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Survey of Hazelnut Germplasm from Russia and Crimea for Response To

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Survey of Hazelnut Germplasm from Russia and Crimea for Response To JOBNAME: horts 42#1 2007 PAGE: 1 OUTPUT: December 27 11:08:31 2006 tsp/horts/131494/01787 HORTSCIENCE 42(1):51–56. 2007. eral random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers tightly linked to the ‘Gas- away’ gene (Davis and Mehlenbacher, 1997; Survey of Hazelnut Germplasm from Mehlenbacher et al., 2004). Marker-assisted selection is now routinely and effectively Russia and Crimea for Response to used in the hazelnut breeding program at Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, Eastern Filbert Blight Ore., to screen progeny segregating for the ‘Gasaway’ allele in absence of the fungus Thomas J. Molnar1, David E. Zaurov, and Joseph C. Goffreda (S. Mehlenbacher, personal communication, Department of Plant Biology & Pathology, Foran Hall, 59 Dudley Road, 2006; Chen et al., 2005; Lunde et al., 2000). Cook College, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520 Although the ‘Gasaway’ gene has yet to be overcome by A. anomala in the Pacific Shawn A. Mehlenbacher Northwest, hazelnut breeders have been con- Department of Horticulture, 4017 Agricultural & Life Sciences Bldg., cerned with the long-term stability of using only one source of single gene resis- Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-7304 tance (Coyne et al., 1998; Osterbauer, 1996; Additional index words. Corylus avellana, Anisogramma anomala, hazelnut breeding, disease Pinkerton et al., 1998) and have been search- resistance ing for additional sources. Fortunately, sour- ces of qualitative and quantitative resistance Abstract. Six hundred five hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) seedlings from a diverse have been identified in several C. avellana germplasm collection made in the Russian Federation and the Crimean peninsula of the cultivars and selections as well as other Ukraine were inoculated with the eastern filbert blight (EFB) pathogen Anisogramma Corylus L. species and interspecific hybrids anomala (Peck) E. Mu¨ller and their responses evaluated. Responses were rated on a scale (Chen, 2003; Chen et al., 2005; Coyne et al., of 0 to 5, in which 0 represents no sign of EFB and 5 represents all branches exhibiting 1998; Coyne et al., 2000; Farris, 2000; Lunde cankers. At final evaluation, eight seedlings showed no signs of the pathogen or symptoms et al., 2000; Pinkerton et al., 1993; Rutter, of the disease. Five additional seedlings expressed only very minor signs of the pathogen 1991). Because C. avellana generally has the (rating = 1). The remainder ranged in disease expression from moderately to severely most desirable nut characteristics within the infected to dead with 89.7% (470 of 524) of the surviving seedlings rating 4 or 5. Of the 13 genus (Mehlenbacher, 1990), the identifica- apparently resistant seedlings (rating 0 or 1), seven originated from nuts purchased from tion of genetic resistance to EFB within this roadside vendors near Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine; five from nuts purchased at an species holds promise for more rapid de- outdoor market near Krasnodar, Russia; and one from nuts obtained from the hazelnut velopment of EFB-resistant cultivars with breeding program of the Nikita Botanical Gardens, Yalta, Crimea, Ukraine. Random high nut yields and acceptable kernel quality. amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers generated by the primers UBC 152800 and This is because we expect to need fewer OP AA12850, which are tightly linked to the single dominant resistance gene ‘Gasaway’, backcross generations if the donor resistance were not present in all 13 resistant seedlings, providing support, along with their belongs to C. avellana. geographic origins, that they represent novel sources of genetic resistance to EFB. Until recently, germplasm from much of the former Soviet Union was unavailable for evaluation by breeders in North America. In Eastern filbert blight (EFB), incited by (Fuller, 1908; Weschcke, 1954), the disease late Aug. 2002, the authors made a germ- the fungus Anisogramma anomala (Peck) causes severe cankering, dieback, and death plasm exploration and collection trip to the E. Mu¨ller, is an endemic disease of the wild of its European relative, the hazelnut of Russian Federation and the Crimean Penin- American hazelnut, Corylus americana commerce, C. avellana L. (Johnson and sula of the Ukraine. Visits were made to the Marsh. The fungus is found associated with Pinkerton, 2002). It is the main reason known institutions that have conducted C. americana throughout its native range attempts at commercial production of Euro- hazelnut research in the Russian Federation: (Barss, 1930; Farr et al., 1989), which spans pean hazelnuts failed in the eastern U.S. 1) the Forestry Institute of the Timiryazev the eastern U.S., from Maine to Saskatchewan, (Fuller, 1908; Lagerstedt, 1975; Thompson Agricultural Academy, Moscow; 2) the Canada, south to Georgia and Louisiana, and et al., 1996). EFB was discovered in com- Research Institute for Horticulture and Viti- west to Oklahoma (Gleason and Cronquist, mercial hazelnut orchards in southwest culture, Krasnodar; 3) the VIR Research 1998). Although EFB is typically inconse- Washington, an area outside of its native Institute of Plant Industry, Krymsk; 4) the quential to its natural host, C. americana range, in the early 1970s (Davison and VIR Breeding Station, Maykop; 5) and the Davidson, 1973). Since then, it has spread Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences throughout much of the Willamette Valley of Institute of Floriculture and Subtropical Cul- Oregon where 99% of the U.S. commercial tures, Sochi; and in the Ukraine, the Nikita Received for publication 9 Aug. 2006. Accepted hazelnut crop is grown (Mehlenbacher, 2003, Botanical Gardens, Yalta. The expedition for publication 13 Sept. 2006. 2005a). Consequently, EFB is a threat in all resulted in the introduction of a diverse The authors would like to sincerely thank Eugene regions of North America where hazelnuts collection of hazelnut germplasm. The pur- V. Mamonov and Sergei Y. Khokhlov for their assistance in obtaining the hazelnut germplasm are now grown as well as those regions pose of this study was to evaluate a large evaluated in this study. We would also like to suitable for future production. Therefore, subset of this new germplasm for response acknowledge the generosity of the following re- the identification and development of culti- to inoculation with the incitant of EFB, search stations and institutes and their directors: the vars resistant to the disease is a necessary A. anomala, in an effort to identify novel Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Moscow; the objective of hazelnut breeding programs in sources of genetic resistance to this pathogen. Research Institute for Horticulture and Viticulture, North America. Krasnodar; VIR Breeding Station, Maykop; the Over the past 30 years, much of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences Insti- genetic improvement work in the U.S. has Materials and Methods tute of Floriculture and Subtropical Cultures, centered on using the ‘Gasaway’ single Sochi; and the Nikita Botanical Gardens, Yalta, Ukraine. In addition, the author would like to dominant allele for resistance to EFB (Meh- Plant material. Hazelnut germplasm in acknowledge C. Reed Funk for his support and lenbacher, 2005b; Mehlenbacher and Smith, the form of nuts resulting from open pollina- numerous contributions. 2004; Mehlenbacher and Thompson, 1991a, tion was collected from various locations 1To whom reprint requests should be addressed; 1991b). Recently, breeding for resistance has throughout southern Russia and the Crimean e-mail [email protected]. been facilitated by the identification of sev- Peninsula, Ukraine, in late Aug. through HORTSCIENCE VOL. 42(1) FEBRUARY 2007 51 JOBNAME: horts 42#1 2007 PAGE: 2 OUTPUT: December 27 11:08:32 2006 tsp/horts/131494/01787 Table 1. Accession data for Russian and Crimean hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) germplasm inoculated early Sept. 2002. Nuts were obtained from with Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Muller in 2003–2004. horticultural institutes and breeding stations Collection source in Russia and Crimea as well as purchased (cultivar if known) No. of nuts No. of seedlings. from local roadside vendors and markets Seed source ID # and collection location stratifiedz/no. germ. inoc.y (Table 1). A total of 4790 nuts representing RUS-1 Institute of Floriculture 920/162 91 32 seed sources were brought to Rutgers and Subtropical Cultures, University for evaluation in New Jersey hazelnut breeding germplasm (Table 1), and a similar collection of nuts collection—many cultivars was brought to the hazelnut breeding pro- mixed; Sochi, Russia RUS-2 Institute of Floriculture 125/60 0 gram at OSU. and Subtropical Cultures, The nuts brought to Rutgers University ‘Kudashovski’; Sochi, Russia were stratified in moistened peatmoss in RUS-3 Sochi Market #1; Sochi, 150/25 15 polyethylene bags at 4 °C from mid-Sept. Krasnodarskiy Kray, Russia 2002 until mid-Jan. 2003. Nuts were then RUS-4 Sochi Market #2; Sochi, 120/37 18 removed from stratification and germinated Krasnodarskiy Kray, Russia in flats (43.2 cm · 33.0 cm · 6.4 cm) con- RUS-5 Sochi Market #3; Sochi, 140/51 25 taining a peat-based planting medium (Promix Krasnodarskiy Kray, Russia BX; Premier Horticulture, Rivie`re-du-Loup, RUS-6 Sochi Market #4; Sochi, 100/39 14 Krasnodarskiy Kray, Russia Que´bec) in a greenhouse maintained at 24 °C RUS-7 Sochi Market #5; Sochi, 80/25 10 day/18 °C night with 16-h daylengths. After Krasnodarskiy Kray, Russia 4 weeks, 1285 seedlings were transplanted RUS-8 Sochi Market #6; Sochi, 154/23 13 to 3.7-L plastic containers using the same Krasnodarskiy Kray, Russia planting medium. Each plant was top-dressed RUS-9 Holmskij Market #1; Holmskij, 69/25 15 with 5 g of slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote Krasnodarskiy Kray, Russia Plus 15N–3.9P–10K with micronutrients 5 to RUS-10 Holmskij Market #2; Holmskij, 107/32 18 6 months; The Scotts Co., Marysville, Ohio) Krasnodarskiy Kray, Russia and watered as needed. RUS-11 Holmskij Market #3; Holmskij, 129/47 23 Krasnodarskiy Kray, Russia Greenhouse inoculations. At 6 to 8 weeks RUS-12 Holmskij Market #4; Holmskij, 100/16 9 after germination (late Feb.
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