Unmanned Aerial Vehicle: Tecnologie E Prospettive Future

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Unmanned Aerial Vehicle: Tecnologie E Prospettive Future Alma Mater Studiorum · Università di Bologna SCUOLA DI SCIENZE Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Informatica Unmanned Aerial Vehicle: tecnologie e prospettive future Relatore: Presentata da: Luciano Bononi Marcello Allegretti Correlatore: Giampiero Giacomello Sessione II Anno Accademico 2015 - 2016 Quale è la vera vittoria? – Quella su se stessi Prima regola dell’Aikido Abstract Partendo dalla definizione di UAV e UAS, arrivando a quella di drone, nella tesi saranno definiti i termini precedenti, ossia un sistema aereo senza pilota a bordo, la nascita del termine drone e le tendenze attuali. Dopo una precisa classificazione nelle quattro categorie principali (droni per hobbisti, commerciali e militari di me- dia grandezza, militari specifici di grandi dimensioni e stealth da combattimento) saranno descritti gli ambiti di utilizzo: da un lato quello militare e della sicurez- za, dall’altro quello civile e scientifico. I capitoli centrali della tesi saranno il cuore dell’opera: l’architettura dell’UAV sarà descritta analizzando la totalità delle sue componenti, sia hardware che software. Verranno, quindi, analizzati i problemi re- lativi alla sicurezza, focalizzandosi sull’hacking di un UAV, illustrandone le varie tecniche e contromisure (tra cui anche come nascondersi da un drone). Il lavoro della tesi prosegue nei capitoli successivi con un’attenta trattazione della normativa vigente e dell’etica dei droni (nonché del diritto ad uccidere con tali sistemi). Il capitolo relativo alla tecnologia stealth sarà importante per capire le modalità di occultamento, le tendenze attuali e i possibili sviluppi futuri degli UAV militari da combattimento. Il capitolo finale sugli sviluppi futuri esporrà le migliorie tecno- logiche e gli obiettivi degli UAV negli anni a venire, insieme ad eventuali utilizzi sia militari che civili. La ricerca sarà orientata verso sistemi miniaturizzati, multi- ple UAV e swarming. A supporto di tutta la tesi ci sono due appendici: la prima contiene la lista di tutti gli UAV prodotti finora dai vari stati, mentre la seconda comprende le schede tecniche degli UAV di maggiore interesse. Ringraziamenti Anni di teoria e pratica, meditazione e consapevolezza, lettura e scrittura hanno fatto si che raggiungessi questa ulteriore tappa della mia vita. Sono diventato me stesso a seguito del tempo sinora trascorso e dei legami intercorsi con le altre persone. A seguito del contatto con le altre persone ha preso forma l’attuale me stesso. Sia il contatto con le altre persone che lo scorrere del tempo cambiano la forma del mio animo. Così è stato sino a questo momento e così sarà d’ora in avanti. Ogni mio pensiero e ogni mia azione sarà (come è sempre stato) una mia libera scelta. La mente è libera se il corpo è libero e grazie al Tao e all’esperienza ho appreso ciò che è realmente importante nella vita. Ringrazio il relatore della tesi, il prof. Luciano Bononi, per la sua disponibilità e per aver fatto si che raggiungessi questa meta, sviluppando un argomento di interesse personale, oltre che scientifico. Ringrazio, inoltre, il correlatore, il prof. Giampiero Giacomello, che mi ha indirizzato su questa tematica: confrontandomi con lui ho potuto apprendere nuove nozioni e imparare cose nuove. Ringrazio tutti coloro che ho incontrato finora, e indirettamente quelli che conoscerò, dato che contribuiranno a modificare il mio attuale IO, migliorando ed elevando il mio grado di consapevolezza. Ogni fine è un nuovo inizio e ora finalmente potrò apprendere le lezioni dall’insegnante per antonomasia: la vita. Imparo perché la vita mi insegna ... Acronimi AGL Above Ground Level APR Aeromobile a pilotaggio remoto ARP Aerodrome Reference Point AT Aerial Target ATS Air Traffic Services ATZ Aerodrome Traffic Zone BTT Basic Target Training BVLOS Beyond Visual Line of Sight CIA Central Intelligence Agency COMINT Communications and Intelligence CTR Controlled Traffic Region DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DFC Digital Flight Control DOD Department of Defense EASA European Aviation Safety Agency EVLOS Extended Visual Line Of Sight GAIC Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation GPS Global Positioning System HD High Definition HTV Hypersonic Technology Vehicle IAI Israel Aircraft Industries IR Infrared MAV Micro Air Vehicle NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization PAA Phased Array Antenna PLAAF People’s Liberation Army Air Force RAE Royal Aircraft Establishment RAF Royal Air Force RCS Reaction Control System SAPR Sistema Aeromobile a Pilotaggio Remoto SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar SIGINT SIGnals INTelligence SNA Servizi di Navigazione Aerea SPA Special Purposes Aircraft TCU Timer Control Unit TD Torpedo-Drone TMA Terminal Control Area UAS Unmanned Aerial Systems UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle UCAV Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle USAAF United States Army Air Forces V1 Vergeltungswaffen 1 VFR Visual Flight Rules VLOS Visual Line of Sight VMC Visual Meteorogical Conditions VT-UAV Vertical Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Indice Introduzione ix 1 UAV e droni: una panoramica1 1.1 UAV o UAS?...............................1 1.2 C’è drone e drone.............................3 1.2.1 Tipi di drone...........................4 1.3 Consapevolezza Uomo-UAV.......................5 1.4 Unmanned 6= Unpiloted.........................7 1.5 Vantaggi e Svantaggi...........................8 1.6 Miti sui droni...............................9 1.7 Bio-inspiration.............................. 10 1.8 Multiple UAV............................... 11 1.9 Swarming................................. 12 2 Nascita ed evoluzione degli UAV 15 2.1 Precursori di volo............................. 15 2.2 Dal 1900s al 1920s............................ 19 2.3 Dal 1930s al 1940s............................ 21 2.4 Dal 1950s al 1960s............................ 26 2.5 Dal 1970s al 1980s............................ 30 2.6 Anni 1990s................................ 33 2.7 Anni 2000s................................ 38 2.8 UAV del futuro.............................. 42 3 UAV: ambiti di utilizzo 47 3.1 Ambito militare e sicurezza....................... 48 3.1.1 UAS e Dipartimento della Difesa................ 51 3.1.2 Politiche di esportazione e MTCR............... 55 3.2 Ambito civile e scientifico........................ 56 i 4 Classificazione dei droni 61 4.1 Droni per hobbisti............................ 63 4.2 Droni commerciali e militari di media grandezza............ 66 4.3 Droni militari di grandi dimensioni................... 69 4.4 Droni stealth da combattimento..................... 73 4.5 Tassonomia NATO............................ 76 4.6 Altri tipi di classificazione........................ 76 5 Architettura UAV 81 5.1 Controllo di volo............................. 82 5.2 Autonomia................................ 82 5.3 Attuatori................................. 88 5.4 Payload.................................. 88 5.5 Stazione di controllo a terra (GCS o C3)................ 89 5.5.1 C3 system model......................... 90 5.5.2 Comunicazione centrata sulla rete................ 92 5.5.3 Monitoraggio dei guasti..................... 93 5.5.4 Pianificazione intelligente del volo................ 93 5.6 Sensori................................... 94 5.7 Corpo................................... 95 5.8 Alimentazione e piattaforma....................... 96 5.9 Elaborazione dati............................. 96 5.10 Radio Cognitiva.............................. 96 5.11 Software.................................. 97 6 Sicurezza vs Hacking 103 6.1 Latenza del segnale............................ 104 6.2 Problematiche politico - strategiche................... 105 6.3 Sicurezza nello spazio aereo....................... 106 6.4 Importanza dei fattori umani...................... 109 6.5 Drone Hacking.............................. 110 6.5.1 Contromisure UAV........................ 110 6.5.2 Sicurezza delle stazioni di controllo............... 111 6.5.3 Onde elettromagnetiche..................... 111 6.5.4 Sicurezza delle comunicazioni.................. 112 6.5.5 GPS Spoofing attack....................... 112 6.5.6 Nuovo linguaggio di programmazione.............. 113 6.5.7 Droni robotizzati......................... 113 6.5.8 Sicurezza delle tecnologie C3 e delle operazioni........ 114 6.5.9 Nascondersi dai droni...................... 114 ii 7 Dronethics 117 7.1 L’occhio di Dio.............................. 117 7.1.1 Principio dello sguardo persistente............... 118 7.1.2 Principio di totalizzazione della prospettiva.......... 118 7.1.3 Principio di archiviazione totale................. 118 7.1.4 Principio di fusione dei dati................... 118 7.2 Etica.................................... 119 7.2.1 Ethos Militare.......................... 119 7.2.2 Psicopatologia del drone: effetto PlayStation......... 120 7.2.3 Zona vietata ai droni....................... 121 7.3 Normativa................................. 121 7.3.1 ENAC............................... 122 7.3.2 ICAO............................... 125 7.3.3 Regolamento UAV paese per paese............... 126 8 Stealth 129 8.1 Anatomia della Tecnologia Radar.................... 133 8.2 Tecnologie stealth............................. 134 8.2.1 Limiti............................... 137 8.3 Elenco aerei stealth............................ 137 9 Sviluppi futuri 141 9.1 Gestione dei dati............................. 141 9.2 Infrastruttura operativa e resilienza................... 142 9.3 Materiali nanoenergetici e armi..................... 143 9.4 Caratteristiche generali migliorate.................... 144 9.5 Operazioni MUM-T........................... 145 9.6 Piloti qualificati.............................
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