV PROPAGANDA FOR HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE

THE American Red Cross, China of cruelty to the surface of a highway Famine Relief, takes the position be invented which would go beyond that the "work" method of this particular type of wheel ? Then, relief in the long run is the cheapest there is the concave-tire wheel which method. It is the cheapest because puts a cutting edge on each side of it simplifies preliminary investigation, the already narrow wheel by which to and automatically excludes beggars, assist the cart in climbing out of ruts ; opium smokers and all those over- but in assisting, it cuts the side of the thrifty souls who are always ready to rut to powder, which at the first wind, accept something for nothing. With blows away and leaves a deeper rut. so great a need for public improve- The deep-lying canyons which consti- ment, there is plenty of work to be tute many of the Chinese roads may done, and by the same token all be attributed largely to this cause. construction should be made as The Chinese cart at best, having only permanent as possible. Hence in two wheels to carry the load and with Shantung, in Shansi and in Chihli, no springs to lighten the blow upon promises were obtained from the any obstruction, is severe enough

highest . authority that the roads upon any road, even if it were not constructed by the Red Cross would equipped with these instruments of be maintained. offense. In China, as elsewhere, promise and So long as the saw-tooth wheel and fulfillment are often far apart. The the concave tire remain as the com- organization required for highway mon forms, not even the best macadam maintenance is a new thing, and road can stand for more than a few technical efficiency is no more to be years. However, in Peking and other expected than a good fit is to be cities where these wheels are kept off expected from a Chinese tailor who from the macadam portion of the cuts his first foreign coat. Public streets and only lighter vehicles, most opinion in China in no way demands of them rubber-tired, are allowed to good roads. In fact, it looks upon use the street, the macadam requires the regulations necessary to that end digging up and re-rolling every three as an infringement of personal liberty, or four years. This is a tremendous More especially, Chinese carts make expense,— just how large, the writer the maintenance of roads very, very does not know. In the Philippines, cost of difficult. for example, the maintenance Because of bad roads, the Chinese the splendid highways there is said to wheelwright has invented the most be 1,400 pesos per year per mile, Mexican. Apparently efficient instrument on earth for roughly $1,400 higher the cost making bad roads still worse. Con- the better the road the This cost is practically sider the saw-toothed wheel, which of upkeep. producing high- dandies and men of wealth have equal to the cost of have been built by the imported from Shansi for their ways which Cross in Shantung this year. pleasure carts. Could any refinement Red

( 203 ) Saw-tooth wheel. Used on fashionable passenger vehicles.

Sid« view of Chinese cart wheel, showing iron studs fbn felloe to protect it against wear in ruts".

( 204 ) The cost of maintaining macadam results in a rolling roads, of the entire except in congested and well- surface. The loess soil of the coastal to-do centers, is out of the question plain is such that under the smooth under the present conditions of iron surface of these tires a hard Chinese finance, both Government and polished track is made, which so long private. as the road is dry, stands up like The cost and difficulty of highway asphalt. The whole problem of main- maintenance undoubtedly can be tenance, therefore, is then reduced to reduced considerably if the present the patching of side washes and the carts, which are now instruments of building up of a few low spots. The destruction, could be turned into work of a single man one day per instruments of maintenance. This week would keep in condition a li of can be done by changing the tires road in most places where the highway of such carts to the broad type, has been graded up. At this rate, say 3i to 4 inches. The effect of such cost of maintenance would be reduced tires is to roll the road hard and to $45.00 per annum per mile. smooth. In the first place, with the It has been ' urged that while the broad tire the load does not cut broad tire wheel would serve very well deeply into the surface, for the bearing upon the new roads which have been surface will be a total of 8 inches graded up, it would not do at all upon instead of about 3 inches as at present. the ordinary country roads, which The rut cut by any single load is constitute the principal portion. therefore less than half that made by a When narrow tires are in the vast narrow tired cart. Still more impor- majority there is something in this tant, however, is the fact that because contention. The deep ruts in the of the width of the tires, succeeding country roads are cut during the loads do not follow exactly in the rainy season and again immediately same track, and so succeeding carts after the frost is out of the ground. tend to roll out any rut which had A broad tire following a narrow rut been cut rather than to deepen it. would be hard to pull. Of course, if With broad tires, the tendency is for sufficient broad tires were put upon each wheel to roll a surface about two these roads, such deep ruts would not feet broad. "This, with^ the animal be created in the first instance and tracks, turnouts, etc., in practice other broad tires could follow

Chinese cart fitted with broad-tired wheels by the Red Cross.

( 205 ) immediately with greater ease than the Shansi. The latter were particularly present narrow tired wheel follows the necessary in order that a sufficient rut cut by its own predecessor. In supply of carts fitted with such wheels fact, a large proportion of the present should be the first to use the roads country roads are not the deep can- nearing completion. yons which are featured by the In addition, Mr. Herman Gluekauf, pictorial artists. The typical country the teacher of manual training; of the road is merely a trail taken "cross- Peking Higher Normal School, was lots" by the wayfaring carter in order sent into the field to teach native to avoid these sunken rutted roads, wheelwrights the process of building and once the trail is made it is followed these wheels,—especially, that of until it is abandoned in turn. In this shrinking on the tire. His method way, tremendous quantities of land was to let contracts with such wheel- are taken up by unnecessary duplica- wrights for a number of wheels to be tion of roads and the farmer's crop is constructed to specifications under his nowhere safe against the inroads of an direction. In this way the Shantung enterprising carter. On these flat field was fairly covered, as follows : country roads the broad tired cart Tehchow 6 pairs with axles could be as easily as anywhere used Enhsien 5 „ on earth, — in fact, it was exactly this Kaotang 5 ,, condition which led to its use in Yucheng 5 „ America, where until twenty years ago The South Chihli field had its quota there had been no particular attempt constructed with 4 pairs at Hantan made to improve the character of the and 5 pairs at Taimingfu. country roads. Broad tired wheels While this work was going on, Prof. loess soil (having as it anywhere on Bailie was sent into Shansi for the produce does, a lime content) would same purpose and found, happily, that could roads which in dry weather be the wheelwrights of Taiyuanfu were used by cars all over the coastal motor already constructing broad tired wheels plain. with shrunken tires. In addition In the interest of better maintenance they were building a wheel with a for the highways which were building broad felloe after the native pattern, under its direction, the American Red which merely shoes the wheel but is Cross, China Famine Relief, attempted so constructed that the strain is put to stimulate interest in the subject of directly on the spoke. This appears broad tires. Ten pairs of wheels with to have all the strength and durability axles were built for it in the shops of possessed by our own type. the Peking Higher Normal School, In Shansi, South Chihli and Honan, and shipped to Shantung, with in- these wheels have been sold. But in structions that these should be used Shantung they have been loaned to on carts hauling commissary supplies. local mission stations in the hope that They served both as demonstration and repeated demonstration will create in rolling the new roads. Another interest in their favor. ten pairs were ordered as soon as the Possibly to change the type of first ten had been shipped. Later ten wheels used is a task greater than pairs of iron wheels were purchased that of building thousands of miles of from a mail order house in America highway. Certainly it would be a and sent to the Shansi highways, where greater task if the attempt were made the metal worlcers would be able to to make the change immediately copy them. Further contracts were complete. Mental habits are always placed in Tientsin for wheels to be more difficult to move than large used in south Chihli, Honan and masses of mere inert matter. Whatever

( 206 ) »s done must be done in such a way this direction is that the makers as to take effect gradually of and to cart wheels be enhst the self licensed and that for interest of those who every are narrow tired pair of wheels using the present narrow tired turned out hereafter a ^^ provinces tax, say of which now $5-00, should hnd7^1themselves be imposed, whereas in possession of a broad considerable tired wheels would bear only a mileage of new roads are nominal tax. This tax, of course, wrestling with this problem. Possibly would be immediately the solution shifted to the will come from a com- purchaser bination of the wheels and would of the need for funds for the establish a differential in favor of the maintenance of the roads with the broad tired wheels desire and bring it about to reduce the amount of funds that no more narrow tired wheels needed for maintenance. It has been would be manufactured. suggested that a small toll be charged There is no reason why the broad each cart using the improved roads tired wheel should cost any more than and that this toll be larger for carts the narrow tired wheel. The hub and with narrow tires than for carts with spokes remain the same. Only the broad tires. Indeed, it has been felloe and tire are altered. The broad proposed that since the broad tire tired wheel would take no more wood is an instrument of maintenance, a in the felloe than the present narrow small bonus should be paid to the tired wheel. The depth of the wood broad tired cart instead of demand- would merely become the breadth ing from it a toll. Another form of instead. So also with the tire. The the same idea is to commute such present tires are fully 5/8 inch thick, tolls into an annual or semi-annual in addition to which there are all the license (and bonus). studs which are used to protect the However, the tolls which can be flat of the felloe. These studs, to- collected without causing considerable gether with the present tire, contain sufficient commotion are so small that it would iron to make a broad tire not cause the immediate changing of 3/8 inch thick. any considerable number of narrow Wherever good roads have been tires to broad tires. Hence it has introduced for motors and rickshaws, been thought well to announce in the carts which carry the great mass advance that such an arrangement of the country's goods are religiously would persist, say for three years, tabooed from the use of them. With after which a higher toll or license broad tired wheels not only would would be required of the narrow tired their use on the present macadam wheels. Thus a carter would quickly roads be permissible, but it would be figure that during the course of three desirable, for it would help to main- years he would probably save enough tain such roads and reduce the amount in taxes and bonus to pay for the cost of re-surfacing which is now required. of changing and at the end of the The rubber-tired vehicle sucks up the period he would be free from the dust between the sharp points of the higher toll which his narrow tires macadam and so flicks it into the air would face. This idea is also elabor- that every passing breeze blows it to ated by adding the provision that at one side, thus exposing the sharp the end of five or seven years narrow corners of the broken rock and pro- tired carts would be prohibited abso- ducing pits. If broad tired carts were lutely, at which time broad tired carts used upon these same roads, these would begin to pay a maintenance toll sharp exposed corners would be or license fee instead of receiving a ground down to a certain extent and bonus. A further proposed step in the dust would be packed into the

( 207 ) depressions. Practically all of this at such times. But, so far, preference dust has a cementing quality which runs to hand labor. But if the ruts under pressure from a hard surface be filled by either method just as the tends to form a coating similar to road is drying out, and the surface is concrete. Thus broad iron tires would then rolled with a heavy roller, the improve automobile roads. common clay roads which have been

, Considerable time and attention has built in North China would be useable been given in calls upon officials to even by motors at moderate speeds. explain the value of broad tires, to Constant maintenance is a conception assist them in planning the mainte- which it seems difficu.lt for Chinese nance of the highways, and in passing officials to grasp. They always seek on simple information regarding the some method which, though it may be best methods of upkeep. There are expensive, will permit of absolute only two periods where dirt roads are neglect after the first outlay. This subject to complete destruction,—just accounts for the popularity of macadam as the frost comes out of the ground in much of their discussions. But and during the summer rains. Some macadam is proving to be considerable demonstration has been made of the of a delusion, as well- as a great use of the King drag in levelling roads expense. '

( 208 ) :

CHAPTER XVI

IF WE HAD IT TO DO AGAIN ?

WITHIN a period of ten months humanity. As it extended, profes- the American Red Cross has sional engineers were employed, and brought succor to over 900,000 these in turn were assisted by whom- people in four different provinces, soever could be found willing to It has employed 160,000 workmen accept the hardships of the interior, on nine different jobs, and at the A dozen different nationalities, soldiers peak of its operations 95,000 men and sailors, scholars and near-illiter- were at work at one time. It has ates, missionaries and "beach- constructed 850 miles of highway combers, " all have worked together through mountains and over plains, on this aggregation of jobs. This dug nearly 3,700 wells, and planted diversity of locality, method, and 40,000 trees. These operations have personnel certainly has some lessons been conducted in an area whose for him who "putteth the armor off" greatest distance from east to west and perchance may have some for is about 420 miles and from north those who may sometime have to put to south 360 miles. This work was it on. undertaken first by volunteers purely Recapitulation of Construction and in response to the suffering call of Relief accomplished

Total „ Total , Fersons , number , number per receiving Operation iMiles laborers J^^^^u recruited -^ relief

Shantung 485 61,000 7 427,000

P'ingtingchow 80 25,000 5 125,000

Fenchowfu 113 21,000 5 105,000 Honan 39 6,000 5 30,000 Hantan 46 5,500 6.4 35>ooo Paotingfu-Tientsin 75 3,ooo 5 15,000 12,000 Tientsin-Peking 12 2,400 5 179,000 Tingchow Wells (3,572) .. .. 35,800 5 Total "s^o 1^9700 928;coc7

to be expended in „ j: /"7 amount of money Reserve powers of the,r Chinese people.J. J./. ^^^.^^ ^^^^^ far beyond that which was expended by all of the The first, and perhaps the most actually yet there important, lesson which has been relief societies combined, increase m the learned from these operations is the has been no extensive the past year. surprising reserve powers of the death rate during conditions in Chinese masses. The most conserva- The drought and crop were identical with tive estimate, made by any person in the fall of 1920 preceding the famine of 1878, a position to judge, called for an those

( 209 ) according to all accounts. What has Empire, of requiring each household made the difference in results so to store in the village granary a marked? Communications. Railways measure of grain every year of good and telegraphs. harvest will be in better position than those which have allowed the practice The famine of '78 was dire before to lapse. During the past winter it any news of it could get to sources was discovered that two methods of of relief. Before such news could be maintaining the public granary had verified, half the season had passed. been followed. One method was to In 1920 verified information was a accumulate the grain for seven years matter of relatively few days. In '78 and then cease to extract the contribu- after the fact of famine was established, tion from each family. The other was there were only slow going junks, to require the contribution each year, carts and pack animals to bring in but after the seventh year, to unseal food from sources hundreds of miles the bins of the first year, and give away. During the past season thou- back a measure of the old grain in sands of miles of railway have been at exchange for the new, It was found the service of the merchant and the that those villages which followed the relief societies pouring a stream of latter practice, had a comfortable grain food into the stricken regions. At while those which followed the peak of the demand, 4,000 tons reserve, the former practice in many cases had of food each day were being unloaded been betrayed years ago by their from railroads within the boundaries village elders, which ones nobody of the famine area. This constant — knew. supply of food, and the certainty that it would continue, prevented the With a small amount of property population from becoming panicky, which can be exchanged for food, and and put an effective stop to profiteer- the ingenuity of the Chinese farmer in ing. Prices being somewhere near converting leaves, weeds, and other normal, the few possessions of the refuse articles into food, any com- poor could be traded for food which munity will be able to subsist for a lasted for weeks, and months, after considerable period without outside their own products had been consumed. help. Preparation against future fam- Thus the most valuable act of famine ines is, therefore, largely a question of relief during the past year, was that of improving the economic condition of His Excellency Yeh Kung Cho, the countryside. Minister of Communications, in reduc- ing the freight rates on grain bound Method of Relief. for points in the famine area 25 per Decision as to whether relief shall cent, and advancing rates in the be given on the " Work " plan or on opposite direction by an equal amount. the " Free " plan rests almost entirely In the future, it will be safe to rely upon one's fundamental faith. If the upon the private resources of the mere existence of numbers is desired, people themselves for several months, to bfe sure greater numbers can be provided that the transportation of kept alive on the " free " plan. The food is handled as efficiently as during "work" plan requires money for the past season. A further proviso supervisory forces, for surveys, and must be made also, and that is that tools. A working man must also eat the areas affected have had a few years more than one who hibernates. In of prosperity within which to accumu- order to estimate what the "work" late some property, personal or real. plan costs, the American Red Cross, Provinces which have maintained the China Famine Relief, has analyzed its old custom, prevalent during the accounts somewhat.

( 2ro ) The total expenditures on all opera- that the workmen be given double the tions was approximately $1,214,000 amount allotted to an idle dependent. Gold. At two dollars Mex. for one Now, on the average, each workman Gold, this makes approximately had four dependents. Hence, we paid $2,428,000. Of this $2,025,000 or to each family rations for four ialers 83 per cent was for food or cash and one workman, or sufficient for six payments to workmen, while $403,000 idlers whereas only five persons were or 17 per cent, was for commissary, fed. In this way our food costs were engineering, medical and general made one-sixth higher on account of expense. Much of the $403,000 the "work" feature. The allocation would have been spent under a of the other expenses between the "free" plan and the food and cash purely relief and the work phases is payment to workmen might have been necessarily arbitrary, and the best much reduced if the object had been judgment of those engaged in the merely to keep men alive. But the work is the only guide. The following Red Cross policy was to feed workmen table is an attempt to get at the final and dependents, both, enough to keep cost of the "work" feature, upon the them in good health, and this required basis stated above :

'' " Free Due solely Subject portion to work Total Food and wages $1,650,000 $375,000 $2,025,000 Commissary 23,000 69,500 92,500 Engineering 159,000 159,000 Medical 25,500 25,500

Horses, autos, etc 5, 000 17,000 22,000 General 52,000 52,000 104,000 ^1.755,500 $672,500 $2,428,000

From the tabulation just given it standard rations, —and very likely appears that the features in the Red would have got them if the Red Cross Cross activities which were peculiar to demonstration had not been in the a "work" scheme absorbed 28 per field. Hence, it may be asserted with cent of the expenditures, leaving 72 confidence that the 39 per cent which per cent for the purely relief features. the " Free " plan saves in feeding an In other words, the "work" plan is equal number of persons, it loses in which it must feed. nearly 39 per cent more expensive the larger numbers than the "free" plan for an equal The principal value of the "work" number of persons reached. plan, however, is to be found in the "For an equal number of persons preservation of the moral tone of the Chinese reached," yes. But the "work" plan community served. Certain have been the recipients if well organized with wages scaled to communities frequently that they the situation immediately eliminates of free relief so matter of course, and are the professional beggars, opium expect it as a than wholesale beggars. smokers, and all those who are crafty little better there is the lesson of enough to fool the investigators. On Then, too, for the construction of the Paotingfu highway, for example, organization improvements. If China is whole hsiens were clamoring for three public modern nation, the months "free" rations, in advance, at ever to become a practices of its villages the same moment that no workmen ideas and modernized. This can be could be secured by the Red Cross for must be

I ( 21 ) done only by schooling through the work of a thousand men once a example. With China's great labor day, the engineer was compelled to force, mere organization would be walk or ride a distance of twenty sufficient to produce a modern mode of miles, or thereabouts. The physical life within a short time. The example exertion necessary for such a perform- of road building has been quickly ance leaves little energy for the copied in many sections, and there is handling of unusual matters which are much to support the view that if the always coming up, except in the case "work" method of relief is wisely of exceptional men. Besides, for all followed for a little time, the Chinese but a few minutes a day, the laborers will learn this lesson, as they have are out of sight of their responsible learned others which have been set by chief. There is no time for explaining their Western friends. doubtful points, for clearing up mis- understandings, or for settling dis- Jobs suitable to famine labor. putes. An additional disadvantage of light road work is that every few One of the first requisites of a job weeks the work is completed, and the suitable for famine labor is that it entire force has to be shall not require a large outlay for moved to a distant territory. these equipment, or the use of strange For reasons, railway, machines the handling of which can- dykes, embankment, canals, roads not be learned quickly. Fortunately or mountain make more satis- factory jobs than highways on the nearly all of the public improvements which can be named involve as tools coastal plain. nothing more than shovels, picks, Of course, construction of any kind baskets, trowels, hammers and similar is out of the question, unless the hand tools. It is also important that public authority which is to enjoy the work begin rather promptly, other- benefit is willing and able to provide wise the people are dead before relief the land required. The heavier the is given. This means that the job construction upon a given area, the selected must not involve extensive smaller the area which must be surveys. This rules out extensive purchased in order to yield a given irrigation projects, unless the surveys amount of relief labor. This is have been completed in advance, as another important factor in favor of well as railway construction through the construction of dykes, railway difficult country. But if the surveys embankment, canals, or mountain have been completed, either of these roads in preference to roads on the are suitable. plain. Another factor that needs to be All of the above deals with the taken into consideration is the employment of men. While the demands of the job for skilled employment of women offers some supervision. Skilled supervision is peculiar difficulties, there is no other expensive and comparatively rare in a reason why women and large children country like China, and the job ought not to be required to do some- selected, if possible, should permit the thing to earn their food. supervision of large numbers of Hairnet classes, straw weaving, and laborers by a single skilled overseer. sewing groups have been tried and are This means that the job should permit good so far as they go, but they do of the concentration of large numbers not permit of mass employment. A of laborers within a relatively small considerable portion of the rock on area. Here was one of the disadvant- the Peking streets is broken by women ages under which the Shantung road and children. Thus the whole subject operation labored. In order to inspect deserves study.

( 212 ) ^2,=-6' ofjobs to be preferred. should be carefully instructed in the There fundamentals of is really no popular demand policies adopted by lor public the main organization. improvements of any kind He should be HI Lhina. assisted, perhaps, in his first negotia- There is merely a desire tor the tions, so that when fruits of public improvement. unexpected points Any arise he may be guarded from improper change always interferes with some commitments. After that, within one's vested rights and so there his IS own territory, the job should be his always some active opposition to to make or mar. any work which might be undertaken by famine relief societies. Unless The success of the Tingchow Well, there is someone in the community the Honan, the Pingtingchow, and the actively interested in putting through Yellow River operations was due in the project, with energy and skill in large part to the fact that all of these meeting opposition, and with standing operations were in charge of local enough to command the respect and foreigners who believed in them enlist the support of local magistrates, thoroughly, who commanded the con- the project will invariably have a fidence of local officials, and who were stormy voyage. So far as international able to get their ideas across in the or foreign relief societies are concerned, native dialect. The success of the this means that the job must be such Hantan operation was retarded not a as the local missionaries not only little by the fact that the Field approve but strongly desire. Further- Manager was but recently known to more, the local mission head must be the people of the localit)^. Although able to speak with authority when he he was able to speak Chinese fluently, interviews a magistrate. The promises his dialect was somewhat different, he makes he must be in a position and no one would co-operate with him to carry out. The threats he makes until ihey had proven his mettle. he must be able to fulfill. Unless The comparative failure of the projects he has this power, and the willing- running out of Tientsin can be traced ness to use it, the job is likely largely to the fact that near the capital to suffer. No one is in so good a the Chinese officials are of such position to make the most of promises national importance that no foreign and threats as the man who is per- manager, the Director included, was sonally well known to the local particularly trusted or respected by magistrate and who can speak to him them. Added to this was the fact in his own language. No interpreters that most of the missionaries who can "get it across." It is a rare were expected to interest the people interpreter who will consent to in the project, either had some translate as it is told to him, the suspicion of some phase, or else were straight-from-the-shoulder talk which so wearied with their winter labors foreigners use when they mean that they made but a feeble effort. business. This all comes down to In the Shantung operation there was the statement that a local missionary general approval and co-operation on makes the best Chief of Operations the part of the local mission, but in opinion, better use for the territory covered by his the Director's of it. The- mission. could have been made job was directed In actual practice, this local mis- oretically, the whole the Field base at Tehchow, sionary, if best fitted for the responsi- from outlying missions acting merely bility, will have dogged the steps of the recruiting centers. Asa matter of the relief organization with a plan in as some vigorous person in most of his pocket of whose success he is fact, these outlying missions voluntarily assured. As Chief of Operations, he

( 2IJ ) took it upon himself to help smooth him. So if the missionary isn't care- out many of the difficulties as they ful, he finds that he has encroached arose. If he had not done so, the on the engineer's prerogatives, and work would have been delayed inter- that the engineer resents it. minably. Tehchow was distant several days journey. Ten minutes after the Method of pay. Field Manager had departed, difficul- Those who have read the preceding ties might arise which could not be chapters will have noted three distinct settled for a week, —the time required methods of paying the laborers; (i) for a messenger to reach Tehchow and by the day, (2) by units completed, return. It was at such times that the (3) and by contract. Which is the vigorous and interested missionary best plan ? took a chance, and staked his standing The plan to be selected depends in the community the settlement on very much upon conditions. If the which he worked out and for which he work can not be easily measured, if it later asked sanction. We should have is not known how much a man ought done better if we had made such a to do in a day, if the men are too man District Manager, with a District weak to earn a fair day's pay on other Commissary chief and a District systems, there is no alternative to Engineer responsible to him, Teh- payment on the daily basis. For a chow headquarters being responsible time, the fear of losing their jobs can for co-ordination, general supplies, be made to influence men toward and supervision only. honest effort. Some engineers have In a word, the size of the job most been able to lay out a daily stint, favored is that which does not extend failure to complete which meant a beyond the area of a single mission deduction from the daily pay. But station, or affiliated mission stations. on the whole the laborers soon dis- If a greater area is unavoidable, it cover that a decision has been made to should be divided into units corres- take care of them, and they begin to ponding to such mission station loaf. It has been urged that so long territories. These remarks do not as famine relief is the object of the apply, of course, to purely engineering work, it does not make so much undertakings which, though occurring difference how much they do. Better at time of famine, are not organized use the "free" relief plan outright with sp2cial attention to relief purposes. than to make a mockery and a failure They assume also, that within the of the "work" plan. The moral effects technical phases of the word, the are no worse. Anything but an engineers in charge shall have full honest day's work defeats the purpose authority and full support; that of the "work" plan. contracts for work and material will The piece work plan requires not be made except with their considerable supervision in order to approval; that payments shall not be measure the quantities of work made for work done except upon their produced and to obtain a good quality order; and that in every case of of workmanship. The measuring" of discipline reasonable the engineers quantities requires some skill and a will supported in deed and word. be little mathematics, for the excavation

Perhaps if we had it to do again, or fill is almost never in regular form. more attention would be paid to If the supervisory force is either delimiting the scope of the various ignorant or indolent, its faulty meas- departments. This is important. For urements will cause no end of the tendency of Chinese foremen is to trouble with the laborers, whether talk to the man who can understand underestimated or over-estimated.

( 214 ) it IS essential also that unit prices be of the population is such that work closely or on the one hand can be deferred until sufficient ttiefh 1 u^^'^ super- laborers will not be able to earn visory forces can be collected and the enough to support their families, or work properly laid out, the piece work on the other hand the work will be so system is by far the best. By " piece attractive that every working man in work," it is not intended the that each community will want a job. man be paid individually according to The contract plan recommends itself his product. The gang of thirty is a because of its simplicity. A given unit small enough, if the thirty men piece of work,—who will do it the come from the same village. Self cheapest? If competition in the bid- government has no better example ding can be assured, the cost will not than in the Chinese village. If the be excessive and after the contracts supervisory forces are sufficient so are all let, there is definite knowledge that the work of each gang can be as to how much the entire undertaking measured and payment made in the will cost. If the contractors are presence of the entire group, there is required to furnish reliable guarantors very little chance for the food or and the penalty clause is rigid enough money to go to others than those for to ensure prompt execution of the whom they were intended. (See work, there is little left to do but to Chapter XII, Tientsin-Paotingfu High- inspect the finished product and pay way, for a fuller description of this the bill. method.) But under the contract plan the During periods of frost the piece relief features of the work are very work must be raised so that the men likely to be lost sight of entirely. may earn a living wage. This can be Large contractors invariably sub- done by making an allowance similar contract. And in sub-contracting, the to that when rock is encountered wages which the men are able to earn imbedded in earth. The allowance are generally pitifully low. The con- can be altered weekly to keep pace tractors are out for a profit, as a rule, with frost conditions. If this is made and do not hesitate to take advantage clear to the workmen, there need be of the necessities of those whom the no difficulty in reducing it when the famine relief society has set out to frost begins to leave the ground. relieve. The result is that while the Such allowances should be made only workmen are probably kept alive, on the authority of the Chief Engineer. their families are left to suffer. Then, If the condition of the population is too, in many cases a highly paid such that they can not wait for the skilled worker is in the end a more organization of a piece work system, or economical employee than a lowly paid the men are too weak to earn a living unskilled worker. Hence, the con- wage at rates fair for normal men, tractor may select men who may not they should be started on the day be in need of relief at all, to the basis with the distinct understanding exclusion of men who may be needy. that the piece work basis will be The contract method, however, will introduced within a fortnight or a generally be found to be less expensive month. Chinese respond surprisingly for a given job than either of the other fast to proper feeding, and certainly methods mentioned. within a month, and probably within The experience with these various two weeks, any man able to get a job to normal strength. forms of payment during the past would be back to do his normal day's year has been such, that each of them Once able under certain work, a Chinese prefers to be paid on is to be recommended piece basis, for it gives him special conditions. If the condition the work

( 21 S ) a chance to earn a little more than the societies receive preferential treatment average if he tries. And he should be from the railways, there is an added paid without a murmur if he does the inducement for such societies to pay extra work, and a piece work price in grain. But under equal conditions, once made should not be altered except the regular merchants have a knowl- for exceptional reasons. Chinese edge of the market and have con- laborers have pretty good ideas of nections which enable them to put justice in these matters and the grain on the market at very much foreigner who maintains his ground lower prices than the cost to a for- when it has been well taken will find eign relief society. There are times, himself more popular with his forces of course, in which transportation than one who yields to pressure on agencies need revision or intensifying. doubtful issues. This, individual merchants can not do well, while an influential society It frequently happens that a given very can secure the backing of the authori- piece of work is larger than can be finished within the famine period, but ties necessary for such purposes. that it is very desirable to leave a To a certain extent, the payment in finished job. In such cases, the grain tests out the severity of famine contract basis is quite satisfactory conditions. It should be assumed and justifiable, for these unfinished that famine relief societies will pay portions. workmen in part, at least, with the On the Yellow River road a com- wholesome but cheaper foodstuffs, bination of the piece work and like bean cake, peanut cake, buck- contract bases was used extensively. wheat, oats, barley, and cottonseed. A gang, or a combination of gangs, These all have food values which in would be offered a lump sum payment the bulk will average as high as their for a given section of road, or a customary kaoliang and millet, and certain number of culverts of given certainly are not to be compared with dimensions. The entire force was the weeds, chaff and soapstone which notified as to the conditions of the are the expedients resorted to by contract, and informed that they were starving people. Yet, the population to share equally in the payment. In of China is not accustomed to the use such cases, there is no sub-contracting of bean cake, etc. (except Shantung or cutting of wages. This plan was and Shansi, since last winter). used very successfully. Hence if they are not in dire need, they will not work for such foods. Payment in cash or in food. These foods then become the test of Whether famine workmen shall be which people actually are threatened starvation paid in food or in cash is another with and which merely question which must always be decid- desire to be fed well at no expense to ed according to the circumstances. themselves. Naturally, famine relief Where shortage of food supplies in should not be given to this latter class. the affected regions has raised prices While the market is high, payment to a point above the cost at origin in millet and kaoliang is attended plus normal costs of transportation, with a positive temptation to abuse. the threat of a powerful organization A workman who is given a ration to enter the market is very potent to sufficient for himself and family is discourage profiteering. In Shantung receiving goods which can be sold for local food prices dropped fully fifty cash, and his daily receipts can be per cent immediately following the sold for very much more than the delivery of a train load nf supplies by ordinary daily wage. Enterprising the Red Cross. Whenever relief farmers, who had supplies of their

( 216 ) own enough to see them through the would be doubled five months later, winter, have been known to try to buy and that other relief societies would their way on to the list for this very have such funds as to demand a large purpose. portion of the available foreigners, we Grain payments are more likely to should immediately send to /America be taken home to the family than are asking for a few experienced engineers, money payments. One of the beset- and a much larger number of young ting sins of the Chinese, rich and engineering graduates who were poor, is the passion for gambling. looking for experience and a chance While gambling sharks were run out to serve. of the camps the whenever found, yet When the second gift of SSOO,000 mere social the gambling among gold was received, it was mid-Febru- workmen undoubtedly worked a con- ary. At best, about six weeks would siderable hardship on many families. be required to recruit in America and The Red Cross found that it was bring to China any valuable engineer- advantageous on some jobs to change ing assistants. The operations were from grain payment to money pay- expected to taper off after the middle ment after the territory was well of May and to be pretty well stocked with grain, —especially in the closed down by the middle of June. later days of the work, when the These six or eight weeks of service intention was to assist in the partial would scarcely justify the expense of rehabilitation of those who had been importing engineers. Besides, China saved from starvation. On the other was in the midst of a business slump hand, it was found necessary to change and an incursion of educated Russians, from cash payments to grain payments which made a considerable number of in a district on one job, for the local men available. If these two conditions market become threatened with had not been present, it would have exhaustion several weeks before been necessary to have sent, at least, harvest. Hence, no rule can be laid to the Philippines and to Japan for down in advance as to what is good engineers. As it was, a considerable and what is bad, and any organization number came from the Philippines. fail to that adopts a rigid policy will Unless there is a business slump secure the best possible results. which makes available a number of Emphasis should be placed on the good men, advertisements for help in necessity of the responsible officers the Orient will only produce applica- local being intimately informed of tions from the unemployables and the conditions at all times. This again derelicts whom consuls wish to get rid placing in of this points to the necessity of of. Our forces included a few responsible positions Chinese speaking kind— some even with police records. foreigners of ability and standing in Some of these men know a great deal as the locality. about different kinds of work, and under long as they can be kept personnel: they Supervisory discipline, —and without money— used were are useful. Some of them have If we had it to do again, and opportunity to get a new grip on again assured that only $500,000 Gold the for the most part, the entire relief themselves. But were available for much beyond appeared that no such men are not useful work, and again it must first pay day. If such men large gifts for famine relief work the other paid only a should again be used, they should be were forthcoming, we the portion of their wages on decide to "carry on" with such small days, the remainder benig as could be secured in China. regular pay forces Consul and held the funds deposited with the But if we had any idea that

( 2 17 ) by him until the completion of their and in almost every case trouble of employment. Such a deposit will some kind broke out soon after. save the Consul embarrassment in These troubles may have been a mere providing transportation for such men coincidence, but the coincidence was elsewhere, and may at times come in so regular as to argue the existence of handy to the relief society in straight- a causal relation. On the Hantan job, ening up irregularities in accounts. we were practically forced to come to the same terms as those given by the A moot question arises as to the Canadian Presbyterians, which in our eftect of the "beach comber" upon view were too liberal, and this had the American prestige in the interior. effect of encouraging the people to There is no gainsaying that the obstruct " dicker " for still better regard in which the individual and terms. On the Paotingfu and Tientsin American is held is undeservedly high. jobs, the distribution of "free relief" The word "undeservedly" is used general that there was no advisedly, for the entire conception had been so disposition on the part of anybody to of Americans held by rural Chinese work for relief rations. Except where is derived from contact with only "free" region can be put entirely the most moral and idealistic types,— a is almost the missionaries. Many missionaries upon a "work" basis, it successful relief work deplore the entrance of any element hopeless to do on the "work" basis, in competition which will destroy, or at least lower, with basis. this high conception of the American the "free" held by the Chinese. Another mis- Final Appraisal of Results, sionary view, however, is voiced by one who said, "I welcome the coming No final appraisal of results can be of men, who represent the anti- made for years to come. Insufficient missionary attitude. We cannot keep famine relief reveals itself in heavier the Chinese forever in ignorance of death rates and weakened condition of the existence of this type of American. the population in after years, fully as There is no better time for them to much as in death rates during the come than now. Chinese have said year of famine. The moral effects of to me that the things in western different methods of relief is also to be civilization which they admit to be seen in the future, and may be subject better than their own are due to the to dispute, like all other opinions fact that we are of different race, dealing with intangibles. If the com- rather than to the difference in our munities served by the roads which religion. When I have time to get had been built maintain them, that back to my missionary work, these will be conclusive evidence of a certain drunkards and rowdies will give me moral effect. If they press on to just the examples I need for teaching build more, that will be even more that Christianity makes the difference conclusive evidence. It is not to be rather than race or nationality." expected that all communities will do so. Some have been given rather too Exclusive territory. large a task. They would do better

The experience on these jobs is by the roads if a smaller mileage had quite conclusive to the point that no been constructed. Yet the mental two organizations should attempt to shock of so large an effort will proba- give relief in the same territory. In bly have its effect in time, even though Shantung, representatives of another the first results pass away. nationality distributed free relief in In order that this year's work may several regions after the Red Cross teach its full lesson, the entire mileage had been in occupation for some time, ought to be visited next year, so that

( 218 ) results may be observed. If an engi- Red Cross roads will be subject to the neer were included in the observation same attacks. In fact, it is nAuch party, no doubt valuable data for more economical at this stage of future use in highway construction China's development to repair certain would be obtained. It is too much to kinds of periodical breaks than to expect that the roads which have been attempt to make the work break-proof. constructed shall not be subject to For the information of engineers who breaks from time to time. The rail- may inspect the work which has been ways of China after years of repair done, the following list of costs is and adaptation of protection works, given : are still at the mercy of floods. The

Miles Expenditure Average cost Completed. Mex. per mile Mex, Shantung 485 $834,000 $1,719 Hantan 46 130,000 2,826 Pingtingchow 80 560,000 7,000 Pingyao (and branches) .. 30 62,000 2,667 Yellow River 83 *645,ooo 7,771 Honan 39 100,000 2,560

. . 58,000 Tientsin-Paotingfu . . , . 75 773

Tientsin-Tungchow . . . . 12 56,000 4,667 Tingchow Wells 3.572 97,000 ($27.19 Red Cross well) 850 f 2, 542,000 portion per

* Includes $150,000 Mex. from the Shansi Famine Relief Society.

( 219 ) CHAPTER XVII THE ACCOUNTING DEPARTMENT

Head Office Accounting Force.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF ACCOUNTS, AMERICAN RED CROSS CHINA FAMINE RELIEF

1920—1921

Beginnings: the exigencies of the organization this voucher was printed both in Chinese The details concerning commence- and English. ment of operations by the American A receipt book was also printed in Cross, Famine Relief, are Red China the two languages, and used for the dealt with by the Director in the securing of written acknowledgment earlier pages of this report. by payee, where such payee did

From that time until January 3, not have his own printed form for

1 92 1, Mr. W. M. Cornwell was the receipt. financial and accounting man ; with A system of classification of accounts the aid of a Chinese clerk a careful was started by Mr. Baker, who from record was kept of expenditures. The railway and other experience was well voucher form used was the regular qualified to know what was required American Red Cross style, and to suit in a record of this nature.

( 2 20 ) ;

Appointment: The daily fluctuations in the ex- change rate of silver have In November, 1920, cable instruc- been shown in the graphs attached to the tions were received in Vladivostoii, monthly accounting Siberia, from Washington Headquar- reports. These changes were many and at times ters of the American Red Cross, these certain advisers stated that gold orders being that the Auditor of the had better be changed in order Siberian Commission should proceed to take advantage of the good rate of exchange. The to China and assume duties as Director Director of Accounts, however, of Accounts of the American Red has acted on the principle that gold should Cross, China Famine Relief. Thus, be exchanged for silver only as needed on January 3, 192 1, he arrived in and that it was no part of his duty to Peking and reported to Mr. Baker, take chances on the rates. From finding the accounts in good shape every reasonable viewpoint there was from which to take hold and plan for no cause to imagine that when the the accounting in connection with the banks were quoting silver for larger detailed operation which was $2.37 one dollar gold, that the pinnacle had seen by this time to be developing. been reached. The transactions from the beginning The political atmosphere was sur- up to that time were rewritten and set charged with uncertainty, while con- up on the books according to the ditions militaristic were also full of system which Comptroller W. Cooke possibilities. The business life of the Lewis of the American Red Cross nation was in a pessimistic state and National Headquarters at Washington, the general world depression had had installed in Siberia and which had come on China no less severely than proved so satisfactory in enabling on other nations. Unemployment was detailed monthly reports to be rife and many foreigners were seeking made. positions at this particular time. The books were opened in two With all these factors in mind, plus currencies, — U. S. Gold, as mostly all the feature of action and reaction moneys were from Washington and all between gold and silver, the curve of appropriations made on that basis rise and fall in the relations between and the Silver Dollar in which nearly the two precious metals will be better all the transactions were handled. understood.

Exchange: Currency: The currency question has been The great majority of our funds involved, as indeed everyone finds it, being in United States gold, there who handles money in China, which was the necessity for constant exchange country is on a silver basis. It must transactions from gold to tael and be understood that in one sense there then from tael to local currency dollar. is no national currency. The Chinese The average rate which we have banks, as well as the foreign financial secured is 1.975 silver dollars for one institutions, put out their own bank gold dollar, and is thus almost at the notes, —the foreign bank notes pass two to one rate. It will be noted that at par, as do some of the Chinese these transactions cover the period banks. Other Chinese banks, such as from beginning of our operations in the Bank of China, Peking, have their October, 1920, up to the present time. discounted. The minimum and maximum rates at notes these various banks which we have exchanged are 1.495 i" The notes of the cities and some of November, 1920, and 2.27 in March, pass current in big towns, but in the interior 1921. the

( 22 I ) parts actual silver is preferred. The be necessary at that time to convert financial unit is the tael, and the thfe "cash" or coppers to the dollar coinage unit is the silver dollar, some equivalent, as our silver books have of which are known as "Mexican" been kept at all times on the dollar and others as "Yuan Shih Kai." basis. These silver dollars are exchanged Bookkeeping System: into small silver coins ; ten and advice from Washington twenty cent pieces), which coins are When the appropriation was once again convertible to coppers, and as to amount of the received, a debit account was opened these in their turn can be exchanged entitled "Washington Appropriation" for "cash." The silver coins are and a credit established under " Unal- known as "large" and "small," the Appropriations." Then, as the distinction being that the large money- lotted Director made his appropriations for is also of the Yuan Shih Kai issue, the " Unallotted and ten lO-cent pieces are received for different operations, Appropriation" account would be one dollar. The small money, how- debited and an "Allotted Appropria- ever, is depreciated, and in exchange tion" account credited. This "Allotted for one silver dollar there can be " account, received eleven so-called lo-cent pieces Appropriation was a control separate accounts were opened plus a few coppers, the amount vary- and operations. ing from time to time and at different for each of the installed, the places. The currency scheme in the Under the system office for the China beginning called for one hundred main accounting reported direct to coppers as the equivalent of one dollar, Famine Relief gold dollars. and a regular decimal coinage was Washington in terms of rate of thus planned, but at the present There was figured an average expendi- moment the number of coppers received exchange for the month, and tures for all operations were converted for the dollar varies from 140 to 155. Thus, the big money lO-cent piece into gold at this rate, while cash on in together with will be convertible into about fifteen hand and banks, coppers (a copper being a one-cent unspent advances, were also figured at of piece), and the small lO-cent piece the given average rate for the end be can be exchanged for about twelve the month. The books would coppers. These coppers are issued in reopened on the first of the following one-cent and two-cent pieces. The month with that rate of exchange. New purchases of during the cash is a small coin with a hole money month and then a through the center and is generally to would be added with be seen in strings of about 200 to 240. second average rate secured, expenditures for current month The "cash" change in the interior at the fen to the copper, or, for the dollar, figured accordingly. at about 1500, although sometimes as Reports from Field Stations : high as 1560 to one dollar, or even From the main accounting office 1600, can be received. In the cities each operation received advances of the "cash" is not a great deal used, cash, with separate bank accounts, for prices having gone up in the last few each of which two signatures were years. required on all checks. A uniform These differences have caused trou- system of bookkeeping was installed bles, of course, in the accounting, for at each office and every month the the Chinese clerks and interpreters books were closed and a report made would pay for their minor purchases to the central office, these reports from in " cash " or coppers and then turn the field stations being always in

in their accounts accordingly. It would Chinese dollars only, and comprising :

( 222 ) I. Statement of expenditures with satisfactory as the practice with the division into the classification two American banks. headings. This expenditure was divided Cashiers Daily into separate reports for Statement: direct cash payments and for The plan was that each office should journal expenditure. The latter make up a cashier's daily statement, arose through the sub-advances being purpose of which was to keep the made by the field stations to executive informed of the state of the their operating cash personnel, who balances, and copies were to be reported back to the field station forwarded to the main office. These with their receipts and vouchers. cashier's statements would start with The benefit the of having these field balance at the beginning of the reports day, divided into cash and add in the receipts, and then journal show was that an additional the disbursements, giving a check was secured —the analysis summary at the end of the sheet of the actual which cash vouchers would would show the balance in have to agree with the total in banks and on hand at the end of the the day, columnar cash book under the with a total figure. At not all column Allotted Appropriation or stations was this kept up daily due to Expenditure. Similarly with the too few trained personnel. Journal. Advances: 2. Trial Balances. In the same way as the main office 3- Details of the field station account made advances to the stations, so with the head office. The balance they, in order to get money to their in this account, of course, would people in the field, had to make be the amount which the field advances for which they took receipts station owed to the main office, on their field vouchers and opened and would be covered by cash on ledger accounts with each of the hand and advances unspent. personnel receiving such advances. 4. Bank reconciliation statement. These men would make their expendi- tures and secure receipts, giving details of what the expenditures had The banks in which the different been for. From time to time the field station accounts were opened vouchers would be grouped and for- had been requested to send at the warded to the field office, where an end of each month all statements and audit was made and the amount canceled checks, to the main office; properly creditable placed in the there an inspection was made and ledger. The personnel would thus then both statements and checks keep a running account with the field forwarded to the field. On receipt of office, receiving funds and accounting these statements and checks the field for them from time to time. Definite accountants reconciled with their own instructions were issued that all check books, listing the outstanding advances should go from the field checks and forwarding a report to the offices only, so that a man receiving main accounting office. Our accounts an advance in the field was not to were kept with the Asia Banking make advances to any other person. Corporation, International Banking The idea was that it would be better Corporation, and the Hongkong and to keep the tree with as few branches Shanghai Banking Corporation. This as possible—where the system of latter bank does not return the advances runs as far as the twig of the canceled checks, merely giving a tree there is sometimes difficulty in detailed list, which of course is not so getting the sap back to the root.

( 2 23 ,) Monthly Reports: people were, naturally, of different training and temperament. To a very When the different month-end few accuracy in figures was proper, statements were received in the main but with the great majority exact office from the field, the figures were figures were a lost art. The insistent checked over as for totals, etc., and demand of the Accounting Depart- then placed on the main office books ment for full details and for accurate as debits to expenditure and credits figures was met constantly by the cry to the particular advance account that it was a famine relief work, and concerned. Each field retained its tired engineers or harassed store- own vouchers untU the end of the keepers could not be bothered with operation because of the necessity of such trifles. While much can be said, having available these vouchers for of course, for fatigued personnel, yet ready reference. We have not used on the other hand the Accounting the system of duplicate vouchers for Department throughout has felt that every payment, because the amount the contributors were entitled to as of detail work involved, in any case, detailed and accurate a report as was has been tremendous, and to require humanly possible. It is hoped that each field to furnish duplicate vouchers the records taken back will be for every payment, and then to send satisfactory along these lines. We these to the head office to be gone might mention again here, as we have over, was a work which we felt could mentioned elsewhere, that even some not in the urgency of the need be of the higher of our personnel were of properly installed. the opinion that if men of honesty Having received the reports from and probity, men of dependable the fields, in the early days of each caliber, stated that the money had month, the average rate had already been spent, that should be a sufficient been worked out, and then all local report. We ventured to disagree, and currency expenditures were converted are glad to say that these same gentle- to their gold equivalent. All cash on men were perfectly willing to help us hand and unspent advances were as much as their training and converted also and transferred to the experience would permit. gold ledger. Then the gold ledger, in its turn, was closed by charges to Figures : Washington and a cable report com- piled which, under an agreed code, At the time of writing this report gave Washington the facts as to the exact figures are not complete, amounts received and expended during but the amount expended has been the month and balances on hand. approximately Gold $1,214,000. The cable was confirmed by a written The original total appropriation report giving all details as to the way granted by National Headquarters was in which the cable figures were G. ^500,000, and then later a further reached, and showing the exact condi- G. .i?500,000 was appropriated, making tion of the China books at the end of in all G. .^i, 000,000. To this has each month. been added the donations received in America and in China, which total Difficulties : Local Currency ^408,358.74 and Gold In proceeding to carry out this $1,872 plus any monies received later plan there have, of course, been the in the States, and of which advice expected difficulties in dealing with has not yet reached China. Then our nearly three hundred foreign personnel funds have been increased by interest and also in addition several hundred on the various bank accounts, and in Chinese salaried personnel. These addition, since the time of beginning

( 224 ) to close the operations, we have from the Comptroller's Department received income from proceeds of sales. were that all expenditure should be The proceeds from interest and sales charged directly to expense, whether revert to Washington under the for expendable or non-expendable Anierican Red Cross accounting regu- material. At the conclusion of opera- lations, and thus, while we have listed tions whatever salvage value can be them in the table given below, yet we received for equipment belongs to have shown them deducted so as to National Headquarters and cannot be get the net amount for which we have used in the operation concerned to account. without a special authorization being In connection with the sales we given. might mention that the instructions

Gross Totals. Local Currency $ Gold $ Equivaknf Gold ^ Total Gold $ I Exchange $1,982,376.87$ 995,^^08.52 % 995,608.52 II Donations 408,358.74 215,085.82 S 1,872.00 216,957.82 III Interest on Bank Accounts I.534-I7 741.77 1,963.87 2,705.64 IV Sales 39,964-48 19,416.49 19,416.49 $2,432,234.26 $1,230,852.60 % 3,835.87 $1,234,688.47 Deduct III and IV which revert to Washington 41,498.65 20,158.26 1,963.87 22,122.13 Gold not changed '2,390,735.61 $1,210,694.34! 1,872.00 $1,212,566.34 17,500.00 17,500.00

,'• Receipt . M,39C,735.6i $19,372.00 $1,230,066.34 totals . $1,210,694.34 Spent 2,370,000.00 1,200,000.00 13,803.59 1,213,803.59

Balance, unspent . . $20,735.61 $10,694.34 $5,568.41 $16,262.75

Donations. was also the Standard Oil Company grant of Local Currency $24,937.50, Included in the donations is the and then through the China Central grant of local currency $250,000 made Committee of the American Red Cross, Advisory Committee by the American Shanghai, from the various American and which Washington authorized us Red Cross chapters in China, we to was entered on our accept. This received some Local Currency $19,000. was ear- books as Gold $125,000 and The Peking Chapter, American Red of the grant for marked at the time Cross, did not put their donations Province of Shansi operations in the through us, having made other The and in the Yellow River section. arrangements earlier in the Fall of considerably more report shows that 1920. The Hawaiian Chapter was the than that sum has been spent on the medium through which some local Fenchowfu to project of the road from currency $25,000 was donated to our the Yellow River. work from the Territory. Other larger donations were through Classification. the Philippines Chapter in the very In reference to expenditures, the early days of the work— Pesos 99,000 scheme of accounts called for division, —which realized Local Currency into five main groups : $70,273.78. Later there reached us Food, which comprised the further through the same source more I Relief purchase price of the than local currency $10,000. There actual

( 2 25 ) grain dislributed, cost of trans- Department under these five main portation, agencies in piirclias- heads, while an additional table gives ing, etc., and also expenses in the expenditures under sub-headings. connection with recruiting and It should be noted that some of the caring for tlie laborers. In this costs under " Engineering " are relief division, also, was charged cash work. For example, bridges and cul- paid to the workmen. verts, which while engineering, yet

I r Coinmissary, under which desig- g^ive labor employment to many men nation was placed the expendi- who were in need. Furthermore, the tures on food and quarters for materials used in this construction the supervising personnel, sal- also assisted in keeping open the aries of those who were caring channels of industry, as for instance for the grain supplies, and the preparation of lime, cutting of expenses incident thereto. stone, making of shovels and pickSj ill Engineering, to segregate the etc. This same explanation can be cost of engineering personnel, used with equal truth to the equipment, supplies and con- engineering subdivision "Trees and nected work. Wells," where again work was employ-

I V Health, to group charges for ed in an immediate famine relief medical and nursing staff, their measure, but also for the very import- materials and equipment, which ant phase of famine prevention. In included not only caring for the brick lining of wells there was the Chinese laborers when sick, opportunity afforded for reopening but also preventive works of brick kilns and the employment delousing and disinfestation. of labor that would otherwise have In addition, the medical staff suffered. Thus, immediately after the cared for the health of the for- table of analyzed expenditures I have eigners employed. regrouped these items, totalling each V General, covering, as the term department. implies, cost of general super- On the accounting records there vision at the main offices in have been ten (lo) operations, and Peking and Tientsin, and also for each of these works separate

at the field stations. analyses have been made of all expenditures, in the majority of cases ExpendiUcres. with a complete and separate set of The following figures show the ex- books in each field station. This has penditures charged b}- the Accounting involved a large amount of detail.

A mount Expended Account No. Field Throughout the Operations I2-A Shantung G. $459,000.00 12-B Hantan, Chihli 65,000.00 12-C Pingtingchow, Shansi 284,000.00 12-D Fenchowfu — Ping Yao Road, Shansi .. .. 31,000.00 12-E Fenchowfu—Yellow River Road, Shansi ,. 220,000.00 12-F Honan 50,000.00 12-G Paotingfu End, Tientsin — Paotingfu Road, Chihli 2,000.00 12-H Tientsin Tungchow Peking — — Road, Chihli . . 28,000.00 1 2-1 Tientsin End, Tientsin — Paotingfu Road, Chihli 27,000.00 12-J Well Digging at Tingchow, Chihli 48,000.00 Total Expended G. $1,214,000.00

( 226 ) This total expenditure, you will note This expenditure of G. $1,214,000 from the earlier table, is made up of is now shown divided into the five Local Currency $2,370,000 plus actual main groups, as below: gold expenditure of about G. ^14,000.

Classification of Expenditure— main heads. — — —

Regrouping Analysis. other than direct expenditure on relief. Grouping these again, as nientioned Included in this, however, is the non- earlier, we find that the total spent on expendable equipment, some of which actual cost of food, reliet wages, etc., is has been sold and the remainder $884,000. Adding to this amount the passed on to the organizations who two items from engineering. Bridges are continuing, in three cases, the and Culverts and Trees and Wells, we work begun by the American Red get an additional $128,500, which Cross, and in other cases left with makes a total for direct relief work of local organizations who will use the $1,012,500. The other items listed material for keeping in repair the total $201,500, so that about 16^% roads constructed by the American of our total expenditure has been for Red Cross, China Famine Relief.

Cost of food $478,750.00 Relief Wages 360,250.00 Transportation of Food ...... 20,000.00 Agency Costs re Food 9,000.00

Fuel Cost and . Transportation . . . 10,000.00 Recruiting 6,ooo.oo $884,000.00

Bridges and Culverts '. 81,750.00 Trees and Wells 46,750.00 128,500.00

Total for direct relief, by employment of labor T. V. $1,012,500.00 Salaries and Wages Commissary $19,000.00 Engineering 36,500.00 Medical 6,500.00 General 27,000.00 $89,000.00 Food and Quarters for Staff 18,500.00 Horses, autos, bicycles 11,000.00 Other Expenses Commissary $4,500.00 Engineering 1,000.00 Medical 2,000.00 General 6,750.00 $14,250.00 Equipment Commissary $ 2,750.00 Engineering 19,250.00 Medical 1,500.00 ,$23,500.00 Travelling Expense Commissary $ 1,500.00 Engineering 4,250.00 Medical 500.00 General 10,750.00 $17,000.00 Medicines 2,250.00 Engineering Supplies 18,500.00 Office Supplies 7,500.00 201,500.00 G. $1,214,000.00

Were these figures analyzed for the of the expenditures mentioned in this purpose of comparing the "Work" $201,500 which would have occurred versus "Free Gift" methods of distrib- anyway, i. e., travelling expenses, uting relief, there will be a large part salaries, office supplies, and the like.

( 228 ) :

It will be noted that the expenditure however, belongs under more properly in the " General" classification totals report of the Director of operation. U !i?52,ooo.oo which is 4lfo of the entire Toward the end of the work, when sum spent. For 850 miles of road grain shipments were not easy to (ignoring well-digging) these make " and transportation became dif- General " costs work out at G. *6i.oo ficult, cash payments were made in per mile, this including office expenses one or two other for fields. chief Engineers and Supts. of Commissary and Health. Salaries of Grain Purchased. these personnel were charged to their In purchasing grain, respective departmental classifications. we have secured it from Dairen, The 1 2 A— Shantung "General" ex- Kalgan, and Hsuchowfu, with penditure was charged throughout the some smaller pur- chases in the operation with costs of Peking and local fields, That purchased at Dairen was brought 1 ientsin offices. This was because in by United States Army transport the beginning, we had just the one to Chinwangtao, there loaded operation; and then, when the others to the Peking-Mukden cars and transferred were added, the Shantung work still to different places was the largest. at which it was required. The carrying of this grain Cas/i for ]]'ages. by transport saved a considerable The heading, "Relief Wages, was amount of funds and was a much inserted to ascertain the total amount appreciated courtesy extended by the which we spent in direct cash pay- United States Army officials. We ments rather than on purchases of should mention also the assistance grain. This phase has been mentioned given to us by the representative of to headquarters in earlier letters—how the Kailan Mining Administration at that in Shansi, Yellow River District, Chinwangtao. for instance, grain was available, but The total purchases of grain which only because it had been fetched in we have made have been 14,695 long from beyond the river down through tons, in addition to which the Church the age-old mule train in the of the Brethren Mission donated to mountains. In and around Fenchow- the work at Pingtingcbow, Shansi, 475 fu there had been no crops and the long tons of millet, xTiaking in all people were destitute. They live so 15,170 long tons of grain which has closely—just one step ahead of been handled by our dilTerent opera- trouble— all the time, and their liveli- tions. hood is in jeopardy with such a famine The division of purchases is as listed as came last year. Thus, these people below long tons had no money in hand with which to buy food, although food was available. Beans - 4,755 When the road work was undertaken Kaoliang- 4,535 Rice Bran - 1,250 it afforded an eagerly seized opportun- ity for these people to help themselves Bean Cake - - 1,120 826 over the black days of the spring of Barley Oats 794 1 92 1 by enabling them to earn the money with which to buy food. And Peanut Cake- 431 - the merchants of the district kept Millet Zl^'^ Buckwheat - 294 their promises when, despite the Cottonseed - - 178 CTolden possibilities, they did not fatten Corn - 118 as profiteers but maintained prices Wheat - 18 steady and reasonable. The "human interest " side of these matters, 14.695

( 229 ) Millet donated by Church of To each gang of thirty (30) men, the Brethren Mission - - 475 we issued 53 catties of grain per d^y Total - - - - .15,170 for the gang, plus 106 catties per day for the families (averaged at four The differenL As receiving this dependents to each man). Thus, grain are as follows: each gang and its dependents received long ions daily 159 catties, which at 2 cents per Shantung- - - 9,675 catty totals G. $3.18 per day for 150 Hantan, Chihli - - - 900 people, or a little more than two gold Pingtingchow 3,750 cents per day per person, and about plus 475 .ong tons of millet donated G. $3.00 per person for five months, Peking-TientsinHighway - - 160 Tieiitsin-Paotingfu Highway- 210 as actual cost of grain issued. It should be noted that this grain was 14-695 sufficient to maintain the people, and •ven to add other dependents, as has The total direct cost of this grain, jeen mentioned in preceding chapters. as shown by the table on page 10, was To get a final figure as to how many Gold $478,750, which figures to about ,ple were fed throughout the period, G. $32.50 per ton. The transportation d the cost per head, is not possible. and agency costs figure to about of our expenditure, as already G. $2.00 per ton, the transportation Much explained, was in the form of indirect, item being mainly the carting in the as well as direct, assistance to the field and the loading and unloading at famine sufferers. Cash wages paid the different points of purchase and were mainly on the same basis as the >.. very.

- grain payments, i. e., two gold cents In addition we have used 70 ' per person per day, averaging four •"It, of which 60 tons were .. dependents to each workman. c ' free through the courtesy of the 'here person- Salt Gabelle. If had been sufficient nel ' would have been possible to Costs have gathered figures enabling such a final statement to have been made; In 'le earlier days of the famine, but this would have meant quite a few the statement was made that five additional workers at each of the gold dollars (G. $5.r'~ 1 would feed a operations. The actual relief work n n right through Ui.til ha- st, or "e such demands upon the force sa for five months as then averaged. able, that nothing was attempted This meant one gold dollar per mon DL_,'Ond the measures necessary for or 3-1 /3rd. gold cents per day. The safeguarding funds and property, and estimate was based on the rate of for directing" the forces. exchange current at the time, and on t^e cost of grain as then quoted. Conclusion: Both these factors changed to the advantage of relief funds. The co-operation of all members, Grain, as noted earlier in this both foreign and Chinese, of the accounting seCij.on of the report, cost Accounting Department has been us G. $34.50 per long ton 1,680 greatly valued, and without it the catties (a "catty" is the unit, work of the Department could not Ithough variable, of Chinese weight, have gone forward. Any success id is equal to about l-i/3rd. which has been achieved has been due oirdupois pounds). to the willina; efforts of all. Fo™ c-iRev. If voucher covers gold dollar AMERICAN NATIONAL RED CROSS payment number must be prefixed by G, CHINA FAMINE RELIEF ^her No. FIELD VOUCHER Paid by AMERICAN NATIONAL RED CROSS. CHINA FAMINE RELIEF check No..

To Dr.

Address..

BKCKIPT A M ( > n N T DATE: DET.\ILS .VUMBEK Chineso Dollars cts.

T<>TAL h. 0.

Chargeahli is eorrect Funds acid Appropriation I certify Ih it this statement and that ths e.t[ieiises li>tecl were incurred by me iu thj pjrJurinauee ol oiiiciil dutiis.

Name and Title CASH DONATIONS RECEIVED IN CHINA

HE amounts stated below are in Mexican dollars unless otherwise specified T as Gold Dollars, Pesos, or Yen. American Advisory Committee, for Yellow River Road $250,000.00 American Community, Amoy 248.40 American Women's Club, Shanghai 125.00 Mr. and Mrs. Blakeslee 120.00 Canton Chapter, A. R. C 399.56

Changsha Chapter, A. R. C . 2,079.43 China Central Committee 3,580.86 China Famine Relief, Manila Chapter 9,674.50 W.D.Cunningham 75-17

,, ,, Yen 106.00 A. E. Curlton 3,084.72 Danforth Hospital 17.00 E. Findra 5.00 S. A. Gamble Gold 95.00

Mr. and Mrs. C. Gardner ,, 200.00 Hawaiian Chapter, A. R. C 34,391.92 Kulangsu Church 52.38

Lehr German Baptist Women's Mission . . . . Gold 50.00 Mrs. L. Leonard 10.00 Manila Chapter, A. R. C Gold 200.00 Rev. T. F. McCrea 10.00 Open Door Club, Wisconsin Gold 9.00 Dr. Perkins 106.00 Philippines Chapter, A. R. C Gold 300.00

,, ,, ,, Pesos 99,000.00 Presbytery of Kung Chang, Seoul 229.38 Dr. Prunemeir 50.00 Reformed Church i4-30 Mrs. M. C. Russell Gold 1,000.00 Scottish Rite Lodge 551-78 Seventh Day Adventists, Shanghai i, 195-95 vShanghai Sanitarium 22.50 Standard Oil Company 24,937.50 S. S. China's Passengers I9-9I S. S. Nanking's Passengers 60.09 Dr. Strich 55-52 Swatow Chapter, A. R. C 562.00 Szechwan Chapter, A. R. C 1,372.39 Tachowfu Chapter, A. R. C 150.00 Tan Lee 67.50 Tokyo Chapter, A. R. C Yen 2,310.00 Rev. Troxel 100.00 Unknown sources 255.97

,, ,, Gold 3.00

( 232 ) —

Mrs. M. K. Vail S 425.89 Wilder J?- 100 00 ^- Will f- Gold 12.00 Mr. Worley 100.00 M.B.Yung 159.95

The above donations gave a total Wrigley Chewing Gum Company for sum in Mexican Dollars of 335,532.57 its donation of forty-nine cases of which were worth 1216,997.07 Gold. chewing gum for distribution to the Since the name of the donors in many famine sufferers ; Messrs. Fearon, cases were not available, it is only Daniel Co. for the loan of the premises possible to publish the agency through occupied by the Executive office in which it reached the American Red Peking; Messrs. Arnold Brothers for Cross, China Famine Relief. the use of the premises occupied by

In addition to this list, there were the Accounting Office in Tientsin ; to endless other donations in the form of the staff of the China Central Com- services, property given or loaned, etc. mittee of the American Red Cross, Due to the great number of such for their services in acting as the instances and the fact that it is Shanghai representatives ; the Stan- difficult in the majority to say where dard Oil Company and the British the gift ended and reimbursement American Tobacco Company, and began, it will not be possible to make their officers; the various mission individual mention. boards and the Y. M. C. A. for the use However, acknowledgment must of their property and personnel. be made of the courtesy of the

( »33 ) PRRSONNBL OF AMERICAN RED CROSS, CHINA FAMINE RELIEF

E. E. Aiken VS R. J. Cannon USMC C. E. Akerstrom Y r. F. Carter VS H. C. Appell USA F. E. Clark L. S. Armstrong VV. C. Clark R. D. Arnold V M. de Colbert T. Attree T. M. Collester C. A. Bacon M. G. Connor VS F. S. Baker A. Combs USA S. J. E. Baker V H. Connelly VS Pvt. Baker USA N. H. Coppin

C. L. Bailey C. J. Cooke Joseph Bailie VV. M. Cornwell V E. H. Ballou V Sgt. Coyne USMC L. V. Barker \'S Winnie E. Cripe V iV. T. Barker Rowland Cross V C. P. Barkman F. H. Crumpacker \' M. W. Belaboboff Mrs. Crumpapker V C. C. Bell E. A. Davies

Corp. Bellmore USMC J. F. DeVault VS W. Berry 1. Diamond F. E. Bichel USA C. W. Diercks H. N. Bishop VS S. M. Dixon

J. P. Bjergaarde VS H. R. Dixon V Anna V. Blough V P. D. Dutton VS Lieut. Bogert USMC V. P. Eastman V

W. D. Boone VS W. J. B. Edgar B. Booshooef Ehlers VS ^. R. Borghi C. Elkington Bovyer VS C. E. Ewing V

S. Bowman V J. B. Farmer VS H. A. Boyd V W. H. Faulkner VS A. Boyer Pvt. Fell USMC Dr. Braafladt VS Mrs. L. Ferrier V. F. Bradfield V Miss C. Flagler VS Pvt. Brady USA D. E. Ford

W. J. Brehm Pvt. Forrest USMC

J. H. Bright VS C. P. Gabbott D. G. Brown VS F. R. Gabbott R. E. Brown VS H. A. Gluckauff

p. W. Brown USMC J. A. Goette Bernice Bryan E. G. Goldsborough D. F. Callahan Annie Goodrick

A. G. D. Campbell F. J. Griffith V E. Campbell J. Gardiner V

( 234 ) M. A. Geniacofl" K. Korhonen \'S Pvt. Getty USA J. M. Krieger H. Gilbert W. I. Lacy VS R. Glover USA H. S. Lant USA C. Goodrich VS. J . Lapin J. Gray C C. Lee W. H. Grant VS W. Lester I. Greenberg USA A. Logan V.S

J. A. Griffin C. F. Long T. Hagan !•:. R. Long VS

W. Hals all 1. S. Love VS \' S. Hancock J. W. Lowe H. K. Harris USMC, E. Lower USA G. S. Harter E. Luer A. Hausske \' Miss R. B. Lustgarten Haynes V Bessie R. Lyons

Hildra Haw ley J. R. Lyons V VV. P. Hedrick VS Mary McClure \' J.J. Heeren VS T. McDermott A. D. Heininger V R. T. McDonnell VS McRae VS W. J. Heisey VS J. P. V. Helliwell V MacEacheron \'

F. F. Henke J. H. MacVicar V \^. Matzen USMC C. Hildabrand J. P. Hole V C. E. Mitchell G. C. Hood V J. J. Moe VS D. L. Horning \' E. C. Monroe USMC Montoure USxMC L. P. Horsfall USA G. E. A. W. Hummel V A. P. Moonshi Mrs. Mortimer VS F. R. Hurst USA H. L. Mott USA L. R. Hussell E. Mountain V A. M. Hutchison VS A. A. Mowatt \' L. Impey J. E. Myer R. B. Irving G. Myers VS L. A. Jackson M. M. Nash VS M. Jenson V W. L. H. Nelson USMC S. D. Joffick J. Sgt. Nelson USMC E. J. Johanson V A. M. Nekrasoff C. V. Johnson Oberholtzer V H. W. Johnson L E. Oliver W. W. Johnston VS R. A. A. F. Olsson W. C. Jordan VS L. E. Osburn Pvt. Kahn USA S. Ostroumoff Pvt. Kaplan USA Pvt. Owens USMC T. Kelly Cecil Palmer ^' P. Kiehn V E. C. Perkins VS A. King VS J. W. W. Petropavlovsky Lucia Kingman Petty USMC W. Knutsen USA Corp. P. Pivovarsk USMC L. M. Kolesnikoff J. Mrs. M. Pollock V M. Kofif B. Povitzky B. S. Kookolevsky

( 235 ) R. W. Powell W. H. Stout USA Mrs. R. W. Powell Mrs. G. R. Street VS F. G. Pratt B. B. Struthers VS E. Prater M. SulHvan

J. I. Pure R. C. Swink. USMC

W. O. Pye V J. Subert A. C. Reed V R. Szumigalski USMC W. R. Reeds V F. Tatlock A. V. Restsov A. D. Terrill VS A. B. Richards V A. Thiele

J. Robbins O. J. Todd E. M. Rosario P. Torjerson V

J. Rose USA R. A. Torry V Miss A. E. Ross V E. Trevor G. M. Ross VS C. W. Troxel E. L. Sanford VS F. F. Tucker V H. E. Saville VS G. W, Twomey M. Schaeffer VS Lulu Ullom VS E. C. Schaublin USMC F. Vega Dr. Scott V R. H. Wagner M. H. Seelig S. B. Wakerfield Mrs. R. A. Sepulveda VS C. M. Walton V N. A. Seese V E. M. Wampler V

Clarissa C. Shaw F. J. Wampler V V. A. Sheldon Mrs. F. J. Wampler ^ Mrs. V. A. Sheldon P. T. Watson V M. Simpson Mrs. P. T. Watson V <'. C. Sollenberger VS H. S. Wavell H. L. Sone V K. C. Weedin VS Mrs H. L. Sone V F. C. West

J. A. Stakkon F, G. Williams VS F. F. Stanley WilHams V C. A. Staples USA Jesse B. Wolfe V Dr. Stearns V Mrs. J. B. Wolfe V M. Steele W. W. Woodbury H. H. Steinmetz G. Wordsworth Mrs. T. Stevens E. W. Young VS Violet Stewart V L. Yow USA

J. W. Stillwell USA

V— P^ull volunteer VS—Volunteer with maintenance USA—Assigned to this service by United States Army with maintenance furnished by American Red Cross USMC—Assigned to this service by United States Marine Corps, with maintenance furnished by American Red Cross The volunteer service is made up of men loaned by eighteen different missionary bodies in China and one commercial firm.

( ^,36 )