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“Some Love of England”: Virginia Woolf and English

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“Some Love of England”: Virginia Woolf and English “SOME LOVE OF ENGLAND”: VIRGINIA WOOLF AND ENGLISH NATIONAL CULTURE by COLLEEN DONOVAN Under the Direction of Adam Parkes ABSTRACT I examine Woolf’s complicated relationship with England through the lens of linguistic, postcolonial, gender, and nation theory. I argue that Woolf regarded the nation as created by its subjects’ active participation in and upholding of its defining rituals, traditions, symbols, and institutions, as later nation theorists would argue. Throughout her writing career, Woolf evaluated the meaning of membership in the “imagined community” of England, and sought to locate a position for Englishwomen within a national culture that often excluded them. The seeming conflict between Woolf’s appraisal of her Englishness as a “stigma” and admission that “some love of England” still remains typifies the reasons that she frequently criticized what she saw as an oppressive patriarchal discourse that has dominated English national culture and her response to this discourse in attempting to construct a more inclusive national culture. For example, in such novels as Orlando and Between the Acts, Woolf parodies writing styles associated with various eras of English history in order to demonstrate how literary texts are used to offer English readers models of national identity that are not only gendered but historically contingent, as well. By spotlighting the fictional nature of these models, Woolf looks hopefully to the mutability of English national identity. In other chapters, I examine Woolf’s responses to the two world wars, which led her to challenge more anxiously and to articulate her sense of Englishness in the volatile climate of the first half of the twentieth century. These wars constituted for her the most significant threats to England’s survival, causing her to criticize the patriotic discourses used to justify them and the oppressive, violent practices of England’s patriarchal culture that generate a nation prone to war. More broadly, I consider Woolf’s English national consciousness in a context of Modernism as a whole and suggest that national identity plays a crucial, although often overlooked or downplayed, role in the philosophies of Modernism more generally, a literary movement traditionally regarded as an "international" or even "supra- national" one that attempted to transcend national boundaries and allegiances. Joyce’s Stephen Dedalus may have wanted to "fly by those nets" of "nationality, language, [and] religion," but no writer can escape his or her nationality. He or she can, however, rewrite it, and thus contribute to a new discourse of nationalism. INDEX WORDS: Virginia Woolf, Englishness, English national culture, English literature, Gender, History, War, Literary history “SOME LOVE OF ENGLAND”: VIRGINIA WOOLF AND ENGLISH NATIONAL CULTURE by COLLEEN DONOVAN B. A., Colgate University, 1994 M. A., Binghamton University, 1996 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GEORGIA 2006 ©2006 Colleen Donovan All Rights Reserved “SOME LOVE OF ENGLAND”: VIRGINIA WOOLF AND ENGLISH NATIONAL CULTURE by COLLEEN DONOVAN Major Professor: Adam Parkes Committee: Tricia Lootens Kristin Boudreau Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia August 2006 iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In A Room of One’s Own, Woolf writes, “Masterpieces are not single and solitary births; they are the outcome of many years of thinking in common, of thinking by the body of the people, so that the experience of the mass is behind the single voice.” I hardly consider my dissertation a “masterpiece,” but it is the product of a “single voice” articulated through the contributions and support of a “mass” of voices behind it, and “the outcome of many years of thinking,” much of it “in common.” My first debt is owed to the faculty, librarians, and resources at the University of Georgia. I especially benefitted from the many useful comments and criticisms from my doctoral committee members, Dr. Adam Parkes, Dr. Tricia Lootens, Dr. Kristin Boudreau, and, through much of the process, Dr. Simon Gatrell. Dr. Parkes was a dedicated dissertation director, and his knowledge of Woolf, English Modernism, and English culture, his diligent attention to my writing, and unfailing support of my project inspired me to conduct the best research and writing of which I am capable. I also owe a significant gratitude to my family (including my parents Brian and Jean Donovan, my sister and her husband Laura and Jim Bennett, my grandmother Mary Donovan, and my aunt Jeanette Bergeron) for their belief in my success. I have had more intangible, but necessary, support from my many friends, including Sandy Hughes through the beginning and long middle portions of this lengthy process, and Kevin Pullis for his support of me particularly through the extremely hectic endgame of it. If I make it out of this with both still speaking to me, I will be even more grateful–and I will owe one of them a chicken pot pie, and the other, multiple drinks. I am also indebted to the following friends for their uncompromising support and faith in me, including: Jenn, Jen, Lisa, Susan, Clark, v Elizabeth, Christoph, Greg, Billie, Jason, Rebecca, Amy, Joe, George, and Joy. I also acknowledge the love and support of those who are with me still, including my grandparents, Ann and Joseph Bergeron and Arthur Donovan, and Margaret Dickie, whose dedication to scholarship and teaching inspires me still. I dedicate this work to all of you. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..............................................................................................................iv INTRODUCTION: “THE FULL STIGMA OF NATIONALITY”: VIRGINIA WOOLF AND TWENTIETH-CENTURY ENGLISHNESS..........................................................1 CHAPTER 1 “ALL ENGLAND IN A SONG OR TWO”: VIRGINIA WOOLF, SHAKESPEARE, AND ENGLAND’S GENDERED LITERARY HISTORIES...........................................................................................................52 “In Direct Descent from Shakespeare”: Woolf, Shakespeare, and English National Culture............................................................................57 “Why didn’t they leave room for an Eliot or a Brontë?”: Masculine and Feminine Models of English Literary History.....................................75 “Make that country our own country”: Rewriting English Literary History.........................................................................................87 2 MRS. DALLOWAY’S LOVE OF POSTWAR ENGLAND...............................101 Half-Forgetting the War: Rebuilding the National Community in Postwar England......................................................................................105 Septimus Warren Smith and the Unspeakability of the War...................130 vii “If only they could be brought together”: Clarissa Dalloway’s National Community................................................................................155 3 “EVERYTHING MOCKED”: ORLANDO’S GENDERED ENGLISHNESS...................................................................................................186 The Gendering of English Histories.........................................................189 Setting Foot on English Soil: Orlando’s Performances of Englishness..............................................................................................203 “The TRUTH”: Challenges to Orlando’s National Identity.....................217 Playing the Gipsy: Orlando’s Parodic Identities......................................227 4 BREAKING DOWN THE “PROTECTING & REFLECTING WALLS”: REWRITING ENGLISH HISTORY IN BETWEEN THE ACTS........................237 Scenes from Merry England: The Past.....................................................242 “The doom of sudden death hangs over us”: The Present.......................275 “Let’s break the rhythm and forget the rhyme”: Looking to England’s Future........................................................................................288 REFERENCES............................................................................................................................309 Works by Woolf...................................................................................................309 Other Sources.......................................................................................................311 APPENDICES.............................................................................................................................351 1 “National Service”...............................................................................................352 2 “Women of Britain”.............................................................................................353 3 “Your Country’s Call”.........................................................................................354 1 INTRODUCTION “The Full Stigma of Nationality”: Virginia Woolf and Early-Twentieth-Century Englishness In February 1940, Virginia Woolf commented in her diary on the effects of the Second World War on London, even before Germany’s most aggressive bombing campaign had officially begun. She notes the prevalence of Adolf Hitler’s and Winston Churchill’s “boom[ing]” speeches in the newspapers, the persistent reports of sunken ships with “no survivors,” rising prices for civilians, and a “Black Out”–a precaution against air raids–that “is far
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