DOCSLIB.ORG

Integration of Unmanned Aerial Systems Into the US National Airspace System; The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Integration of Unmanned Aerial Systems Into the US National Airspace System; The INTEGRATION OF UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEMS INTO THE US NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM; THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SAFETY RECORD AND CONCERNS By OMAR J. HAMILTON Bachelor of Arts University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI 2001 Master of Science Southeastern Oklahoma State University Durant, OK 2004 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION December 2015 INTEGRATION OF UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEMS INTO THE NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM; THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SAFETY RECORD AND CONCERNS Dissertation Approved: Dr. Timm J. Bliss Dissertation Adviser Dr. Chad L. Depperschmidt Dr. Steven K. Marks Dr. James P. Key ii Name: OMAR J. HAMILTON Date of Degree: DECEMBER, 2015 Title of Study: INTEGRATION OF THE UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM INTO THE NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM; THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SAFETY RECORD AND CONCERNS Major Field: APPLIED EDUCATIONAL STUDIES, AVIATION & SPACE Abstract: The purpose of this study was to discover if a relationship existed between the most common safety concerns and the most common UAS accidents with regards to the integration of the unmanned aerial system (UAS) into the National Airspace System (NAS). The study used a Mixed Method approach to find the most common causes of UAS accidents over a five-year period, the level of safety concerns and common concerns from UAS pilots and sensor operators. The quantitative data was derived from the Air Force, Navy and Army Safety Offices, while the qualitative data was derived from an online questionnaire and follow-up interviews of US Air Force UAS pilots and sensor operators. Review and observation of the data consisting of data comparison, was conducted to discover if there were any relationship between safety concerns and safety accidents. Comparison between the most common accidents during the three phases of flight and the level of safety concerns that each research subject had for accidents to occur during those phases of flight was completed. UAS flight profiles were categorized into takeoff, cruise and landing and the most common accidents (pilot error, engine failure, loss of control and lost link), were divided into the respective phase of flight. Engine failure proved to be the most common cause for accidents while most accidents occurred during the cruise phase of flight. The USAF pilots and sensor operators’ showed a slight level of concern on a scale of 1-5 with regards to accidents occurring with a UAS. Comparison showed there was a positive relationship between the number of accidents during takeoff and landing phases, which had the lowest occurrences, and a slight level of concern of accidents occurring during these phases. There was a negative relationship between the number of accidents during cruise, the highest occurrences of accidents, and the level of concern which was slight. The observed number of near midair and midair collisions were low, which showed a positive relationship with the level of concern, observed as a slight concern. These findings can be attributed to the follow-up interview in which the pilots and sensor operators did not believe safety was the biggest concern when integrating the UAS into the NAS. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................1 Purpose of Study ......................................................................................................2 Significance of Study ...............................................................................................3 Research Objective and Questions...........................................................................3 Research Approach ..................................................................................................4 Assumptions .............................................................................................................5 Limitations ...............................................................................................................5 Terminology .............................................................................................................5 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE....................................................................................8 FAA Modernization and Reform Act 2012 .............................................................9 UAS Flight Operations in the NAS .......................................................................10 UAS History...........................................................................................................13 Required UAS Safety Features ..............................................................................14 UAS Airworthiness Requirements .........................................................................16 FAA Certification of Waiver or Authorization Process ........................................18 UAS Flight Training Requirements .......................................................................19 III. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................23 Quantitative Data Collection..................................................................................25 Quantitative Data Analysis ....................................................................................25 Qualitative Data Collection....................................................................................26 Qualitative Data Analysis ......................................................................................26 Mixed Method Data Analysis ................................................................................27 Procedures for Missing Data ..................................................................................27 Measurement of Variable .......................................................................................28 Validity Approach ..................................................................................................28 Resources and Skills ..............................................................................................28 Ethical Issues .........................................................................................................29 iv Chapter Page IV. FINDINGS .............................................................................................................30 Accident Classes ....................................................................................................31 Quantitative Findings .............................................................................................40 Safety Concerns and Safety Issues Relationship ...................................................41 Safety Concern .......................................................................................................42 Research Questions ................................................................................................43 Qualitative Finding ................................................................................................49 Inferential Questions ..............................................................................................49 Research Subject Survey........................................................................................54 Mixed Method ........................................................................................................59 V. CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................63 Summary of Research ............................................................................................63 Research Objective, Questions and Findings.........................................................63 Conclusions ............................................................................................................65 Research Objective ..........................................................................................65 Research Question #1 ......................................................................................67 Research Question #2 ......................................................................................68 Research Question #3 ......................................................................................68 Research Question #4 ......................................................................................68 Research Question #5 ......................................................................................68 Research Question #6 ......................................................................................69 Research Question #7 ......................................................................................69 Inferential Question #1 ....................................................................................69 Inferential Question #2 ....................................................................................70 Recommendations ..................................................................................................71 Recommendation #1 ........................................................................................71 Recommendation #2 ........................................................................................72 Recommendation #3 ........................................................................................72 Recommendation for Further
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Could Uavs Improve New Zealand's Maritime Security?
    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Could UAVs improve New Zealand’s Maritime Security? 149.800 Master of Philosophy Thesis Massey University Centre for Defence Studies Supervisor: Dr John Moremon By: Brian Oliver Due date: 28 Feb 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ......................................................................................... iv Glossary .................................................................................................. v Abstract ................................................................................................ viii Introduction ............................................................................................ 1 Chapter 1: New Zealand's Maritime Environment ................................. 6 The Political Backdrop .................................................................... 10 Findings of the Maritime Patrol Review .......................................... 12 Maritime Forces Review ................................................................. 18 The current state of maritime surveillance ..................................... 19 The National Maritime Coordination Centre ................................... 23 Chapter 2: The Value of New Zealand's Maritime Environment ......... 29 Oil and gas production in New Zealand ........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of the Equivalent Level of Safety Requirements for Small Uavs
    ASSESSMENT OF THE EQUIVALENT LEVEL OF SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR SMALL UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES by © Jonathan D. Stevenson, B.Eng., M.Eng. A Doctoral Thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science Memorial University of Newfoundland June 2015 St. John’s Newfoundland and Labrador ABSTRACT The research described in this thesis was a concentrated effort to assess the Equivalent Level of Safety (ELOS) of small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), in terms of the requirements needed for the small UAV to be considered at least as safe as equivalent manned aircraft operating in the same airspace. However, the concept of ELOS is often quoted without any scientific basis, or without proof that manned aircraft themselves could be considered safe. This is especially true when the recognized limitations of the see-and-avoid principle is considered, which has led to tragic consequences over the past several decades. The primary contribution of this research is an initial attempt to establish quantifiable standards related to the ELOS of small UAVs in non-segregated airspace. A secondary contribution is the development of an improved method for automatically testing Detect, Sense and Avoid (DSA) systems through the use of two UAVs flying a synchronized aerial maneuver algorithm. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author was supported financially through the National Sciences and Research Council of Canada, including the generous granting of a Canadian Graduate Scholarship. RAVEN flight operations of the Aerosonde UAV would not have been possible without the financial support from the Atlantic Canada Opportunity Agency and our industrial partner, Provincial Aerospace Limited (PAL).
    [Show full text]
  • Can Technology Protect Airplanes from the New
    CANDRONES TECHNOLOGY PROTECT AIRPLANES FROM THE IN NEW THREAT? A BUSY SKY IT’S EXACTLY 3:45 A.M. on a blustery and unseasonably cold Tuesday morning in May when an armed How can we military guard wearing a bulletproof vest waves me through the west entrance of Edwards Air Force ensure drones Base. On a typical weekday at this hour, almost everyone here would be asleep. But this isn’t a typical don’t collide with weekday. I’m in a briefing room with some two dozen researchers—mostly aerospace and computer airliners? NASA software engineers, along with three Air Force pilots certified to fly drones—at NASA’s Armstrong Flight and the FAA are Research Center, which is located on this Southern California mili- working to find BY MICHAEL BEHAR tary base. We’re guzzling coffee and chomping doughnuts while Dan the best collision Sternberg, a NASA operations engineer and former F/A-18 Hornet test avoidance pilot, leads the meeting, ticking through the day’s flight plan. systems for UAVs The Armstrong team is here to evaluate how so-called “detect-and-avoid” technologies designed for in the United collision avoidance can prevent drones, or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), from smashing into other States, soon to aircraft. Today’s schedule involves a series of 24 head-on passes—when two aircraft face off on a near-col- number in the PHOTO ILLUSTRATION BY THÉO; DRONE: ALEXEY YUZHAKOV/SHUTTERSTOCK.COM; AIRLINER: KOSMOS111/SHUTTERSTOCK.COM YUZHAKOV/SHUTTERSTOCK.COM; THÉO; ALEXEY DRONE: BY ILLUSTRATION PHOTO lision course—between a General Atomics MQ-9 drone named Ikhana and two piloted, or “intruder” millions.
    [Show full text]
  • Arctic Surveillance Civilian Commercial Aerial Surveillance Options for the Arctic
    Arctic Surveillance Civilian Commercial Aerial Surveillance Options for the Arctic Dan Brookes DRDC Ottawa Derek F. Scott VP Airborne Maritime Surveillance Division Provincial Aerospace Ltd (PAL) Pip Rudkin UAV Operations Manager PAL Airborne Maritime Surveillance Division Provincial Aerospace Ltd Defence R&D Canada – Ottawa Technical Report DRDC Ottawa TR 2013-142 November 2013 Arctic Surveillance Civilian Commercial Aerial Surveillance Options for the Arctic Dan Brookes DRDC Ottawa Derek F. Scott VP Airborne Maritime Surveillance Division Provincial Aerospace Ltd (PAL) Pip Rudkin UAV Operations Manager PAL Airborne Maritime Surveillance Division Provincial Aerospace Ltd Defence R&D Canada – Ottawa Technical Report DRDC Ottawa TR 2013-142 November 2013 Principal Author Original signed by Dan Brookes Dan Brookes Defence Scienist Approved by Original signed by Caroline Wilcox Caroline Wilcox Head, Space and ISR Applications Section Approved for release by Original signed by Chris McMillan Chris McMillan Chair, Document Review Panel This work was originally sponsored by ARP project 11HI01-Options for Northern Surveillance, and completed under the Northern Watch TDP project 15EJ01 © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of National Defence, 2013 © Sa Majesté la Reine (en droit du Canada), telle que représentée par le ministre de la Défense nationale, 2013 Preface This report grew out of a study that was originally commissioned by DRDC with Provincial Aerospace Ltd (PAL) in early 2007. With the assistance of PAL’s experience and expertise, the aim was to explore the feasibility, logistics and costs of providing surveillance and reconnaissance (SR) capabilities in the Arctic using private commercial sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Coordinated Searching and Target Identification Using Teams Of
    Coordinated Searching and Target Identi¯cation Using Teams of Autonomous Agents Christopher Lum A dissertation submitted in partial ful¯llment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2009 Program Authorized to O®er Degree: Aeronautics & Astronautics University of Washington Graduate School This is to certify that I have examined this copy of a doctoral dissertation by Christopher Lum and have found that it is complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the ¯nal examining committee have been made. Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Juris Vagners Reading Committee: Juris Vagners Rolf Rysdyk Dieter Fox Date: In presenting this dissertation in partial ful¯llment of the requirements for the doctoral degree at the University of Washington, I agree that the Library shall make its copies freely available for inspection. I further agree that extensive copying of this dissertation is allowable only for scholarly purposes, consistent with \fair use" as prescribed in the U.S. Copyright Law. Requests for copying or reproduction of this dissertation may be referred to Proquest Information and Learning, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346, 1-800-521-0600, to whom the author has granted \the right to reproduce and sell (a) copies of the manuscript in microform and/or (b) printed copies of the manuscript made from microform." Signature Date University of Washington Abstract Coordinated Searching and Target Identi¯cation Using Teams of Autonomous Agents Christopher Lum Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Emeritus Juris Vagners Aeronautics & Astronautics Many modern autonomous systems actually require signi¯cant human involvement.
    [Show full text]
  • MARITIME Security &Defence M
    June MARITIME 2021 a7.50 Security D 14974 E &Defence MSD From the Sea and Beyond ISSN 1617-7983 • Key Developments in... • Amphibious Warfare www.maritime-security-defence.com • • Asia‘s Power Balance MITTLER • European Submarines June 2021 • Port Security REPORT NAVAL GROUP DESIGNS, BUILDS AND MAINTAINS SUBMARINES AND SURFACE SHIPS ALL AROUND THE WORLD. Leveraging this unique expertise and our proven track-record in international cooperation, we are ready to build and foster partnerships with navies, industry and knowledge partners. Sovereignty, Innovation, Operational excellence : our common future will be made of challenges, passion & engagement. POWER AT SEA WWW.NAVAL-GROUP.COM - Design : Seenk Naval Group - Crédit photo : ©Naval Group, ©Marine Nationale, © Ewan Lebourdais NAVAL_GROUP_AP_2020_dual-GB_210x297.indd 1 28/05/2021 11:49 Editorial Hard Choices in the New Cold War Era The last decade has seen many of the foundations on which post-Cold War navies were constructed start to become eroded. The victory of the United States and its Western Allies in the unfought war with the Soviet Union heralded a new era in which navies could forsake many of the demands of Photo: author preparing for high intensity warfare. Helping to ensure the security of the maritime shipping networks that continue to dominate global trade and the vast resources of emerging EEZs from asymmetric challenges arguably became many navies’ primary raison d’être. Fleets became focused on collabora- tive global stabilisation far from home and structured their assets accordingly. Perhaps the most extreme example of this trend has been the German Navy’s F125 BADEN-WÜRTTEMBERG class frig- ates – hugely sophisticated and expensive ships designed to prevail only in lower threat environments.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Responses to U.S.-China Competition in the Indo-Pacific: Indonesia
    Regional Responses to U.S.-China Competition in the Indo-Pacific Indonesia Jonah Blank C O R P O R A T I O N For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR4412z3 For more information on this series, visit www.rand.org/US-PRC-influence Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-1-9774-0558-6 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2021 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover: globe: jcrosemann/GettyImages; flags: luzitanija/Adobe Stock Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface The U.S. Department of Defense’s (DoD’s) 2018 National Defense Strategy highlights the important role that U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Utility Helicopters Naval Simulation Tactical
    VOLUME 24/ISSUE 5 JULY/AUGUST 2016 US$15 ASIA PAcific’s LARGEST CIRCULATED DEFENCE MAGAZINE JAPAN’S ARMED FORCES UTILITY HELICOPTERS UAV DIRECTORY NAVAL SIMULATION COUNTER-IED TACTICAL VEHICLES www.asianmilitaryreview.com C M Y CM MY CY CMY K 02 | ASIAN MILITARY REVIEW | Contents JULY/AUGUST 2016 VOLUME 24 / ISSUE 5 BBIIGG IINN JJapaapaNN 36 Front Cover Photo: The Northrop Grumman RQ-4B Global Hawk Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is winning an increasing number of customers Dr. Alix Valenti examines Japan’s in the Asia-Pacific, as discussed strategic situation and its impact in AMR’s UAV Directory in this on the country’s ongoing military issue. modernisation. 10 42 48 54 Defeating the IED Virtual Action Protection Four Wheeling Improvised Explosive Devices are the scourge of the modern Stations Racket by Parachute battlefield.Peter Donaldson Claire Apthorp examines the Thomas Withington examines Stephen W. Miller takes investigates the counter- synthetic naval training market the threats faced by combat a detailed look at the US Army’s measures being developed in the Asia-Pacific, and the aircraft, and the part integrated Ground Mobility Vehicle, and for vehicles to neutralise products hoping to satisfy self-protection systems can play what it can offer to airborne this menace. demand. in mitigating these. operations. 16 30 05 Automatic for the People – UAV Directory Heliopolis 2016-2017 Medium-lift utility helicopters AMR’s ever-popular Unmanned remain in strong demand in the Aerial Vehicles directory returns Asia-Pacific.Andrew Drwiega with Claire Apthorp at the helm, examines some options for Catch up on all the latest defence radio frequency news and chronicling recent regional actors in the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Advanced Propulsion for Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
    Advanced Propulsion for Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles The Role of Fuel Cell‐Based Energy Systems for Commercial UAVs WHITE PAPER Published January 2017 CO‐AUTHORS Paul Osenar, Ph.D. – President, Protonex Technology Corporation Jim Sisco – Principal Engineer, Protonex Technology Corporation Catharine Reid – Marketing Specialist, Ballard Power Systems Contents 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 2 2 Commercial Uses of UAVs ..................................................................................................................... 3 3 Challenges with Incumbent Technologies ............................................................................................ 4 3.1 Battery Propulsion ........................................................................................................................ 4 3.2 Small Internal Combustion Engine Propulsion .............................................................................. 6 3.3 Other Approaches ......................................................................................................................... 8 4 Fuel Cell Powered UAV Design Considerations ..................................................................................... 8 4.1 Size Matters .................................................................................................................................. 8 4.2 Hybridization ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ship-Based UAV Measurements of Air-Sea Interaction and Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer Processes in the Equatorial Indian Ocean
    Ship-Based UAV Measurements of Air-Sea Interaction and Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer Processes in the Equatorial Indian Ocean W. Kendall Melville Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0213 La Jolla, CA 92093-0213 [email protected] A Proposal to ONR Code 322 Attn: Scott Harper, [email protected] ABSTRACT Just as the development of aircraft carriers in the early twentieth century revolutionized the role of the Navy by extending the reach of the surface fleet, or “projecting force”, the addition of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs; also known as “unmanned aerial systems”, UASs) to the oceanographic research fleet can extend the reach of research vessels and enable scientific measurements well beyond the immediate vicinity of the vessel. The basic platform capability for ship-launched and recovered UAVs already exists in the InSitu (Boeing) ScanEagle UAV which may be launched by a portable catapult system and recovered by flying into a vertical wire suspended from a “cherry-picker” crane ( the “SkyHook” recovery system) over the side of the vessel (Figure 1). Developed for the military, the typical payload for the ScanEagle includes electro-optical sensors (visible and IR) or radar, which are used for detection and targeting. However, the vehicle can also be equipped with scientific payloads that can address marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) processes and, more generally, air-sea-wave interaction research. It is the use of these platforms and scientific payloads to enhance the capabilities of research vessels in the Coupled Air-Sea Processes DRI that is the subject of this proposal.
    [Show full text]
  • Conceptual Design of a South Pole Carrier Pigeon Uav
    CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF A SOUTH POLE CARRIER PIGEON UAV A Thesis presented to the Faculty of California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Aerospace Engineering by Kendrick Marius Joseph Dlima June 2020 © 2020 Kendrick Marius Joseph Dlima ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP TITLE: Conceptual Design of a South Pole Carrier Pigeon UAV AUTHOR: Kendrick Marius Joseph Dlima DATE SUBMITTED: June 2020 COMMITTEE CHAIR: Aaron Drake, Ph.D. Professor, Aerospace Engineering COMMITTEE MEMBER: Dianne DeTurris, Ph.D. Professor, Aerospace Engineering COMMITTEE MEMBER: Paulo Iscold, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Aerospace Enginnering COMMITTEE MEMBER: John Fabijanic Lecturer, Mechanical Engineering iii ABSTRACT Conceptual Design of a South Pole Carrier Pigeon UAV Kendrick Marius Joseph Dlima Currently, the South Pole has a large data problem. It is estimated that 1.2 TB of data is being produced every day, but less than 500 GB of that data is being uploaded via aging satellites to researchers in other parts of the world. This requires those at the South Pole to analyze the data and carefully select the parts to send, possibly missing out on vital scientific information. The South Pole Carrier Pigeon will look to bridge this data gap. The Carrier Pigeon will be a small unmanned aerial vehicle that will carry a 30 TB solid-state hard drive from the South Pole to various destinations in the Southern Hemisphere, but it has been designed to fly to Christchurch, New Zealand. This 87 lb. UAV will be able to fly 3,650 nmi.
    [Show full text]
  • Boeing History Chronology Boeing Red Barn
    Boeing History Chronology Boeing Red Barn PRE-1910 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Boeing History Chronology PRE-1910 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 PRE -1910 1910 Los Angeles International Air Meet Museum of Flight Collection HOME PRE-1910 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1881 Oct. 1 William Edward Boeing is born in Detroit, Michigan. 1892 April 6 Donald Wills Douglas is born in Brooklyn, New York. 1895 May 8 James Howard “Dutch” Kindelberger is born in Wheeling, West Virginia. 1898 Oct. 26 Lloyd Carlton Stearman is born in Wellsford, Kansas. 1899 April 9 James Smith McDonnell is born in Denver, Colorado. 1903 Dec. 17 Wilbur and Orville Wright make the first successful powered, manned flight in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. 1905 Dec. 24 Howard Robard Hughes Jr. is born in Houston, Texas. 1907 Jan. 28 Elrey Borge Jeppesen is born in Lake Charles, Louisiana. HOME PRE-1910 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1910 s Boeing Model 1 B & W seaplane HOME PRE-1910 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1910 January Timber baron William E. Boeing attends the first Los Angeles International Air Meet and develops a passion for aviation. March 10 William Boeing buys yacht customer Edward Heath’s shipyard on the Duwamish River in Seattle. The facility will later become his first airplane factory. 1914 May Donald W. Douglas obtains his Bachelor of Science degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), finishing the four-year course in only two years.
    [Show full text]