DOCSLIB.ORG

The Foreign Service Journal, September 1921 (American

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Foreign Service Journal, September 1921 (American CONSUL! LLETIN PUBLISHED MONTHLY WITH 1HE COOPERATION OF THE AMERICAN CONSULAR ASSOCIATION TO FURTHER AMERICAN INTERESTS IN FOREIGN LANDS THROUGH THE r.QNglTT AP ci-Rv;rir VOL. 3 SEPTEMBER 1921 No. 7 Photograph by Simmons & Tens chert Bros. SECRETARY HUGHES WITH CONSULAR CLASS Bottom Roto (left to right)—Fred R. Robinson; Egmont C. von Treschow; Wilbur J. Carr, Director of the Consu¬ lar Service; the Secretary of the State; H. C. Hengstler, Chief of the Consular Bureau; Consul General Wm. B. Steu'art; Leon Dominion; Arthur C. Millspaugh, Middle Row—Hugh C. McCarthy, James R. Wilkinson, Walter S. Rcineck, Nathaniel P. Davis, Leonard N. Green, Marshall M. Vance, Leland L. Smith. Top Row—Robert R. Patterson, John J. Ewart, Charles I. Graham, Donald F. Bigelow, Francis H. Styles, Robert D. Longyear, George A. Townsend. EDITOR & PUBLISHER, J. W. YOUNG. TIFFIN BUILDING. Long Island City, N. Y. Qualities for a Consul Secretary Hughes, Addressing Class of Consular Neophytes, Tells of the Elements of Character We Should Strive to Attain The class of consular neophytes, which assembled at have found least often is the capacity to be accurate. the end of June to receive guidance at the hand of I have set greater store by the discovery that I could Consul General Stewart, is now dispersing over the absolutely depend upon what a man said than I have seven seas. Their period of instruction was fortunate in ever set by anything that his friends may say, who are many respects. The President received them at the not in close contact with him and in a position to observe Executive Offices. The following day Secretary Hughes his daily work. Your accuracy is absolutely necessary addressed to them some impromptu remarks which in order that this government should be properly ad¬ should prove a guide and an inspiration to the whole vised with regard to the matters which are essential for Service. On July 21st they were welcomed into full the protection of our commercial interests. consular standing at a supper given by the Consular Integrity of Character Association at the Washington Golf and Country Club, “Now, I don’t mean by emphasizing that to create such at which the Director of the Consular Service presided. a feeling of caution that you can’t say anything because Mr. Hughes’ remarks, which have been the occasion of the fear of making a mistake. That is not the cor¬ for favorable editorial comment in the press, were taken rect attitude. The attitude is to find out the facts and down stenographically as follows: then state them and not to be in a position of fear and “Well, gentlemen, there is nothing that I have to say of ignoble apprehension that you may make some mis¬ to you of a formal character, but I certainly should not take in endeavoring to ascertain the facts and report wish to miss this opportunity of giving you my most them. It is the good, square, manly attitude of a man cordial congratulations upon the success you have who finds himself equal to his job, who knows what achieved and the very best possible wishes for the entire he wants and how to get it, and has the integrity of success of your new career. character which makes it impossible to be content with Importance of Personal Unit anything less than a thorough examination of each par¬ ticular case or in any way to be satisfied unless he puts “I have no doubt that you have been so fully in¬ down fully and completely, for the advantage of his structed as to the duties that you are to assume and the responsibilities that will bear upon you, that it is wholly' Government, what he discovers. If we can have all unnecessary for me to venture any comment upon them. through the world men capable of that accuracy in re¬ porting, it will be of the greatest advantage to the Gov¬ But no one can be charged with responsibility in con¬ ernment of the United States. nection with our foreign relations and fail to have a constantly growing conviction of the vast importance “Of course, I need not tell you that the character of of the personal quality, ability and efficiency of those the American people will be judged, by countless num¬ who represent the United States in foreign countries. bers of those who live in other countries, by the im¬ “You know, of course, that upon your integrity and pression you make upon them. Your representation is skill and ability in many cases rest the protection of not simply in a technical and official sense, but the lives and property of American citizens. You know way in which you conduct your business will in a very with what absolute confidence in your fidelity important large number of cases tend to create the sort of feeling interests of governmental character are confided to your that is entertained toward the people of the United care. Those matters are so obvious that I shall not States. We don’t want representatives who are flam¬ dwell upon them. I want, however, to say a brief word boyant, bombastic, boastful, unreasonable, severe, auto¬ on this. This Government, in the conduct of its for¬ cratic,—who are disposed to make a great deal of their eign relations, is not proceeding according to any arti¬ authority at the expense of those who are making polite ficial formula. We intend to deal with situations accord¬ inquiries; who are disposed to be nervous and petulant ing to the facts, in accord with the evidence in the in the presence of a great many competing demands. case. We desire to be perfectly fair and reasonable in The man who succeeds in this world in any position all our relations, and we cannot maintain that attitude where there are a great many burdens and demands is unless we know with accuracy the facts which bear upon the man who can keep quiet and placid when there is the various questions that arise. For our apprehension very severe pressure, who can keep his head and intelli¬ correctly of these facts we depend upon the representa¬ gence, at the same time giving the impression of a man tives of the government. In very large measure we de¬ adequate to the exigency. If you can give that impres¬ pend upon our consular representatives. I confess that sion you will do a great deal for your country besides in my experience with young men the capacity that I merely reporting what you observe. I do not want to -2- AMERICAN rONSULAIL j^ULLETIlST enlarge on these matters—intelligence and tact. Of with others, in benefiting commerce, unless it was puri¬ course, that perception, that nice perception of a situa¬ fied and toned up, as it now has been to a gratifying tion without which you can’t give an accurate account degree.” of it; that ability to get on with people without creating unnecessary troubles,—all that is of the greatest im¬ De Soto Bidden Godspeed portance in your career. The affair at the Washington Golf and Country Club A Real Career was also an impromptu good-by for Consul Hernando de Soto, whose temporary assignment to the American “I am glad I fell on that word ‘career’ and that you Commission in Berlin, after four years of service in the have a career. That is one of the best features of the Department of State, was announced, it chanced on the procedure through which you have been brought into day preceding. Tracy Lay spoke some words of appre¬ this relation. It is a career, and that does not mean ciation, which were vigorously applauded by Mr. a refuge for the inefficient or a place where you are pro¬ de Soto’s colleagues. tected, where you can’t be gotten out in case you don’t The new class began, on the following day, its disper¬ measure up to your opportunities or your duties. It sion, as has been said, over the seven seas. Leon means a place where men of integrity and efficiency are Dominian goes to Rome as Economist Consul, while retained and where proved efficiency will reap its re¬ Arthur Millspaugh, also of Class IV, remains for the ward in a just promotion. present in the Department of State. Of the Consuls of “You have my very best wishes for your success, and Class VII, Leland L. Smith goes to Saigon; Egmont C. I am glad to have had this opportunity of meeting you von Treschow, to Africa; Fred R. Robinson, to Saltillo; personally.” and Marshall M. Vance to Colombo. New York Times’ Comment The dispersion of the Class III Vice Consuls of career is even more widespread: Walter S. Reineck to The editorial comment of the was New York Times Budapest; Nathaniel P. Davis to Berlin; Robert D. Long¬ published July 26th under the heading, “Consuls, New year to Port au Prince; Donald F. Bigelow to Bucharest; Style”: Charles H. Heisler to Kovno; James R. Wilkinson to “The little address which Secretary Hughes made last Havre; John J. Ewart to Berlin; Charles I. Graham to week to a group of beginners in the Consular Service Beirut; Hugh C. McCarthy to Tientsin; and Rovert R. is a reminder of good old days better forgotten. He con¬ Patterson to Liverpool. gratulated them on having won their appointments by The three Consular Assistants, Leonard N. Green, merit! Did no old-fashioned spoilsman turn in his grave? George A. Townsend and Francis H. Styles, will be re¬ The Secretary also dwelt upon their duties—to be, above tained for the present in the Department of State.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gandhi As Mahatma: Gorakhpur District, Eastern UP, 1921-2'
    Gandhi as Mahatma 289 of time to lead or influence a political movement of the peasantry. Gandhi, the person, was in this particular locality for less than a day, but the 'Mahatma' as an 'idea' was thought out and reworked in Gandhi as Mahatma: popular imagination in subsequent months. Even in the eyes of some local Congressmen this 'deification'—'unofficial canonization' as the Gorakhpur District, Eastern UP, Pioneer put it—assumed dangerously distended proportions by April-May 1921. 1921-2' In following the career of the Mahatma in one limited area Over a short period, this essay seeks to place the relationship between Gandhi and the peasants in a perspective somewhat different from SHAHID AMIN the view usually taken of this grand subject. We are not concerned with analysing the attributes of his charisma but with how this 'Many miracles, were previous to this affair [the riot at Chauri registered in peasant consciousness. We are also constrained by our Chaura], sedulously circulated by the designing crowd, and firmly believed by the ignorant crowd, of the Non-co-operation world of primary documentation from looking at the image of Gandhi in this district'. Gorakhpur historically—at the ideas and beliefs about the Mahatma —M. B. Dixit, Committing Magistrate, that percolated into the region before his visit and the transformations, Chauri Chaura Trials. if any, that image underwent as a result of his visit. Most of the rumours about the Mahatma.'spratap (power/glory) were reported in the local press between February and May 1921. And as our sample I of fifty fairly elaborate 'stories' spans this rather brief period, we cannot fully indicate what happens to the 'deified' image after the Gandhi visited the district of Gorakhpur in eastern UP on 8 February rioting at Chauri Chaura in early 1922 and the subsequent withdrawal 1921, addressed a monster meeting variously estimated at between 1 of the Non-Co-operation movement.
    [Show full text]
  • Report of the China Famine Relief, American Red Cross, October
    Report of the China Famine Relief American Red Cross + October, 1920—September, 1921 Mustrated from Photographs TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Map showing location of Red Cross Operations 2 Letter of transmittal iii Chapter I. Background of the I'amine i . 6 II. Preliminaries to Red Cross Operations. " Work " versus " Free" methods of relief 7 Selection of territory and kind of work 8 Early organization . 9 Decision to pay in food rather than cash 9 Procedure with officials 9 Co-operation of Shantung authorities secured ii III. Size of the Job and General Plan I3 Population for which Red Cross assumed responsibility 13 Method of payment to workmen 14 Plan of organizing the workmen '4 Organization of Supervisory forces 16 Change from volunteer to salaried forces i/ Nationalities employed 1/ The standard ration i ^ Purchases, transportation methods 19 IV. Recruiting 22 Forms used . 25 Instructions issued to recruiting forces, village elders, gangs 28 V. Engineering • .32 Location and problem of right of way 32 Plan of purchase, line and grade, cross section ... 34 Mefbod of construction . - • 34 3" Organization .... Rate of pay 4° Methods of laying out work 4° Results, costs 42 Recommendations for upkeep. 44 Concerning macadam 45 Rules for Land Purchasing issued by Shantung Relief Society 47 Instructions governing piece work system 5° VI. Commissary 52 Billeting division 52 Foreign Supplies division 54 Stores division 57 Transportation division °2 VII. Health division ^^ Organization °'^ De-infestation ?° 88 Statistics 1 Chapter Page VIII. Pingtingchow Operation 93 Origin and general plan 96 Recruiting 98 Commissary 98 Engineering 106 Health 118 IX. Fenchowfu Operation 125 General and preliminary 127 Pingyao Road 136 Yellow River Road 136 Description of the route 138 Sample contract 142 X.
    [Show full text]
  • Mikhail Nikolaevich Girs Papers
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf8t1nb320 No online items Register of the Mikhail Nikolaevich Girs papers Finding aid prepared by Ronald Bulatoff Hoover Institution Library and Archives © 1998 434 Galvez Mall Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-6003 [email protected] URL: http://www.hoover.org/library-and-archives Register of the Mikhail 28015 1 Nikolaevich Girs papers Title: Mikhail Nikolaevich Girs papers Date (inclusive): 1917-1926 Collection Number: 28015 Contributing Institution: Hoover Institution Library and Archives Language of Material: Russian Physical Description: 53 manuscript boxes(22.1 Linear Feet) Abstract: Correspondence, studies, reports, telegrams, memoranda, statistics, charts, clippings, and other printed matter, relating to White Russian diplomatic, political, and military activities during the Russian Revolution, Russian émigré activities, and conditions in Russia during and after the Revolution. Access The collection is open for research; materials must be requested at least two business days in advance of intended use. Publication Rights For copyright status, please contact the Hoover Institution Library & Archives Acquisition Information Acquired by the Hoover Institution Library & Archives in 1928. Preferred Citation [Identification of item], Mikhail Nikolaevich Girs papers, [Box no., Folder no. or title], Hoover Institution Library & Archives. Alternative Form Available Also available on microfilm (75 reels). 1856 Born, Russia 1894 Russian Minister to Brazil 1898 Russian Minister
    [Show full text]
  • Collected Commentary on the Ku Klux Klan
    BECOMING MODERN: AMERICA IN THE 1920S PRIMARY SOURCE COLLECTION ONTEMPORAR Y HE WENTIES IN OMMENTARY T T C * — The Ku Klux Klan — Spreading far beyond its southern Reconstruction roots, the resurgent Klan of the 1920s was a short-lived but potent phenomenon. By equating white Anglo-Saxon Protestantism with “true Americanism,” it fueled intolerance for blacks, Catholics, Jews, immigrants, and those it deemed immoral and lawless. Under the guise of patriotism and Christianity, it justified acts of intimidation and vigilante justice. As the Klan grew nationally, many “klaverns” eschewed violence while fostering suspicion and prejudice toward “the other” in their communities. The following selections from commentary on and by the Klan offer an overview of this pivotal movement of the 1920s. BACK TO LIFE AND VERY ACTIVE AFTER FORTY YEARS! W. E. B. Du Bois This is the thrilling story that one hears today in various “The Ku Klux Are Riding Again!” parts of the South. The old Klan with its white-robed citizens The Crisis, March 1919 going out to maintain the supremacy of the white race, as depicted by Thomas Dixon and his satellite, D. W. Griffith,1 has again come to life. Read this article printed in a daily in Montgomery, Ala.: __ KU KLUX KLANSMEN SUGGEST SILENT PARADE! __ The city of Montgomery was visited last night by a Ku Klux Klan that bore all the earmarks of the ancient honorable order that placed white supremacy back in the saddle after a reign or terror for several years by Negroes and scalawags. About one hundred white-robed figures silently paraded through the town and, as the paper specially mentioned, went into that section where the Negroes lived.
    [Show full text]
  • Secrets of the Ku Klux Klan Exposed by the World.” So Read the Headline Atop the Front Page of the New York World on 6 September 1921
    Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass History Publications Dept. of History 2015 Publicity and Prejudice: The ewN York World’s Exposé of 1921 and the History of the Second Ku Klux Klan John T. Kneebone Virginia Commonwealth University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/hist_pubs Part of the Gender, Race, Sexuality, and Ethnicity in Communication Commons, History Commons, and the Journalism Studies Commons Copyright © 2015 John Kneebone Downloaded from http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/hist_pubs/12 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Dept. of History at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Publications by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PUBLICITY AND PREJUDICE: THE NEW YORK WORLD’S EXPOSÉ OF 1921 AND THE HISTORY OF THE SECOND KU KLUX KLAN John T. Kneebone, Ph.D. Department Chair and Assistant Professor of History, Virginia Commonwealth University “Secrets of the Ku Klux Klan Exposed By The World.” So read the headline atop the front page of the New York World on 6 September 1921. Twenty days and twenty front- page stories later, the World concluded its exposé with a proud headline declaring “Ku Klux Inequities Fully Proved.” By then more than two-dozen other papers across the country were publishing the World’s exposures, and, as Rodger Streitmatter puts it, “the series held more than 2 million readers spellbound each day.” The Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, Inc., had become national news. Most contemporary observers agreed with the World that the now-visible Invisible Empire would not survive the attention.1 Predictions of the Klan’s demise proved premature.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Review
    FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF RICHMOND General Business and Agricultural Conditions in the Fifth Federal Reserve District By CALDWELL HARDY, Chairman and Federal Reserve Agent RICHMOND, VIRGINIA, OCTOBER 31, 1921 Signs that seem to point Textile manufacturers con­ to a healthy business revival CONTENTS tinue to receive increasing are slowly but steadily be­ orders, and are making some coming more apparent in the profits out of the new busi­ Fifth Reserve District, a de­ Introduction ness. Prospects in the cloth­ velopment that has its origin Condition of Member Banks ing trade are fair, and the with the improved demand Debits to Individual Account shoe business is good. Hos­ for cotton, cotton goods, and Monthly Clearings iery and knit goods manu­ profitable prices for tobacco. Business Failures facturers are operating their The cotton crop report, is­ Textiles mills full time, with suffi­ sued by the Department of Clothing cient orders ahead to take Agriculture, as of Septem­ Foods their output for several ber 25, was more optimistic Coal months. Food dealers re­ than had been expected, but Tobacco port good business in all the prices have not declined Cotton lines during September, with seriously, and are hovering Building Construction an increasing tendency for persistently near the twenty Retail Trade jobbers to buy for future cent mark. The effects of Wholesale Trade requirements. The coal out­ the present prices for cot­ put is increasing steadily, ton and tobacco have been probably sufficiently to take felt in every line of business care of increased orders as in the District, and the reports received from lead­ industry gets back into operation.
    [Show full text]
  • Download (Pdf)
    FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF ST. LOUIS MONTHLY REPORT ON GENERAL. BUSINESS CONDITIONS IN FEDERAL RESERVE DISTRICT NO. 8 Released for Publication On and After the Morning of October 31, 1922 W IL L IA M McC. MARTIN, CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD AND FEDERAL RESERVE AGENT D ECIDED improvement has marked the course deliveries of raw materials from distant points by of general business in this district during the recourse to supplies nearer at hand, and in many past thirty days. Removal to a large extent instances the spot material commanded stiff pre­ of the handicaps incident to the coal and railroad miums. In a lesser degree, similar conditions were strikes has had the effect of restoring confidence reported in other industries, and profits were and demands held in abeyance pending the outcome adversely affected. In the case of heavy goods, of these controversies are being filled on a large reports from manufacturers indicate a shortage of scale. With but few exceptions, reports of mer­ raw materials during the balance of the year. In­ chants and manufacturers indicate substantial gains creased activity in manufacturing was reflected in sales over the corresponding period a year ago. in the heavier sales of electric power to industrial In many important lines, notably those based on consumers by public utility companies in the dis­ iron and steel, the volume of business during the trict. period under review would have been considerably Continuance of the dry, hot weather during larger but for the scarcity of freight cars and inter­ September over the greater part of the district ference with transportation service, due to conges­ proved beneficial for harvesting operations, but tion at large terminals.
    [Show full text]
  • The Reflector; September 1921
    ·SEPTEMBER 19 21 MARTIN HERBERT EISENHART Mr. M. Herbert Eisenhart came to Bausch & Lomb in December of that stirring and epoch-making year of 1917 , when America, thoroughly aroused, had thrown herself into the world conflict then raging in Europe. He joined our organization to assist in meeting the extraordinarily heavy re- quirements which made it necessary for us to neglect, to some extent, our regular t rade-for Uncle Sam was in dire need of optical military goods to equip our army and navy, and Bausch & Lomb was most heavily depended upon to produce this equipment. With the armistice, and the sub- sequent completion of war work, our organization was again enabled to turn its whole attention to the needs of our regular trade. Both in our war work, and our present preparation more adequately to serve the regular "peace- time" optical trade, Mr. Eisenhart has been an especially valuable adjunct to our organization. Having been graduated from Princeton University in 1905, and later from the Chemical Engineering Course in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he entered the Industrial Laboratory of the Kodak Park plant of t he Eastman Kodak Company. In 1911 Mr. Eisenhart was transferred to the manufacturing section of the plant, where he served as Assistant Superintendent of the Chemical Plant until 1913, At this time he was elevated to Superin- tendent, which position he held until he came to our organi- zation. THE REFLECTOR Vol. II Published by and for the Bausch & Lomb Optical Co. and Employees No. 8 and 9 City Night School Opportunities Courses Offer ed in A lmos t Every Phase of Industry H E Principal of a boys' school in t he middle scene of action, but back in those early days of T west addressed the youngsters one morning as t he incjividual's training.
    [Show full text]
  • Infant Mortality and Influenza in Toronto, 1917-1921 the Effect of Pandemic Influenza
    INFANT MORTALITY AND INFLUENZA IN TORONTO, 1917-1921 THE EFFECT OF PANDEMIC INFLUENZA ON INFANT MORTALITY IN TORONTO, ONTARIO, 1917-1921 By STACEY HALLMAN, B.A. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts McMaster University © Copyright by Stacey Hallman, August 2009 MASTER OF ARTS (2009) McMaster University (Anthropology) Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: The Effect of Pandemic Influenza on Infant Mortality in Toronto, Ontario, 1917-1921. AUTHOR: Stacey Hallman, B.A. (University of Victoria) SUPERVISOR: Professor D. Ann Herring NUMBER OF PAGES: ix, 134 11 ABSTRACT The 1918 influenza pandemic was not a disease of infants. Most research on this disease has focused on young adults, whose excess mortality was most alarming. However, as infant mOliality rates are a measure of social health, an analysis of infant death provides another avenue for exploring the declining environmental conditions due to this epidemic. This study investigates infant mOliality in Toronto, Canada, from September to December 1918, through the Registered Death Records of the Province of Ontario. A comparison of infant death in 1918 to surrounding years (1917-1921) revealed that infant mortality rates remained relatively stable. However, there were changes in the infant mortality profile. Deaths from influenza did increase slightly and were early for the typical airborne disease season. While infants did not suffer from the drastic rise in excess mortality that was seen in adults, the epidemic altered who was dying and when. Although a community may be greatly strained by an epidemic and stressful social conditions, the infant mortality rate may be more representative of long­ term social stress rather than acute, intensive crises.
    [Show full text]
  • The Floods in Central Texas in September, 1921
    DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ALBERT B. FALL, Secretary UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director Water-Supply Paper 488 THE FLOODS IN CENTRAL TEXAS IN SEPTEMBER, 1921 BY C. E. ELLSWORTH Prepared in cooperation with THE STATE OF TE?A8 WASHINGTON 0OYERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1923 ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAT BE PROCURED FKOM ' THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVEKNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 15 CENTS PER COPY PURCHASER AGREES NOT TO RESELL OR DISTRIBUTE 1ES3 COPY FOR PROFIT. P.UB. RES. 67, APPROVED MAT 11, 1923 V CONTENTS. Page. Introduction_________________ 1 Acknowledgments_________________ _ _ ___ _ _ 2 Area covered by the storm__________ _ _ _ 3 General features _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 3 Topography and geology-______ ___ _ _ _ _ _ 3 Damage caused by flood ___ 4 Precipitation ________________, ___________________ 7 Maximum discharge per square mile _ : _ _ 13 Flood flows_________________-__-_ - _ 14 Brazos River flood______________ _ _ _ 14 General features___________________________ 14 Determination of flow ________ ______ _______ 16 Little River and tributaries______________________ 17 General features__________________________ 17 Determination of flow_______________________ 18 Little River below junction .of Leon and Lampasas rivers 19 Little River at Cameron______________________ 20 Salado Creek near Salado________________: 22 San Gabriel River at Georgetown________________ 24 Brushy Creek at Round Rock______________ __ 27 Colorado River flood_______________________________ 29 Guadalupe River flood____________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Explosion in a Nitrogenous Fertiliser Plant 21 September 1921 Oppau
    French Ministry of Environment - DPPR / SEI / BARPI N° 14373 Chemical industry Explosion in a nitrogenous fertiliser Disaster Ammonium Sulphonitrate plant Victims 21 September 1921 Material damage Oppau – [Rhénanie] Modifications Germany FACILITIES INVOLVED Facility: The facility built in 1911 over 8 hectares started to produce nitrogenous fertilizers two years later. This included mainly a mixture of potassium chloride and ammonium nitrate in equal proportions. The raw material ammonia was produced using the new Haber-Bosch process that uses atmospheric nitrogen. There were 8,000 people working on the site. During war times, ammonia salts were produced for military use such as constituents for explosives. However after 1918, ammonium salts continued to be produced for civil purposes. Since 1919, the potassium chloride/ammonium nitrate mixture was gradually replaced by a 50/50 mixture of ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate called "mischsaltz". This highly hygroscopic mixture had the disadvantage of clogging together under the pressure of its own weight during storage. It was common practice to loosen the "aggregated” product by firing explosives in holes drilled using a jumper bar in the hardened mass. Until the day of the accident over 20,000 firings were carried out in the "mischsaltz" without any sign of accident being observed. Current geographical position of Oppau ( Source : www.viamichelin.fr ) Facilities involved: The shop called "silo 110" is a 60m X 30m X 20m half-buried building that is 4m below the ground. On the 21 September 1921 morning, 4,500 tonnes of ammonium sulphonitrate were stored in the shop. On the previous day, several firings were carried out in the building to use up a portion of the fertilizer.
    [Show full text]
  • INDEX NUMBERS of CHANGES in the COST of LIVING 753 -Index Numbers of Changes in the Cost of Living in Canada, Based Upon Weighte
    INDEX NUMBERS OF CHANGES IN THE COST OF LIVING 753 -Index Numbers of Changes in the Cost of Living in Canada, based upon weighted Retail Prices, 1910-1923—concluded. Average Prices, 1913 = 100. Dates. Food. Fuel. Rent. Clothing. Sundries. Totals. March, J918 172 143 96 182 153 150 June, 1918 174 144 100 182 153 152 September, 1918 181 153 101 198 160 159 December, 1918. 186 163 102 198 160 162 March, 1919 178 159 103 216 170 163 June,1919 187 155 110 216 170 168 September, 1919 195 162 114 234 180 176 December, 1919. 201 166 117 234 180 179 March, 1920 218 173 120 260 185 191 June, 1920 231 186 133 260 190 201 September, 1920 217 285 136 260 190 199 December, 1920. 202 218 139 235 190 192 March, 1921 180 208 139 195 188 177 June, 1921 152 197 143 173 181 163 September, 1921 161 189 145 167 170 162 December, 1921. 150 186 145 158 166 156 March, 1922 144 181 145 155 164 153 Jiune, 1922 139 179 146 155 164 151 September, 1922. 140 190 147 155 164 153 December 1922 . 142 187 146 155 164 153 March, 1923 147 190 147 155 164 155 June, 1923 139 182 147 155 164 152 September, 1923 142 183 147 155 164 153 October, 1923..'. 145 183 147 155 164 154 The Dominion Bureau of Statistics, in addition to collecting and compiling wholesale prices, also collects the retail prices of over 80 commodities in some sixty cities in Canada.
    [Show full text]