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  • Theses and Dissertations
  • Thesis Collection

2014-03

Cost-effectiveness analysis of aerial platforms and suitable communication payloads

Everly, Randall E.

Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/41375

NAVAL
POSTGRADUATE
SCHOOL

MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA

THESIS

COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS OF AERIAL PLATFORMS AND SUITABLE COMMUNICATION
PAYLOADS

by
Randall E. Everly David C. Limmer

March 2014
Thesis Advisor: Co-Advisor:
Cameron MacKenzie
Glenn Cook

  • Second Reader
  • John Gibson

Approved for public release;distribution is unlimited

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  • March 2014
  • Master’s Thesis

  • 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
  • 5. FUNDING NUMBERS

COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS OF AERIAL PLATFORMS AND SUITABLE COMMUNICATION PAYLOADS

6. AUTHOR(S) Randall E. Everly and David C. Limmer 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)

Naval Postgraduate School

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER

Monterey, CA 93943–5000

  • 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
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N/A
11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. IRB Protocol number ____N/A____.

  • 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
  • 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

Approved for public release;distribution is unlimited

13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words)

The goal of this research is to perform a cost-effectiveness analysis of selected aerial platforms and suitable communication payloads for use as communication relays in support of distributed military operations. Aerial platforms, for the purpose of this study, include UAVs, towers and aerostats. A multi-objective analysis is utilized to compare dissimilar attributes together among the alternatives. Cost data for each system considered is presented. To analyze the cost-effectiveness of alternatives for different mission sets, three hypothetical scenarios are used including disaster relief, long-range relay, and the tactical user. This research identifies the most cost-effective aerial platforms and communication payloads for each scenario based on the authors’ preferences. Future decision makers can utilize this study as a decision tool to match their own preferences.

14. SUBJECT TERMS Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, UAV, Unmanned Aerial System, UAS, communication, payload, cost-effectiveness, cost-benefit analysis, CBA, business case, tower, aerostat, airship, satellite, relay, beyond line of sight, over the horizon, UHF, VHF, data, voice

15. NUMBER OF PAGES

203

16. PRICE CODE
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18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE
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i
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Approved for public release;distribution is unlimited

COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS OF AERIAL PLATFORMS AND
SUITABLE COMMUNICATION PAYLOADS

Randall E. Everly
Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy B.S., United States Naval Academy, 1998

David C. Limmer
Lieutenant, United States Navy B.S., Gordon College, 2001

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degrees of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT and
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

from the

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
March 2014

  • Authors:
  • Randall E. Everly

David C. Limmer

  • Approved by:
  • Cameron MacKenzie

Thesis Advisor

Glenn Cook Co-Advisor

John Gibson Second Reader

Dan Boger Chair, Department of Information Systems

Bill Gates Dean, Graduate School of Business

iii
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ABSTRACT

The goal of this research is to perform a cost-effectiveness analysis of selected aerial platforms and suitable communication payloads for use as communication relays in support of distributed military operations. Aerial platforms, for the purpose of this study, include UAVs, towers and aerostats. A multi-objective analysis is utilized to compare dissimilar attributes together among the alternatives. Cost data for each system considered is presented. To analyze the cost-effectiveness of alternatives for different mission sets, three hypothetical scenarios are used including disaster relief, long-range relay, and the tactical user. This research identifies the most cost-effective aerial platforms and communication payloads for each scenario based on the authors’ preferences. Future decision makers can utilize this study as a decision tool to match their own preferences.

v
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

  • I.
  • INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1

A. B. C.
U.S. MILITARY’S GROWING NEED FOR CONNECTIVITY ...............1 SATELLITES CANNOT BE THE SINGULAR SOLUTION ....................1 UAV COMMUNICATION RELAYS PROVIDE A POSSIBLE SOLUTION ......................................................................................................2 ANY SOLUTION MUST BE COST-EFFECTIVE......................................4 RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS..........................................................................4
D. E.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Problem Statement...............................................................................4 Purpose Statement ...............................................................................4 Methodology.........................................................................................4 Scope......................................................................................................5 Limitations............................................................................................5

  • F.
  • ORGANIZATION ...........................................................................................5

  • II.
  • BACKGROUND ..........................................................................................................7

A. B.
RELATED STUDIES......................................................................................7 AERIAL PLATFORMS................................................................................14

  • 1.
  • UAVs ...................................................................................................16

a. b. c. d. e.
Small........................................................................................16 Medium....................................................................................18 Large........................................................................................21 HALE.......................................................................................24 Vertical Takeoff and Landing (VTOL) ..................................26

  • 2.
  • Alternative Aerial Platforms.............................................................28

a. b. c. d. e.
Rapidly Erected Towers ..........................................................28 Tethered Multi-rotors..............................................................30 Tethered Balloons/Aerostats...................................................30 Untethered Balloons – Google................................................32 Unmanned Airships ................................................................33

  • C.
  • COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY AND PAYLOADS......................33

  • 1.
  • Networking and Communications....................................................34

a. b. c. d. e.
Direct Link...............................................................................34 Satellite ....................................................................................35 Cellular....................................................................................35 Mesh ........................................................................................35 MANET ...................................................................................36

2. 3.
Technical Background.......................................................................36

a. b. c. d.
Link Budget.............................................................................36 Shannon Limit ........................................................................37 Radio Horizon .........................................................................37 Size, Weight, Power and Cooling ...........................................38

Communication Payloads..................................................................39

  • a.
  • Persistent Systems Wave Relay...............................................39

vii

b. c. d. e.
TrellisWare WildCat II and Ocelot ........................................40 Oceus Networks Xiphos ..........................................................41 Harris Falcon III AN/PRC-117G and RF-7800W OU440 ...42 AeroVironment Digital Data Link (DDL)..............................44

D. METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................47 A. MODELING APPROACH FOR CEA ........................................................47
SUMMARY ....................................................................................................44
III.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Introduction to CEA..........................................................................47 Objectives Hierarchy.........................................................................49 Value Functions..................................................................................51 Importance Weights...........................................................................54 MOE....................................................................................................57 Determining a Cost-Effective Solution.............................................57

a. b. c. d.
Superior Solution....................................................................57 Efficient Solution....................................................................58 Satisficing Solutions ...............................................................59 MOE and Cost Tradeoffs........................................................60

  • B.
  • HEIRARCHIES.............................................................................................61

  • 1.
  • Aerial Platform Hierarchy................................................................62

a. b. c. d.
Flexibility.................................................................................62 Performance............................................................................64 Readiness.................................................................................66 Survivability.............................................................................68

  • 2.
  • Communication Payload Hierarchy.................................................70

a. b. c.
Performance............................................................................71 Flexibility.................................................................................73 Readiness.................................................................................74

C. D.
COSTS ............................................................................................................75 1. 2.
Aerial Platform Costs ........................................................................75 Communication Payload Costs.........................................................77
SUMMARY ....................................................................................................78

  • IV.
  • ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................79

A. HUMANITARIAN AID/DISASTER RELIEF (HADR) SCENARIO......79
1. 2. 3.
HADR Scenario: Mission and Environmental Conditions ............79 HADR Scenario: Aerial Platform Importance Weights.................80 HADR Scenario: Aerial Platform Value Functions........................82

a. b. c. d.
Flexibility.................................................................................82 Performance............................................................................83 Readiness.................................................................................88 Survivability.............................................................................89

4. 5.
HADR Scenario: Aerial Platform Cost-Effective Solutions...........89 HADR Scenario: Communication Payload Importance Weights................................................................................................96

  • HADR Scenario: Communication Payload Value Functions ........97
  • 6.

  • a.
  • Performance............................................................................97

viii

b. c.
Flexibility...............................................................................100 Readiness...............................................................................100

7. 8.
HADR Scenario: Communication Payload Cost-Effective Solutions............................................................................................101 HADR Scenario: Solution Compatibility ......................................104

  • B.
  • LONG-RANGE SCENARIO......................................................................105

1. 2. 3.
Long-Range Scenario: Mission and Environmental Conditions.105 Long-Range Scenario: Aerial Platform Importance Weights .....105 Long-Range Scenario: Aerial Platform Value Functions ............107

a. b. c. d.
Flexibility...............................................................................107 Performance..........................................................................108 Readiness...............................................................................112 Survivability...........................................................................112

4. 5. 6.
Long-Range Scenario: Aerial Platform Cost-Effective Solutions............................................................................................113 Long-Range Scenario: Communication Payload Importance Weights..............................................................................................117 Long-Range Scenario: Communication Payload Value Functions...........................................................................................118

a. b. c.
Performance..........................................................................118 Flexibility...............................................................................119 Readiness...............................................................................121

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    MAANPUOLUSTUSKORKEAKOULU MIEHITTÄMÄTTÖMIEN HELIKOPTEREIDEN KEHITYS 2000-LUVULLA Kandidaatintutkielma Kadetti Mikko Punkka Kadettikurssi 99 Maasotalinja Maaliskuu 2015 MAANPUOLUSTUSKORKEAKOULU Kurssi Linja Kadettikurssi 99 Maasotalinja Tekijä Kadetti Mikko Punkka Tutkielman nimi Miehittämättömien helikoptereiden kehitys 2000-luvulla Oppiaine johon työ liittyy Säilytyspaikka Sotatekniikka MPKK:n kurssikirjasto Aika Maaliskuu 2015 Tekstisivuja 24 Liitesivuja 2 TIIVISTELMÄ Miehittämättömät ilma-alukset ovat kasvattaneet tärkeyttään nykyajan sodankäynnissä jat- kuvasti. Niiden avulla pystytään vähentämään operaatioissa ihmisohjaajaan kohdistuvia riskejä, mikä on tärkeää erityisesti nykyaikaisissa matalan intensiteettitason konflikteissa. Kiinteäsiipiset UAV:t ovat jo vakiinnuttaneet asemansa taistelukentällä, mutta miehittämät- tömät helikopterit ovat vasta viime vuosikymmenellä kehittyneet tasolle, joka mahdollistaa niiden operatiivisen käytön. Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan miehittämättömien helikoptereiden kehitystä ja vastataan pääkysymykseen: Miten miehittämättömien helikoptereiden suoritus- kyky on kehittynyt valittuna ajanjaksona? Lisäksi selvitetään kahden alakysymyksen avul- la, mihin suorituskyvyn kehittyminen pohjautuu ja mistä suorituskyvyn eri osa-alueiden kehitystarve johtuu. Tutkimusmenetelmänä tutkielmassa käytetään laadullista kirjallisuustutkimusta ja laadullis- ta sisällönanalyysiä. Tutkielmassa aihetta käsitellään kahdessa kappaleessa, joista ensim- mäisessä esitellään tutkimuksen kohteena olevat ilma-alukset, sekä käydään

  • Microsoft Word Viewer

    2013 NASA Range Safety Annual Report This 2013 Range Safety Annual Report is produced by virtue of funding and support from the following: Terrence W. Wilcutt, Chief Safety and Mission Assurance NASA Headquarters Sandra Hudson, Headquarters Range Safety Program Executive NASA Headquarters Robert D. Cabana Director, Kennedy Space Center Russell Romanella Director, Safety and Mission Assurance Russ Deloach Deputy Director, Safety and Mission Assurance 3 Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................9 Deleted: 7 II. AGENCY RANGE SAFETY PROGRAM...............................................................................11 Deleted: 8 A. Range Safety Training 2013 ..............................................................................................11 Deleted: 8 1. Range Safety Orientation (SMA-SAFE-NSTC-0074)......................................................12 Deleted: 9 2. ELV Flight Safety Analysis (SMA-SAFE-NSTC-0086) ....................................................13 Deleted: 10 3. NASA Range Flight Safety Analysis (KSC-SA-NRFSA) .................................................15 Deleted: 12 4. Range Flight Safety Systems (SMA-SAFE-NSTC-0096)................................................16 Deleted: 13 5. Range Safety Operations Course (SMA-SAFE-NSTC-0097) .........................................17 Deleted: 14 B. Development, Implementation, Support of Range Safety Policy .......................................19

  • Possibilities and Difficulties for Rotorcraft Using

    CEAS Aeronaut J DOI 10.1007/s13272-016-0191-6 ORIGINAL PAPER Possibilities and difficulties for rotorcraft using variable transmission drive trains 1 2 2 1 H. Amri • R. Feil • M. Hajek • M. Weigand Received: 25 March 2015 / Revised: 9 March 2016 / Accepted: 10 March 2016 Ó The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract This publication shows advantages and possible may support this. Some rotorcraft architectures can benefit applications for variable transmission drivetrains within from a variable speed rotor technology. It probably will rotorcraft. The power requirement of a generic helicopter increase efficiency, decrease noise levels, fuel consumption with constant and variable rotor speed was calculated. Var- and CO2 production, and the flight envelope may be ious drive train technologies that support a variable trans- extended. mission were described. The prospects of this technology, its influence on the dynamic behaviour of a rotor and further Keywords Variable speed rotor Á Variable transmission areas that need to be investigated extensively are presented. drivetrain Á Power optimisation Á Economic rotor craft Á This technology is applicable to some rotorcraft architecture. Flight envelope extension Á Future technology Requests from the rotorcraft industry underline the necessity for future rotorcraft using variable rotational speeds. How- ever, the A160 or the EC145 and Mi-8 already show the 1 Introduction potential of this technique. Reduction of required power of the rotor should be possible and also an extension of the flight Current research indicates the necessity for variable speed envelope towards higher flight speeds, higher altitudes, rotor technologies in future rotorcraft.