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© 2014 Zachary Allen Charles Herman © 2014 Zachary Allen Charles Herman HYDROGEN POWERED HYBRID WING BODY FREIGHTER SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND CONCEPTUAL DESIGN USING THE ACS TOOL BY ZACHARY ALLEN CHARLES HERMAN THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Aerospace Engineering in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2014 Urbana, Illinois Advisor: Professor Steven Joseph D’Urso ABSTRACT This study explores the Systems Engineering involved in creating an environmentally green system for transporting cargo using aircraft. The study looked at using hydrogen and the resulting infrastructure to allow the system to function. The functionalities and then subsystems were defined for the aircraft that would be used by the system. After the level 0 Green Cargo Transport system was investigated, the level 1 flight system was investigated in a similar fashion. The functionalities and then subsystems were defined for the aircraft that would be used by the aircraft to fulfil the necessary functions of the level 0 system. Hydrogen fuel was investigated as the source of energy for the flight. The Aircraft Synthesis (ACS) tool from AVID was utilized to quickly run missions and design for a hydrogen powered aircraft vs. a Jet-A powered aircraft. The Hydrogen powered aircraft, while requiring a heavier fuel system, had a significantly lower takeoff weight than the Jet-A aircraft. The Hydrogen fuel was much lighter because the specific energy is much higher than Jet-A. However, hydrogen is much less dense than Jet-A, and as a result a higher aircraft volume was needed. A Hybrid Wing Body was approximated in ACS because of the excess volume in that particular configuration. That made a HWB an attractive candidate for hydrogen fuel. The hydrogen candidate was scaled down to two additional sized to accomplish the function of flying city to city; this is accomplished by enabling as many airports as possible. The mid-sized and small sizes had reduced Balanced Field Lengths allowing many airports to be serviced. Ultimately the Hydrogen powered option is cleaner and lighter, allowing for environmentally friendly transport of cargo. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank all the professors the enabled and encouraged me to learn all of the knowledge I have today in Aerospace and associated sciences. Specifically I would like to thank Tom Carty for refusing to allow class to ever be dull or easy. I would like to thank my advisor Steve D’Urso for teaching me a completely new way to think. Thanks for entertaining and commenting on all the crazy ideas I have for airplanes I want to build. Thanks for all the fun chats in your office. Thanks for being a great friend and mentor. Thank you Kevin Fogleman at AVID. Your software is tough to use but the support from you made this possible. I look forward to seeing the GUI when it is released. Thank you to my parents for spending generous amounts of money to allow me these opportunities. Thank you to my beautiful wife Natalie, without whom I don’t think I would be able to make it through this. Thank you for being patient with me when I’m in the lab for too long. Thank you for making my lunch every day. And thank you for all of the hugs and love. iii Table of Contents TERMS/ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................. v 1. CHAPTER 1: SYSTEM OVERVIEW LEVEL 0 ................................................................................. 1 2. CHAPTER 2: SUB-SYSTEM OVERVIEW LEVEL 1 ...................................................................... 22 3. CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE STUDIES ........................................................................................... 45 4. CHAPTER 4: AIRCRAFT SYNTHESIS (ACS) ................................................................................ 53 5. CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK .................................................................. 83 6. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................... 87 7. APPENDIX ......................................................................................................................................... 88 iv TERMS/ACRONYMS FAA Federal Aviation Administration ATC Air Traffic Control NOx Generic term for mono-nitrogen oxides NO and NO2 DOE Department of Energy SOS System of Systems, Refers to level 0 System XX (or YY) Used to refer to a number not yet defined TBD To Be Determined. Similar to the use of XX or YY GPS Global Positioning Satellite HWB Hybrid Wing Body design ECS Environmental Control System RFID Radio-frequency identification MTOW Maximum Takeoff Weight UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle FADEC Full authority digital engine (or electronics) control SSET Space Shuttle External Tank NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration ACS AirCraft Synthesis CL0 Zero angle of attack lift Coefficient Jet-A Kerosene based Jet fuel H2 Hydrogen HALE High Altitude Long Endurance OPR Overall Pressure Ratio SFC Specific Fuel Consumption UHC Unburned HydroCarbons v 1. CHAPTER 1: SYSTEM OVERVIEW LEVEL 0 1.1. Objective statement To develop a system to enable point to point cargo transport while reducing emissions of renewable fuels. The burning of fossil fuels creates pollutants that are released into the atmosphere. This study aims to create a system that would greatly reduce the pollutants while still able to enable point to point cargo transport. Currently the infrastructure for cargo transport run on fossil fuels, but the fossil fuel reserves will be depleted eventually. To avoid this in the new design the fuel source must be one that is renewable so to avoid a necessary infrastructure change in the future like the one we are facing right now. 1 1.2. OV-1 Figure 1: OV-1 This diagram shows the operations of the System from energy harvesting to the combustion of hydrogen. 1.3. Description The Green Transport System is a System to be used in the transport of cargo using aircraft. The goal of the system is to increase efficiency of the cargo system by enabling a more direct route via aircraft while reducing emission created by the system. The need for more Green travel will only increase as the air and automotive traffic increases. One of contributors to both air and ground traffic/emissions is the aircraft and diesel trucks used to execute on a hub and spoke design. A chart summarizing the hub and spoke design and the possible change introduced by the Green Cargo Transport System is shown below. 2 Figure 2: Current Hub And Spoke Diagram Figure 3: Potential Point to Point Design In the first scenario the hub and spoke design takes packages from a town and delivers them to the closest hub. The cargo is then taken from hub to hub, and delivered to the destination town. These time components, in addition to the processing time, add up and give the time of transit. 3 In the new point to point travel system the time and distance could be reduced in many case by flying direct if possible. While this may not always be possible, it offers some increases in time efficiency and the decreased distance would reduce emissions. Figure 3 shows the ideal case in which a zero emissions vehicle would fly direct. This study will focus on hydrogen as the fuel source because of its potential as a zero emissions fuel source, its reusability, and its abundance and availability. Energy generation systems will allow for electrical energy to be produced or harvested and transmitted to the system. This energy can be used to separate hydrogen and oxygen in water. This energy system, utilizing green energy such as wind or solar, can have minimal emissions and environmental impact. Access and acquisition of water in order to extract hydrogen for use as a fuel source will be a necessity, and this could be a limiting factor in some climates. The water will be collected and transported using energy sources that minimalize emissions and environmental impact. The resulting hydrogen will be transported to the necessary locations. The Green transport system aircraft, using hydrogen, carries cargo from airport to airport. Specialized cargo equipment will load the cargo on and off the aircraft. The aircraft will comply with Air Traffic Control, Ground Control and Airport Authority directions as well as FAA regulations while minimalizing the need for human interaction or intervention. Because of the desire to increase efficiency, automation will play an important role in loading/unloading cargo, and the flying and piloting of the aircraft. The Green transport system will also make use of ground support crews to support the aircraft. The System includes the energy/power systems involved in the acquisition of electrical energy. Including the cost, setup, and land required. Although the end desire is for the energy systems to be fully green and independent, the System may begin operation by buying the necessary energy 4 and transitioning to the other sources as a tiered development. The System includes the systems responsible for acquiring water and all the energy needed to run that system. The system includes the extraction and transportation of hydrogen. This includes any special airport setup and space needed. Some airports will require a maintenance facility, while other more remote locations will only require fuel stores. The System includes the entire fleet of aircraft that transport the cargo. The System includes
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