The Ottoman 'Wild West' Nikolay Antov Index More Information 305

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18263-9 — The Ottoman 'Wild West' Nikolay Antov Index More Information 305

Index

Page numbers in bold refer to illustrations.

Abdal Cüneyd, 58 Abdüssamed Fakih, 64 Abdal Murad, 57 Abdüsselam Bey, 152 Abdal Musa, 55n. 63 , 57 , 61n. 88 , 83n. 195 Abrittus, 166 , 167 abdalan- ı Rum , see Abdals of Rum Abu’l-Fida, 97 Abdals of Rum administrative language in Anatolia, 72 , 79 – 80 of Ottoman Empire hagiographic traditions of, 226 , 231 , 232 and confessional vocabulary, 278 Otman Baba’s branch of for districts, 109n. 60 in general, 93 for saints, 217 coherency of, 218 – 19 Agrizinus, 166 convent network of, 142 , 219 –20 Ahi Musa, 59 in Demir Baba’s vita , 207 , Ahmed Bey, 173 218 – 19 , 224 Ahmed Pasha, 86 founding of, 62 Akyazılı Baba heterodoxy of, 244 – 45 death of, 217 marginalization of, 281 and death of Kademli Baba, 213 in Otman Baba’s vita , 72 , 73 mausoleum of, 215f. 6.2 persecution of, 241 , 278 –79 peregrinations of, 214 – 15 relationship with as “pole of poles,” 72, 89 , 143 , 209 , Bektashis, 248 210 , 211 followers of Bedreddin, 248 – 49 relationship with Kızılbaş , 249 – 50 Demir Baba, 209 Ottoman Empire, 216 – 17 , Ottoman Empire, 216 238 – 40 , 279 in vita of Demir Baba, 207 , 209 , sedentarization of, 86 – 87 , 89 , 93 , 245 213 , 214 – 15 and Shi‘ism, 246 waqf of, 216, 217n. 41 practices of, 59 , 218 , 245 mention of, 9 , 77 use of term, 55, 55n. 66 Ala al- Din Kayqubad I, 53 mention of, 9 , 205 Ala al- Din Kayqubad II, 96 see also abdals of Rum ; Akyazılı Baba; Ala Kilise (sub-province), 109 , 113 , Demir Baba ; Kademli Baba; 126 – 27 , 127n. 36 Otman Baba Albania, 18 , 32 , 39 abdals of Rum Alevi- Bektashi, 3, 7 , 8n. 19 practices of, 59 see also Bektashis ; Kızılbaş relationship with frontier lords, 55 – 56 Algar, Hamid, 246 use of term, 54 – 55 , 72 Ali b. Abi Talib, 73 , 75 , 148 , 226 , 235 , see also Abdals of Rum; colonizing 245 , 246 dervishes Ali Baba (son of Tay Hızır), 142, 215 , 221 , Abdi Dede, 211 , 222 221n. 50 , 281 Abdurrahman Baba, 234 Ali Beg ̌ Tay Hızır, see Ali Baba

305

306 Index

Ali Büzürk, 239 in Hezargrad (city), 173 Ali Dede, see Hacı Ali Dede in Razboyna, 261 – 62 Ali Pasha, 225 , 234 , 240 in Shumnu (city), 138 , 184 alms-tax (zakat ), 258 in Ş üca Dede (convent of), 141 Amasya, Treaty of, 23 , 130 in Topuzlar, 147 Anatolia in waqf mezra‘a s, 149 Abdals of Rum in, 72 , 79 – 80 Bali (son of Emir Gazi), 190 anti-Ottoman rebellions in, 23, 101 , Bali Bey, 151 – 52 , 153 103 , 136 , 170 , 251 Bali Bey bin Sungur, 171 Babai Revolt in, 53 – 54 , 97 Bali Efendi, Sheykh, 8 , 104 , 113 cult of the saints in, 97 Balım Sultan, 69 , 82 , 243 , 246 deportations from Balivet, Michel, 101n. 29 , 249 to Balkans, 43 , 119 , 283 Balkans to Cyprus, 42 – 43 , 124 Christian coalition in, 99 deportations to, 89 Christian communities in, see Christian division of, 98 villages/ communities migration from Christian neo-martyrs in, 35 to Balkans, 95 – 96 Christian Orthodox Church in, 274 to Deliorman, 123 colonization of, see colonization to northeastern Balkans, 119 cult of the saints in, 40 , 51 , 97 , 227 migration to deportations to, see deportations of colonizing dervishes, 50 Hurui sm in, 76 of Oghuz, 50 Islam in, see Islam Mongol invasion of, 50 , 98 mixed communities in, see mixed Ottoman expansion in, 17 , 22 villages/ communities see also Sultanate of Rum Muslim communities in, see Muslim “Anatolia Transplanted? Patterns of villages/ communities Demographic, Ethnic and Ottoman expansion in, 16 – 18, 19 , Religious Changes in the District 65 – 66 , 98 – 99 of Tozluk (N.E. Bulgaria), 1479– Ottoman rule in 1873” (Kiel), 9n. 21 perceptions of Andreas del Palatio, 106 in general, 30 – 31 , 32 anti-Ottoman rebellions, see revolts/ as martyrium , 31 – 32 rebellions of Turkish historians, 32 archiepiscopal seat, 189 , 196 urban development, see urban Arslan Köy (Lâvino), 234 development artisans see also northeastern Balkans ; specii c in Cumalu, 199 cities ; specii c countries ; specii c in Eski Cuma (city), 199 provinces ; specii c sub-provinces ; in Hezargrad (city), 176 , 177 specii c villages listings of, 174 – 75 Barkan, Ömer Lüti , 37 , 41 , 42 – 45 , 46 , in Shumnu (city), 188 116 , 121 , 122 , 139 , 146 , 148 , A ş ıkpa ş azade, 54 , 57 , 82n. 187 , 83 , 118n. 8 160 , 162 , 163 – 64, 203 , 204 Aydın, Emirate of, 15 bathhouses (hammam s), 171 , 176 , 177 , 187 Baba İ lyas Horasani, 53 Batkun Chronicle , 35n. 87 Babagan (branch of the Bektashi Batova, 210 , 215 , 216 , 217n. 41 , 238 order), 250 Batovalı Ali Abdal, 245n. 178 Babai Revolt, 53 – 54 , 97 Battle of Ankara, 17 , 98 Babais, 250 Battle of Uhud, 76n. 156 , 235 Babinger, Franz, 8 , 8n. 19 , 114 , 218n. 42 Bayezid Baba, 81 bachelors Bayezid I, 17 , 43 , 58 in Ali Baba, 143 Bayezid II in Chernovi (city), 190 assassination attempt on, 88 and çift resmi , 267 and Ottoman-Safavid conl ict, 19 , 22 and demographic analysis, 268n. 47 persecution of dervishes by, 88 – 89 , in Eski Cuma (city), 198 , 200 277n. 73

Index 307

reforms of, 29 , 87 – 88 see also First Bulgarian Kingdom; reign of, 19 Second Bulgarian Kingdom ; mention of, 277 specii c cities ; specii c villages Bayram Dede, 144 Bulgarian chronicles, 35n. 87 Bedreddin, Sheykh Bulliet, Richard, 258n. 16 appointment of (as kadı‘asker ), 100 Byzantine Empire biography of, 101 – 02 control of Bulgaria, 179 , 189 disciples/ followers of control of Dobrudja, 97n. 12 dispersal of, 104 weakening of, 15 – 16 in general, 102 integration in other groups of, 248 – 49 Cahen, Claude, 159 and origin of Muslim communities in Çandarlı Ali Pasha, 65, 94 , 167 , 179 Balkans, 8 , 113 – 14 Çandarlı Kara Halil Pasha, 28 , 67 peregrinations of, 102 Çatalcalı Ali Efendi, 256n. 5 rebellion of Catholics (Latinan ), 184 in general, 101 – 04 cavalry, see sipahi cavalry and heterodoxy, 249 Cavalry of the Porte, 19 , 60 interpretations of, 104 Çavu ş , 197 , 198 as messianic movement, 104 çavus (ofi cer/agent), 198 and origin of Muslim communities, 113 Celal, Sheykh, 23 , 136 , 170 originating in Deliorman, 2 , 104 , 118 celibacy, see practices support for, 103 Çelebis (branch of the Bektashi order), 250 mention of, 18 , 94 Central Asia, 50 vita of, 102n. 31 Cesarini, Giuliano, Cardinal, 105 Beheim, Michel, 180 Chernovi (Cherven) city Behram Bey, 173 archiepiscopal seat at, 189 , 196 Bektashis development model of, 165 , 197 , 201 and Abdals of Rum, 248 fortresses at site of 190 assimilation of other groups by, 246 –47 in general, 189 , 190 convent network of, 69 , 243 , 247 destruction of, 190 in Deliorman, 250 restoration of, 191 – 92 and Demir Baba, 243 – 44 , 248 medieval settlement at, 189 – 90 in Gerlovo, 114 Ottoman growth of, 247 decline of, 195 – 96 hagiographic traditions of, 61n. 88 market in, 191 history of, 82– 83 population of and Janissaries, 83 , 247 agricultural activities of, 193 –95 and Otman Baba, 83 , 248 Christian, 190 – 91 , 192 , 193 Beldiceanu-Steinherr, Irène, 65n. 105 military personnel, 193 Belovo Chronicle , 35n. 87 Muslim, 192 – 93 , 195 Bengal, 45n. 19, 67 , 264n. 35, 285n. 6 urban status of, 192 Bentley, Jerry, 4 surroundings of, 190 Bongars, Jacques, 270 see also Chernovi (sub-province) Boril, Tsar of Bulgaria, 189n. 123 Chernovi (sub-province) Börklüce Mustafa, 101 , 102 , 103 , in general, 109 , 126 118n. 8 derbend villages in, 156 Bosnia, 18 , 32 , 33 , 38 , 164 descendants of the Prophet in, 147 Budim (Buda), 209 , 225, 229 , 230n. 106 , Muslim communities in 235 , 236, 237 , 238 , 279 founding of, around dervish Bulgaria convents, 141 – 43 Byzantine control of, 179 , 189 increase in, 127 – 28 early history of, 94 with registered dervishes, 140 Mihalog ulları’š contribution to subdivision of, 129 development of, 48 waqf villages in, 150 – 52 Muslim population in, 8 – 9 see also Chernovi (Cherven) city; specii c Ottoman rule in, 31 , 33n. 81 cities ; specii c villages scholarly literature on, 8 – 9 chieftancies, conquest-oriented, 24 –27

308 Index

child- levy (devshirme ), 35 conquest campaigns of, 57 , 63 – 65 Christian Orthodox Church, 274 convents of, see convents/ lodges Christian village/communities impact of frontier zones on, 55 – 56 , 59 in Balkans marginalization of, 3 – 4 , 71 in Deliorman and Gerlovo migration of decrease in, 128 , 259 to Anatolia, 50 distribution of, 128 , 133 to Balkans, 1 increase in, 129 missionary activities of, 56 number of, 133 mysticism of, 50 , 52 – 53 subdivision of, 130 network of convents of, 45 Muslim communities taking root non- Sharia-mindedness of, 49 – 50 in, 261 – 62 origins of, 50 and town status, 162 role in see also Christians ; derbend (mountain colonization of Balkans, 58 – 60, pass) villages 68 – 69 , 139 – 47 Christianity conversion to Islam, 263 – 65 conversion in, 255 formation of Muslim communities, proselytization in, 263 37 , 44 – 45 , 139 , 140 Christians sedentarization of, 2 – 3, 68 , in Chernovi (city), 190 – 91, 192 , 193 92 – 93 , 139 – 47 in Deliorman, 112 , 259 tax privileges of, 139 , 140 – 42 in Eski Cuma (city), 199 , 200 and Turcomans, 1 , 71 in Gerlovo, 259 waqf s to, 57 – 59 in Shumnu (city), 181, 182 , 184 as warrior dervishes, 45 see also Christian village/communities ; see also abdals of Rum derbend (mountain pass) villages colt- breeders (güreci s), 136 , 137 , 138 chronicles, 35n. 87 , 47 Comnena, Anna, 95n. 4 çift resmi (land- tax), 267 confessionalization cities concept of, 274 – 75 Islamic criticism on, 275 – 76 orientalist concept of in Ottoman context in general, 158 in general, 276 – 77 , 279 – 80 criticism on, 159 implementation of, 280 – 81 , 286 – 87 Ottoman in Ottoman/Safavid context, 287 criteria for, 162 methods of, 275 in imperial vision, 160 – 61 , 171 Constantine (Bulgarian prince), 99 , 100 role of state in development Constantinople, 18 , 29 of, 203 – 04 convents/ lodges scholarly debate on, 159– 60 , 163 – 64 Abdals of Rum network of, 142 , 219 – 20 and strategic importance, 203 of Akyazılı Baba, 210 , 215 , 216 , 237 , and town status, 161 , 202 –03 238 , 241 , 278 and waqf s, 162 – 63 of Ali Baba, 142 – 43 , 265 , 281 see also specii c cities of Bali Bey, 265 cizye (poll-tax), 257 , 266 Bektashi network of, 69, 243 , 247 colonization of Burhan Dede, 265 of Balkans colonizing dervishes’ network of, 45 colonizing dervishes’ role in, 58 – 60, with connections to Anatolia, 146 68 – 69 , 139 – 47 converts to Islam in, 265 Turcomans’ role in, 59 – 60, 164 , of Dursun Baba, 224 , 231 , 241 283 , 285 of Gazi, Seyyid, 241 and formation of Muslim of Gül Baba, 224 , 235 communities, 37 – 38 of Hafızog lǔ Mehmed Dede, 140 , 219 , see also Muslim villages/communities 220n. 46 colonizing dervishes of Hüseyin Dede, 146 Barkan on, 37 , 44 – 45 , 46 inspections of, 241 , 278

Index 309

of Kız Ana, 219 , 219n. 46 , 265 cult of seven, 76 – 77 of Kızıl Deli, 59 , 69 – 71 , 144 , 229 , 243 Cumalu, 197n. 145, 198, 199 , 200 of Mustafa Halife, 143 – 44 Cumans, 95 , 113 of Otman Baba, 89 – 92 , 214 Cüneyd, 101 , 239 registration of, 140 Cvetkova, Bistra, 167 of Rüstem Gazi, 68 , 69 Cyprus, 42 – 43 , 124 of Sarı Saltık, 241 , 279 of Ş üca Dede, 141 – 42 , 281 Dalkaç (mezra‘a ), 149n. 87 tax privileges of, 139 , 140 –42 De Jong, Frederick, 8n. 19 , 114 in Thrace, 58 – 59 , 145 Deliorman of Timur Han, 58 , 59 , 145 administrative districts of, 125 –26 under ulema control, 143 agriculture in, 117 villages founded around, 141 –44 and Bedreddin rebellion, 2 , 104 , 118 and waqf s, 144 , 150 , 238 – 39 Christian communities in of Yolkulu Baba, 219 , 220n. 46 decrease in, 128 , 259 conversion derbend villages in, 154 – 57 in Christianity, 255 distribution of, 128 , 133 in Islam increase in, 129 act of, 256 – 57 number of, 133 basic meaning of, 255 – 56 subdivision of, 130 fatwa s on, 256n. 5 Christians in, 112 , 259 requirements for, 256 as demographic case, 107 to Islam deportations to, 115 , 118 – 19 , 283 in Balkans dervish convents in, 219 – 20 in general, 34 see also convents/lodges in Albania, 32 descendants of the Prophet in, 147 –48 and colonizing dervishes, 263 –65 geography of, 5 – 7 in Deliorman and Gerlovo, Islam in 259 – 60 , 284 converts to forced, 34 – 36 , 257n. 9 in general, 116 in Rhodopes, 260 among residents of convents, 265 in rural areas, 259 – 63 changing of names by, 256n. 6 in urban areas, 266 in rural areas, 259 – 60 voluntary, 36 – 37 heterodox, 118 in hagiographic traditions, 263 – 64 heterodox groups, see heterodox groups historical dynamics of, 258n. 16 Islamic culture in, 205 – 06 motives for Islamization of space in, 116 , in general, 257 265 , 284 – 85 material, 257 – 58 , 262 mezra‘a s in, 110 , 126 in urban areas, 266 – 67 migration to and self-narratives, 257n. 10 from Anatolia, 123 social acceptance of, 258 importance in repopulation, 124 converts of Turcomans, 115 , 117 – 19 , 282 – 83 to Islam mixed communities in, see mixed among residents of convents, 265 villages/ communities changing of names by, 256n. 6 Muslim communities in, see Muslim and deportee status, 122 villages/ communities in Eski Cuma (city), 199 oral traditions of, 218n. 42 in Hezagrad (city), 267 – 71 in Otman Baba’s peregrinations, Ottoman recognition of, 257n. 7 73 , 118 and petitions for new clothes, 257n. 10 Ottoman control of, 1 , 116 in Shumnu (city), 271 – 74 population of, see population Council of Ferrara-Florence, 105 progeny of Timur Han in, 145 –46 Crusade of Varna, 94 , 104 – 06 , 165, 180 , as refuge for dissidents, 2 , 117 , 190 , 192 124 , 283

310 Index

Deliorman (cont.) with Ali Pasha, 225 , 234 , 240 settlement distribution in, see settlement with Bektashis, 243 – 44 , 248 distribution with Genc Beg ,̌ 224 , 241 sheep-breeding in, 117 with Hüseyin Baba, 225 , taxpayers in, 136 , 137 – 38 234 , 243 – 44 urban development in, 2, 165 , 201 – 02 with Ottoman Empire, 216 , see also specii c cities 238 – 40 , 248 waqf mezra‘a s in, 149 with Ramazan Hoca, 234 waqf villages in, 150 – 51 , 152 – 53 , 168 with Sarı Yusuf, 223 , 241 yürüks in, 126 , 137 – 38 with Virani Baba, 225 , 227n. 82, see also Nig bolǔ province 234 , 241 – 43 Demir Baba rivalries in, 240 – 44 appearance of, 229 Süleyman I in, 210 , 212 , 216 , 218 birth of, dating of, 217 Tay Hızır in, 142 mausoleum of, 225 , 225f. 6.3 upbringing in, 213 – 14 as “pole of poles,” 62 as wandering mystic in, 229 vita of wedding of parents in, 210 – 11 , 218 Abdals of Rum in, 207 , 218 – 19 , 224 guests at, 211 – 12 Akyazılı Baba in, 207 , 209 , Yolkulu Dede in, 119 213 , 214 – 15 mention of, 206 Ali Baba (son of Tay Hızır) in, 142 mention of, 9 , 40 , 72 , 77 , 148 , 206 antinomian practices in, 245 deportations (sürgün ) birth in, 210 , 212 – 13 in general, 3 – 4, 37 , 43 – 44 , 121 – 22 conversion stories in, 264 from Anatolia dating of, 207 – 08 to Cyprus, 42 – 43 , 124 dating of events in, 217 – 18 of Kızılbaş , 44 as gazi -saint in, 235 – 38 to Silistre, 119 – 20 genealogy in, 208 of Turcomans, 115 Hacı Ali Dede in, 210 – 11, 213 to Anatolia, of dervishes, 89 Hacı Bektaş Veli in, 247 – 48 from Anatolia, of Turcomans, 283 hagiographic content in, 207 to Balkans historical context of, 248 of Kızılbaş , 119 identii cation of persons in, 220 –22 of Tatars, 43 importance of, 206 – 07 of Turcomans, 1 – 2 , 43 , 115 , Kademli Baba in, 207 , 210, 211 , 118 – 19 , 283 212 , 213 to Cyprus, 42 – 43 Kız Ana in, 211 , 213 destinations of, 123 – 24 letter from mother in, 224, 229 , 237 in Ottoman Empire’s control over, life as kutb in, 223 – 25 122 , 123 miraculous abilities in of rebellious groups, 44 in general, 224 , 226 , 230 – 31 by Selim I, 120 and dragons, 232 – 33 to Silistre, 104 , 119 – 20 as gazi -saint, 235 – 38 see also deportees; migrations and infertility, 231 – 32 “Deportations as a Means of Settlement and punishment of oppressors, 234 and Colonization in the Ottoman and punishment of rivals, 234 Empire” (Barkan), 42 and water, 231 deportees narrative exposition of, 208 –09 and converts to Islam, 122 peregrinations in, 209 , 213 – 15 , destinations of, 123 – 24 224 , 228 – 30 law-code regulations about, 121 , 123 physical strength in, 230 see also deportations as “pole of poles” in, 215 , derbend (mountain pass) villages 223 , 227 – 28 in general, 153 relationships in explosive growth of, 154 – 55 with Abdurrahman Baba, 234 founding of, 154 with Akyazılı Baba, 209 location of, 155

Index 311

Ottoman support for, 154 , 157 ecstatic saints, 74 predominantly Christian, 156 –57 Ede Bali, 56 – 57 , 58 purpose of, 153 , 156 Edhemis, 82n. 190 rise of, 154 Edirne, ulema of, 84 and waqf s, 153 , 156 Egypt, 20 mention of, 70 , 110 , 134 ehl- i Islam (“the people of Islam”), 278 derbendci s (mountain-pass guards) Eliade, Mircea, 258 in general, 134 , 153 , 154 , 155 – 56 , 157 ellici s (reservists) tax exemption of, 154, 156 , 157 in Eski Cuma (city), 198 see also derbend villages in mezra‘ as, 149 dervish lodges, see convents/ lodges in Shumnu (city), 138 , 182 dervishes in Ş üca Dede, 141 celibacy of, 245n. 178 mention of, 137 , 221 convents of, see convents/lodges emlak/ mülk lands (freehold properties), deportation of, 89 11 , 148 lodges of, see convents/ lodges Eski Cuma (sub-province), 126 migration of, 118 – 19 Eski Cuma (Târgovishte) city persecution of, 88 – 89 , 277n. 73 development model of, 165 , 197 – 98 , 202 practices of, 49n. 39 , 52 emergence of see also Abdals of Rum; abdals of Rum ; as city, 2 , 200 – 01 colonizing dervishes ; Haydari as village, 197 – 200 dervishes ; warrior-dervishes growth of, 200 descendants of the Prophet inl ux of colonists into, 198 –99 ( sadat ), 147 – 48 market in, 197, 199 , 201 Despotate of Dobrudja, 94n. 1, 107n. 56 mosques in, 197 , 201 devshirme (child-levy), 35 population of DeWeese, Devin, 223 Christian, 199 , 200 Dikilli Hüseyin Baba, 215 Muslim, 198 , 199 , 200 Dimitrov, S., 107n. 55 occupations of, 199 discrimination, of non-Muslims, 32 , 35 – 36 yürüks in, 198 Dobro Voda, 151n. 93 Eski Hezargrad, 169 Dobrova, 150 , 169 Eugenius IV, Pope, 105 Dobrudja Evliya Çelebi, 79 , 89 , 180 , 196 , 206 , 247, Byzantine control of, 97n. 12 257n. 9 Despotate of, 94n. 1 , 107n. 56 Evrenos Bey, 48 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 78 , 149n. 86 Gagauz in, 96 – 97 Evrenosog ulları,̌ 47 , 48 migration to, 96 expansion Mircea’s re- conquest of, 99 of Ottoman Empire population of, 205 into Anatolia, 17 , 22 see also specii c convents/lodges into Balkans, 16 – 18 , 19 , 65 – 66 , 98 – 99 do ganc ̌ ıs (falconers), 136 , 137 and Constantinople, 18 , 29 Dog lǔ Baba, 57 into Mamluk domains, 20 Doukas, 103 methods used in, 38 Doyran (son of Mehmed Dede), 144 views on, 14 – 15 Draginov, Metodi, Chronicle of, 35n. 87 eyalets (governorate-general), use of term, dragons, 232 – 33 109n. 60 Drinov, M., 7 Dur Bali Dede, 140 falconers (do ganc ̌ ıs), 136 , 137 Dursun Baba, 224 , 241 Faroqhi, Suraiya, 42n. 3 Duymuş lar (later Arnavudlar), 151 , 169 fatwa s on building mosques, 280 Eaton, Richard, 45n. 19 , 67 , 264n. 35 collections of, 12 Ebu Eyyub el-Ansari, 198 on conversion, 256n. 5 Ebu İ shak Han, 58 on Kızılbaş , 281 Ebu ʾ s-Sü ‘ud Efendi, 256n. 5 , 261n. 24, on right belief, 277 277n. 76, 280 , 281 Fazilet- Name (Yemini), 211

312 Index

Fazlallah Astarabadi, 76 changing of names by, 256n. 6 Fetret Devri , 17 , 70 , 98 – 101 in rural areas, 259 – 60 Filipović , Nedim, 100n. 25 heterodox, 118 Firdevsi-i Rumi, 67 heterodox groups, see heterodox First Bulgarian Kingdom, 94, 179 , 189 groups Fleischer, Cornell, 29 Islamic culture in, 205 – 06 Fletcher, Joseph, 4 Islamization of space in, 116 , forced deportations (sürgün ), see 265 , 284 – 85 deportations mezra‘a s in, 110 , 126 The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire: A migration to History of the Osmanlis up to the importance in repopulation, 124 Death of Bayezid I, 1300 -1403 of Turcomans, 115 , 117 – 19 , 282 – 83 (Gibbons), 42n. 2 mixed communities in, see mixed freed slaves, 149 villages/ communities freehold properties (emlak/ mülk lands), Muslim communities in, see Muslim 11 , 148 villages/ communities frontier lords (uc beyleri ) in Otman Baba’s peregrinations, and abdals of Rum, 55 – 56 73 , 118 autonomy of, 47 – 48 Ottoman control of, 1 , 116 , 285 – 86 and colonization of Balkans, 59 – 60 population of, see population status of, 48 – 49 progeny of Timur Khan in, waqf s of, 58 145 – 46 , 147 Fruzhin (Bulgarian Prince), 100 as refuge for dissidents, 283 settlement distribution in, see settlement Gagauz, 96 – 97 distribution Galata, Treaty of, 98 – 99 taxpayers in, 136 , 137 – 38 Gandev, Khristo, 133 , 167 urban development in, 2, 165 , 201 – 02 gaza (holy war), 56 , 235 , 237 , 263 see also specii c cities Gazavat- ı Sultan Murad bin Sultan Mehmed waqf mezra‘a s in, 149 Han (“The Holy Wars of Sultan waqf villages in, 152 , 153 Murad, Son of Sultan Mehmed yürük s in, 126 , 137 – 38 Khan”; Anon.), 180 see also Nig bolǔ province gazi- derviş ler (warrior-dervishes), Geyiklü Baba, 57 , 58 20 , 45 , 57 Gibbons, H.A., 42n. 2 gazi -saints, 235 – 38 göç (migrations), see migrations Genç Baba, 146, 153 , 241 Göçbeg i,̌ 211 , 221 , 223 Genç Beg ,̌ 224 , 241 Gökbilgin, M. Tayyib, 38 , 149n. 86 George, Saint, 232 Gramatikova, Nevena, 8 – 9, 218n. 42, George Branković , 105 221n. 50, 228n. 92 Georgieva, Tsvetana, 107n. 55 Greece, 31 Gerlovo see also Macedonia administrative districts of, 125 – 26 Greenwood, Anthony, 117 Christian communities in guesthouses (khan s), 162 , 171 decrease in, 128 Gül Baba, 224 , 235 , 236n. 138 derbend villages, 154 – 57 Gündog du,̌ Ra ş it, 168n. 49 distribution of, 128 , 133 güreci s (colt- breeders), 136 , 137 , 138 increase in, 129 number of, 133 Hacı Ali Dede, 210 – 11 , 213 , 221 Christians in, 259 Hacı b., 208 deportations to, 115 , 118 – 19 , 283 Hacı Bektaş Veli dervish convents in, 219 – 20 convent of, 69 see also convents/ lodges in vita of descendants of the Prophet in, 147 – 48 Demir Baba, 247 – 48 geography of, 5 – 7 Kızıl Deli, 63 , 65 , 67 Islam in Otman Baba, 247 – 48 converts to vita of, 54n. 63, 61n. 88 , 264 among residents of convents, 265 mention of, 23

Index 313

Hacı İ lbeg i,̌ 65n. 105 population of Hacı Salih, 132 growth of, 172 Hacım Sultan, 61n. 88 Muslim, 172 – 74 Hadım Ali Pasha, 23 occupations of, 175 – 77 Hai z Baba, 215 origins of, 268 Hafızog lǔ Mehmed Dede, 140 , 219 , in sixteenth century, 173 220n. 46 , 222 rise of, 10 hagiographic traditions scholarly debate on, 166 – 68 Anatolian-Balkan, 232 schools in, 171 of Bektashis, 61n. 88 strategic importance of, 178 Islamic, 227 mention of, 150 of Kalenderi/Abdal Hezargrad (sub-province) models for, 226 descendants of the Prophet in, 147 motifs in, 231 , 232 emergence of, 126 , 129 Ottoman, 67 , 263 – 64 Muslim communities in hagiographies, see vita e founding of, around dervish Halil b. İsmail, 102n. 31 convents, 144 al-Hallaj, Mansur, 75 , 76 , 84 with registered dervishes, 140 hammam s (bathhouses), 171, 176 , subdivision of, 129 177 , 187 waqf villages in, 153 Handžić , Adem, 164 Hezargrad-i Cedid (New Hezargrad), 150, haramiler (pirates), 155 166 , 167 , 168 Hasan Abidin, 219n. 46 hidden men, Sui theory of, 74 Hasan b. Ali, 76 Hijaz, 20 Hasan Dede, 220n. 46 historians Hasanlar, 151 , 169 Bulgarian, 32 , 35 Hasluck, F.W., 263 Macedonian, 33 hatm- ı velayet (seal of sainthood), 228 Turkish, 32 Haydar, Sheykh, 21 Historical Notebook , 35n. 87 Haydari dervishes, 52 , 88 history, integrative, unifying features haymane s (people without permanent in, 4 residence), 149 , 154 Hızır Pasha, 178 heterodox groups Hodgson, Marshall, 159 assimilation of, 81 , 142, 246 – 47 , 248 , Holy Family 285 , 286 descent from, 148 , 208 Kızılbaş as dominant, 249 – 50 , 283 reverence of, 75 – 76 , 245 , 246 see also specii c groups holy war ( gaza ), 56, 235 , 237 , 263 Hezargrad (Razgrad) city Hotal Derbendi, 224 ancient settlement at, 165 – 66 Hrâzgrad, 166 development model of, 165 , see also Hezargrad (city) 197 , 201 “Hrâzgrad-Hezargrad- Razgrad. medieval settlement at, 166 The Vicissitudes of a Ottoman Turkish Town in Bulgaria” converts to Islam in, 267 – 71 (Kiel), 10n. 22 early development of, 2 , 171 –72 Hungary, 20 , 105 founding of Hurui sm, 76 – 77 , 246 near pre-existing Christian Husayn Akhlati, 102 settlement, 169 Hüseyin b. Ali, 76 reasons for, 170 – 71 , 251 , Hüseyin Baba, 225, 234 , 243 253 – 54 Hüseyin Dede, 146 and waqf of Ibrahim Pasha, Hüsrev Bey, Gazi, 163 168 – 69 , 204 hypocrisy, concept of, 82n. 189 mahalle s in, 173 market in Ibn Arabi, 74 , 227 regulations for, 177 – 78 Ibn Battuta, 97 taxation on, 176 İ bn- i Kemal, 277n. 75 mosques in, 171 – 72 , 172f5.1 , 206 Ibrahim, Sheykh, 20

314 Index

Ibrahim Pasha and deportee status, 122 waqf of, 2 , 150 – 51 , 153 , 204 and dhimmi origins, 271 , 272 mention of, 171 , 173 , 178 , 206 , in Eski Cuma (city), 199 251 , 252 in Hezagrad (city), 267 – 71 al-Idrisi, 166 , 179 Ottoman recognition of, 257n. 7 Idris-i Bitlisi, 179 and petitions for new clothes, 257n. 10 imam, use of term, 246n. 182 in Shumnu (city), 271 – 74 imaret s (soup kitchens) heterodox, and naming of sons, 221n. 51 in Hezargrad (city), 177 heterodox groups in, see heterodox in Skopje, 186 groups and waqf s, 152 , 162 , 177 , 238 mysticism in Imber, Colin, 104n. 44 New Renunciation, 51– 52 İ nalcık, Halil, 14 , 46 popular, 50 İ nbeyleri, 238 non-uniformity of, 39 – 40 infertility, 231 – 32 and Oghuz Turcomans, 50 –51 Ioachim I, patriarch of Turnovo, 190 social acceptance of, 258 Iran, Safavid Empire in, see Safavid Empire see also Muslims ; Shi ʾ a Islam ; Iraq, 20 Sunni Islam İ sa Bey, 163 Islamic, use of term, 158n. 1 , 159 İ sa Fakih, 88 Islamic cities, 158 , 159 İ shak, Baba, 53 Islamic culture, 205 – 06 Iskender Bey, 173 Islamic mysticism (tasawwuf ), 50 İ skender Pasha, 88 Islamicate, use of term, 159 İ skenderbeyog lǔ Yahş i Bey, 91 Islamization Islam in general in Balkans of Albania, 39 distinctive regional version of, of Bosnia, 33 , 38 38 , 39 – 40 of space indigenization of, 207 , 262 – 63 , 284 in Deliorman and Gerlovo, conversion in 116 , 284 – 85 act of, 256 – 57 role of colonizing dervishes in, 265 basic meaning of, 255– 56 see also conversion, to Islam fatwa s on, 256n. 5 Ismail I, Shah, 19 , 21 requirements for, 256 ispençe (tax on non-Muslims), 153 , 266 conversion to Istanbul, Otman Baba’s stay in, 73, 81 , in Balkans 84 – 85 , 86 in general, 34 İ svalenik, 155 in Albania, 32 itinerancy, see practices and colonizing dervishes, 263 –65 İ zlatar (mezra‘a ), 149n. 87 , 152 in Deliorman and Gerlovo, 259 –60 Izz al-Din Kaykawus II, 96 forced, 34 – 36 , 257n. 9 in Rhodopes, 260 Jamal al-Din Savi, 52 in rural areas, 259 – 63 Janissary corps in urban areas, 266 and Bektashis, 83 , 247 voluntary, 36 – 37 establishment of, 28 , 60 in hagiographic traditions, 263 – 64 recruitment for, 64 historical dynamics of, 258n. 16 strengthening of, 18 , 60 motives for Jehan de Wavrin, 106 in general, 257 John Hunyadi, 105 material, 257 – 58 , 262 John II Asen, Tsar of Bulgaria, 190 in urban areas, 266 – 67 John VI Cantacuzene, Byzantine and self-narratives, 257n. 10 Emperor, 15 – 16 social acceptance of, 258 Journeys, see peregrinations converts to judgeships (kaza s), see kaza s among residents of convents, 265 Junayd, Sheykh, 20 – 21 , 118n. 8 changing of names by, 256n. 6 Justinian I, Byzantine Emperor, 189

Index 315

Kademli Baba period covered by, 62 death of, 213 Rüstem Gazi in, 63 , 64 , 66 , 237 mausoleum of, 213 , 214f. 6.1 Saruca Pasha in, 64 and Ottoman Empire, 216 Süleyman I in, 64 , 65 in vita of Demir Baba, 207 , 210 , 211, use of titulature in, 67 212 , 213 waqf s of, 87 mention of, 77 mention of, 23 , 119 kadı ‘asker (military judge), 28 Kızılbaş Kafadar, Cemal, 15 , 28 deportation of, 44 , 119 Kalender Shah, 23 , 136, 170 , 251 as dominant heterodox group, Kalenderi, hagiographic traditions of, 226 , 249 – 50 , 283 231 , 232 fatwa s on, 281 Kanitz, Felix, 206 origin of communities of, 119 kapıkulu “slave” military units, 19 persecution of, 277 Kara Ahadlar (Vrani Kon), 220n. 46 as political designation, 249 Karaca Pehlivan, 230 , 236 see also Alevi- Bektashi Karamalkoç, 212 Koca Bali Pasha, 151n. 96 Karamustafa, Ahmet, 80 , 219 Kolstø, Pål, 31 Karesi, Emirate of, 15 Köprülü, M.F., 14 , 42 , 51n. 43 kasaba (small- to-mid- sized town), 187 Kovancılar, 222 Katip Çelebi, 195 , 196 Kowalski, T., 8n. 18 Kayacık (later Kayacık Pınarı), 150 , 167 , Krapich (sub-province), 109 168 , 176 Krsti ć , Tijana, 276 Kaygusuz Abdal, 55n. 63 , 61n. 88 Kruş ova, 129 kaza s (judgeships) Küçük Abdal, 71 , 87 , 216 Eski Cuma (city) as center of, 201 Kulfallar, 132 Hezargrad (city) as center of, 170, Kumral Baba, 57 , 58 172 , 173 kutb status, see “pole of poles” Shumnu (city) as center of, 181 Kutb- Name (Firdevsi-i Rumi), 67 use of term, 109n. 60 , 126n. 33 kutbü’l- aktab (“pole of poles”), see “pole Keçeci-Zade İ zzet Molla, 69 of poles” Kera Tamara, 189n. 123 khan s (guesthouses), 162 , 171 land-tax ( çift resmi ), 267 Kiel, Machiel, 9 – 10 , 97 , 117 , 149n. 86 , 157 , Lapidus, Ira, 24 162 , 164 , 167 , 170 , 250 , 253 , 268 law-codes Kız Ana, 211 , 213 , 215 for Nig bolǔ province, 123 Kızıl Deli (Seyyid Ali Sultan) for Silistre province, 7, 121 , 123 in general, 55n. 63, 59 , 92 – 93 Lebanon, 287 becoming Bektashi saint, 69 –70 licit saints, 74 convent of, 59 , 69 – 71 , 144, 229 , 243 Lieberman, Victor, 4 and Hacı İ lbeg i,̌ 65n. 105 Lindner, Rudi Paul, 15 , 44 vita of Lishev, Strashimir, 166 in general, 62 – 71 Lodges, see convents/lodges blurring of spiritual and worldly Lowry, Heath, 15, 47 , 175n. 72 boundaries in, 66 – 67 conquest campaigns in, 63 – 65 , 237 Macedonia, 33 , 48 conquest of Balkans in, 65 – 66 madhhab , use of term, 278n. 79 conversion stories in, 264 mahalles (neighborhoods) dating of, 61n. 89 in Hezargrad (city), 173 differences between vita of Otman in Kru ş ova, 130 Baba and, 71 – 72 in Shumnu (city), 138 , 182 – 84 Evrenos Bey in, 65 , 66 , 67 , 78 mahdihood, claims to, 21, 23 , 53 , 75 , 228 Hacı Bektaş Veli in, 63 , 65 , 67 Mahmud, Sheykh, 57 Muhammad in, 63 , 64 Mahmud Çelebi, 81 – 82 objective of, 62 – 63 Mahmud Pasha, 85 , 171 Orhan I in, 63 , 64 Malamatiyya movement, 51

316 Index

marcher lords, see frontier lords transformation into villages, 128 , 132 , 136 marginalization and waqf s, 149 of Abdals of Rum, 281 and yürük s, 110 – 12 , 137 – 38 , 149n. 87 of colonizing dervishes, 3 – 4 , 71 mention of, 70 , 112 , 126 of Turcomans, 3 – 4 , 71 Michael VIII Palaiologos, 96 Margos, Ara, 167 migrations (göç ) markets to Anatolia at Chernovi (city), 191 of colonizing dervishes, 50 as criteria for town status, 162 of Oghuz, 50 at Eski Cuma (city), 197 , 199 , 201 to Balkans at Hezargrad (city), 176 , 177 – 78 from Anatolia, 95 – 96 regulations for, 177 – 78 of colonizing dervishes, 1 at Shumnu (city), 177 – 78 to Deliorman and Gerlovo taxation on, 176 , 188 importance in repopulation, 124 Marko Pehlivan, 224, 230 , 236 – 37 , 264 of Turcomans, 115 , 117 – 19 , martyrs, Christian, 35 282 – 83 mausoleums of Oghuz, 50 of Akyazılı Baba, 215f. 6.2 from Thrace, 1 – 2 of Demir Baba, 225 , 225f. 6.3 of Turcomans, 1 – 2 , 71 , 95 – 96 of Gül Baba, 236n. 138 within Balkans heptagonal structure of, 77 in general, 122 of Kademli Baba, 213 , 214f. 6.1 of dervishes, 118 – 19 of Otman Baba, 77 , 89 , 90f. 2.1 of yürüks , 118 meat production, 117 see also deportations medrese educational system, 18 , 60 Mihalog lǔ Ali Bey, 61n. 88 , 78 –79 , Mehmed bin el-Fenari, 168 149n. 86 Mehmed bin Mevlana Kara Üveys, 168 Mihalog ulları,̌ 47 , 48 , 61n. 88 Mehmed Dede, 144 Mihrimah Sultan, 153 , 156 Mehmed I, 17 – 18 , 43 , 98 , 99 – 101 military judge (kadı‘asker ), 28 Mehmed II military personnel, 10 , 191 , 193 bureaucratic reforms of, 18 – 19 , 60 military units, kapıkulu “slave,” 19 coni scation of waqf properties by, 60 – 61 millenarianism, 75 mature reign of, 18 , 29 Mircea I the Elder, 94 , 99 and Otman Baba, 74 , 84 – 86 , miri lands, 10 – 11 , 148 216 , 239 – 40 missionary activities, 56 , 263 transfers of sipahi s by, 44 mixed villages/communities mention of, 191 , 277 in Balkans Mehmed III, 178 in Deliorman and Gerlovo Mélikoff, Irène, 76 distribution of, 133 memalik- i Islam (“the domains of increase in, 128 , 129 , 260 Islam”), 278 Muslim communities in, 260 – 61 memory, communal, 223 subdivision of, 130 Menakıb ( Vita ; Halil b. İsmail ), 102n. 31 Moldavia, 19 Mendicancy, see practices Molla Gürani, 84 messianism, 75 Molla Kırımi, 84 Mestan Demürciler (village), 147 Momino, 219n. 46 Mevlana Kara Rüstem, 67 monasteries, 190 Mevlana Lüti , 88n. 213 Mongols, 50 , 98 Mevlana Ramazan, 170 mosques Mevlana Sinan Çelebi, 187 as criteria for town status, 162 mezra‘a s (agricultural sites) in Eski Cuma (city), 197 , 201 in Deliorman and Gerlovo, 110 , 126 in Hezargrad (city), 171 – 72 , 172f5.1 , 206 of Kızıl Deli followers, 144 – 45 in Shumnu (city), 182 in Nig bolǔ province, 110 mountain-pass guards (derbendci s), see in Shumnu (sub-province), 138, 144 – 45 derbendci s

Index 317

mountain-pass ( derbend ) villages, see through resettlement, 44 derbend (mountain pass) villages historical research into Muhammad, Prophet indigenous, 33 and cycle of prophesy, 73 Western European and North descendants of, 147 – 48 American, 33 – 34 in vita of Kızıl Deli, 63 , 64 historiography of, in general, 30 – 31 see also Holy Family see also Muslims Muhammad Shaybani Khan, 21 Muslims Muhyiddin Abdal, 211 in Eski Cuma (city), 198 , 199 , 200 Mumcular (Sveshtari), 224n. 70 in Hezargrad (city), 172 – 74 Mümin Baba, 211 in Shumnu (city), 181 – 82 , 184 Mümin Derviş , 81 see also Islam ; Muslim villages/communities Murad I Mustafa Baba, 214 bureaucratic reforms of, 60 Mustafa Halife, 143 waqf of, 58 , 198 Myssionis, 179 mention of, 189n. 123 mysticism, Islamic Murad II of colonizing dervishes, 50 , 52 –53 abdication of, 105 New Renunciation, 51 – 52 bureaucratic reforms of, 60 popular, 50 defeat of crusaders by, 106 and Peace of Adrianople, 105 nahiyes (districts, sub-provinces), use of reign of, 18 term, 109n. 60 , 126n. 33 transfers of sipahi s by, 44 Nak ş ibendis, 212 mention of, 96 Naldöken ( yürük group), 212 Musa (prince), 70 , 100 – 01 Nedkov, Boris, 166 Musa Baba, 215 nefs ( Ar. nafs ), use of term, Muscovy, 233 112n. 64 , 161 – 62 Muslim villages/communities neighborhoods (mahalle s), see mahalle s in Balkans neo- martyrs, Christian, 35 in Deliorman and Gerlovo Neortodoksalniiat Isliam v bâlgarskite Bektashis in, 250 zemi. Minalo i sâvremennost distribution of, 126 (Gramatikova), 9n. 20 formation of, 282 – 83 Nesimi, Imad al-Din, 76 , 85 founding of, around dervish Neş ri, Mevlana Mehmed, 104 , 118 , 167 , convents, 141 – 44 168 , 179 founding of, near pre-existing New Hezargrad (Hezargrad-i Cedid), 150, Christian settlements, 169 – 70 166 , 167 , 168 heterodox, 112 see also Hezargrad increase in, 127– 28 , 129 , 284 New Renunciation mysticism, 51 – 52 , 93 origins of, 104 , 113 – 14 , 119 , 283 Nig bolǔ (province) with registered dervishes, 140 central zone of, 109n. 60 subdivision of villages in, 129 –30 Christians in, 112 taking root in Christian dervish convents in, 219 – 20 communities, 261 – 62 districts/sub- provinces of, 109 Turkish linguistic identity of, 284 eastern zone of yürück s in, 110 districts in, 109 formation of mezra‘a s in, 110 assessment of theories of, 38 – 40 settlement distribution in and colonization, 37 – 38 in general, 126 colonizing dervishes’ role in, 37, number of households, 109 –10 44 – 45 , 139 , 140 by religious afi liation, and conversion to Islam, 34 –37 110 – 13 , 126 – 27 in Deliorman and Gerlovo, 282 –83 by type, 110 – 13 Ottoman source material on, 38 villages in, 110 regional differentation in, 38 –39 yürük s in, 110 – 12 , 113 , 126 – 27

318 Index

Nigbolǔ (province) (cont.) convent of invasion of, 94 , 106 , 192 registration of, 89 – 92 law-codes for, 123 waqf status of, 91 , 92 lowlands of, 133 – 34 mention of, 214 tax registers from, 107 – 09 death of, 211 western zone of, 109n. 60 followers/disciples of, 88 , 91 – 92 non-Muslims inl uences on discrimination of, 32 , 35 –36 of cult of seven, 76 – 77 in tax registers, 10 of Hurui sm, 76 and waqf s, 37, 162n. 22 mausoleum complex of, 77 , 89 , 90f. 2.1 see also Christian village/communities ; as “pole of poles,” 74 , 75 Christians vita of, 71 – 92 northeastern Balkans Abdals of Rum in, 72 , 73 in general, 94 Abdals of Rum in Anatolia in, 79 –80 anti-Ottoman rebellions in, 94 antinomian practices in, 245 and Crusade of Varna, 104 – 06 change of direction in, 86 – 87 incursions into conversion stories in, absence of, 264 in general, 94 dating of, 61n. 89 by Pontic Turcomans, 95 , 113 , 167 differences between vita of Kızıl Deli by Vlad III T ̣epeş , 106 and, 71 – 72 migration to, 119 followers in, 73 Muslim communities in Hacı Bektaş Veli in, 247 – 48 origins of historical context of, 248 and followers of Bedreddin, 8 , 113 – 14 Holy Family in, 75 – 76 and Ottoman-Safavid conl ict, 114 identii ed as Abdal of Rum in, 72 oral traditions of, 119 incarnationist claims in, 75 , 82 , 83 – Ottoman rule in, 94 – 95 84 , 86 , 98 , 228 population of, 115 and institutionalized Sui sm, 80 – 81 power struggles in, 99 – 101 messianism in, 75 see also Balkans Mihalog lǔ Ali Bey in, 78 – 79 Novasel, 152 millenarianism in, 75 mission among yürük s in, 77 – 78 Ocak, Ahmet Yaş ar, 54 , 88 , 97 , 102n. 33, peregrinations in, 72 – 73, 118 , 229 104n. 44, 113 , 242n. 159 period covered by, 62 occupations relationships in in Eski Cuma (city), 199 with Bayezid Baba, 81 in Hezargrad (city), 175 – 77 with Bektashis, 83 , 248 in Salonica, 175 with Mahmud Çelebi, 81 – 82 in Shumnu (city), 181 , 188 with Mehmed II, 74 , 84 – 86 , in Skopje, 175 216 , 239 – 40 in tax registers, 174 – 75 with Mümin Derviş , 81 Oghuz Turcomans, 50 – 51 with ulema , 84 – 85 Orhan I, 28, 58 , 63 , 64 stay in Istanbul in, 73 , 81 , 84 – 85 , 86 Orhonlu, Cengiz, 138 theory of sainthood in, 73 – 74 Orientalism, 158 as wandering mystic in, 218 Orthodox Church, 105 mention of, 9 , 55 , 148 , 206 Oruç Beg ̌ Tarihi (Oruç Bey), 88 see also Abdals of Rum Oruç Bey, 88n. 213 Ottoman chronicles, 47 Oruçhan b. Umur, 181 Ottoman conquest, see expansion Osman b. Hüseyin, 198 Ottoman Empire Osman b. Tay Hızır, 221 administrative language used in Osman I, 56 – 57 , 58 and confessional vocabulary, 278 Osman Pazarı, 127n. 36 for districts, 109n. 60 see also Ala Kilise (sub-province) for saints, 217 Otman Baba and boundaries of conquered polities, in general, 93 107n. 56

Index 319

bureaucratic reforms of, see reforms, Ottoman interregnum, 17 , 70 , 98 – 101 bureaucratic Ottoman-Habsburg wars, 209 , 235 centralization of authority in, 285 Ottoman-Safavid conl ict, 19 , 21 – 24 , 114 , cities in, see cities 118 , 119 , 130 , 170 , 204 , 280 , 283 civil war in, 17 , 70 , 98 – 101 and confessionalization, see Palestine, 20 confessionalization patronymics, 256n. 6 control of, Deliorman and Gerlovo, 1, Peace of Adrianople, 105 116 , 285 – 86 Peçevi, 178 deportations in, see deportations Pechenegs, 95 , 113 , 167 and derbend villages, 154 , 157 pehlivan s (wrestlers), 230 emergence of, 15 – 16 peregrinations expansion of, see expansion of Akyazılı Baba, 214 – 15 imperial vision of, 160 – 61 , 171 , of Bedreddin, Sheykh, 102 252 – 53 , 277 of Demir Baba, 209, 213 – 15 , internal consolidation of, 19– 20 , 29 , 136 224 , 228 – 30 miri lands in, 2 – 3, 10 – 11 , 148 of Otman Baba, 72 – 73 , 118 , 229 origins of, 47 perfect man (insan al-kamil ), concept of, 227 relationships with persecutions Abdals of Rum, 216 – 17 , 238 – 40 , 279 of Abdals of Rum, 241 , 278 – 79 Akyazılı Baba, 216 of dervishes, 88 – 89 , 277n. 73 Demir Baba, 216 , 238 – 40 , 248 of Kızılbaş , 277 Kademli Baba, 216 of Safavid sympathisers, 2, 23 , 136 , 280 role in society of, 42 pious endowment charter (vaki ye ), see role of vaki ye sultan in, 252 , 253 “Pious Endowments and Land Deeds unigeniture in, 98 as a Means of Settlement and rule of Colonization in the Ottoman in Balkans, 30 – 32 Empire” (Barkan), 42 Bulgaria, 31, 33n. 81 pious endowments (waqf s), see waqf s in northeastern Balkans, 94 –95 pirates ( haramiler ), 155 in Serbia, 31 “pole of poles” (kutbü’l- aktab ) rulers of Akyazılı Baba as, 72 , 89 , 143 , 209 , titles of, 29 210 , 211 waqf s of, 57 – 59 decline in status of, 245 see also specii c rulers Demir Baba as, 62 , 215 , 223 , 227 – 28 Sunni culture of, 170 function of, 73 Sunni Islam in, 119 , 170 , 277 – 78 and hierarchy, 74 and Tamerlane, 17 , 98 Otman Baba as, 74 , 75 taxation in, see taxation poll- tax ( cizye ), 257 , 266 taxpayers in, see taxpayers Pontic Turcomans, 95 , 113 , 167 titulature use in, 217 Popruzhenko, M.G., 189n. 123 transition from Ottoman frontier population principality to of Deliorman and Gerlovo in general, 27 – 28 , 60 – 61 distribution of, by religion, 132 –33 turning point in, 29 growth of, 134 – 36 , 204 , 205 views on pressure on, 129 of Fleischer, Cornell, 29 and repopulation, 115 , 124 , 282 of Kafadar, Cemal, 28 sparsity of, 95 – 96 , 109 , 117 of Ş ahin, Kaya, 29 stabilization of, 130 – 31 of Terziog lu,̌ Derin, 29 of Hezargrad (city) of Tezcan, Baki, 27 in sixteenth century, 173 urban development of, see urban growth of, 172 development Muslim, 172 – 74 see also Ottoman-Habsburg wars; occupations of, 175 – 77 Ottoman-Safavid conl ict origins of, 268

320 Index

Postinpuş Baba, 58 Rhodopes, 260 , 261 practices “right belief,” 276 , 277 , 280 of Abdals of Rum, 59, 218 , 245 Roman Church, 105 of Alevi-Bektashi, 8n. 19 Ruhi Çelebi, 168 , 179 of Demir Baba, 245 Rukn al-Din Kılıc Arslan IV, 96 of dervishes, 49n. 39 , 52 Rumeli (Rumili, Rumelia), 197 – 98 of Otman Baba, 245 Rus (Ruschuk, Ruse) city, 165 , 196 proselytization, Christian concept of, 263 Ruse (province), 7 provincial law codes (sancak Rüstem Gazi, Seyyid kanunnameleri ), 11 in general, 92 – 93 provincial tax surveys (vilayet tahriri ), 28 shrine of, 79 – 80 pure doctrine, 275 in vita of Kızıl Deli, 63 , 64 , 66 , 68, 237 Qalandariyya, 52 Rüstem Pasha, 153 Qutb al-Din Haydar, 52 Saat Dede, 219n. 46 Radushev, E., 262 sabun- hane (soap factories), 187 Rahim Og ulları,̌ 132 sadat (descendants of the Rahova, 155 Prophet), 147 – 48 Rahoviçe, 155 Safavid Empire Ramazan Hoca, 234 and confessionalization, 276 – 77 Raymond, André, 159 emergence of, 19 , 20 – 21 Razboyna, 261 – 62 origins of, 20 Razgrad (province), 7 and Sunni- Shi‘a polarization, 276 re‘aya (taxpayers), see taxpayers see also Ottoman-Safavid conl ict rebellions, see revolts/ rebellions Safavid sympathisers, persecution of, 2, reforms, bureaucratic 23 , 136 , 280 in general, 60 – 61 Safavid-Ottoman conl ict, see Ottoman- of Bayezid II, 29 , 87 – 88 Safavid conl ict of Mehmed II, 18 – 19 , 60 Safaviyya, 68 of Murad I, 60 Sai al-Din, Sheykh, 20 of Murad II, 60 Ş ahin, Kaya, 29 , 276 of Süleyman I, 19 – 20 , 29 sainthood, theory of, 73 – 74 Reinhard, Wolfgang, 275 saints revolts/ rebellions cult of, 40 , 51 , 97 , 227 Babai, 53 – 54 , 97 ecstatic, 74 of Bedreddin, Sheykh hierarchy of, 227 in general, 101 – 04 licit, 74 and heterodoxy, 249 missionary activities of, 263 interpretations of, 104 titulature used for, 217 as messianic movement, 104 see also specii c saints and origin Muslim Salonica (Selanik), 175 communities, 113 Samed Baba, 215 originating in Deliorman, 2 , sancak kanunnameleri (provincial law 104 , 118 codes), 11 support for, 103 sancak /liva , use of term, 109n. 60 mention of, 18 , 94 al-Saraj, 97 of Börklüce Mustafa, 101 , 102 , 103 , Sarajevo, 163 118n. 8 Saraybosna, 169 of Celal, Sheykh, 23 , 136 , 170 Sarı Saltık of Cüneyd, 101 convent of, 241 of Kalender Shah, 23 , 136 , 170 , 251 conversions by, 264 of Shah Kulu, 23 , 120 , 170 in hagiographic accounts, 97 –98 of Torlak Hu Kemal, 101 , 102 , 103, migration to Dobrudja, 96 – 97 118n. 8 migration to Dobrudja of, 96 Rhodes, 123 Sarı Turgud, 130

Index 321

Sarı Yusuf, 223 , 241 shops S aru Görez, Nu reddi n Hamza, 277n. 74 in Shumnu (city), 187 Saruca Pasha, 64 taxation on, 176 , 177 schools, 171 Shumen (province), 7 seal of sainthood (hatm- ı velayet ), 228 Shumnu (Shumen) city Second Bulgarian Kingdom, 94n. 1, 179 , in general, 2 189 , 196 crusader destruction of, 180 sedentarization development model of, 165 , of Abdals of Rum, 86 – 87 , 89 , 93 , 245 197 , 201 of colonizing dervishes, 2 – 3 , 68 , fortresses at site of, 178 – 79 92 – 93 , 139 – 47 market in, regulation for, 177 – 78 of Safaviyya, 68 medieval settlement at, 179 – 80 of Turcomans, 2 – 3 Ottoman Selim I, 19 – 20 , 22, 108n. 58 , 120 development of, 187 Serbia, 18 , 31 mahalle s in, 138 , 182 – 84 ş erif s (descendants of the population of Prophet), 147 – 48 in general, 186 settlement distribution agricultural activities of, 188 in Deliorman and Gerlovo Christian, 181 , 182 , 184 , 272 in general, 126 converts to Islam, 271 – 74 number of households, 109 – 10 growth of, 184 by religious afi liation Muslim, 181 – 82 , 184 in 1480s, 110 – 13 , 126 – 27 occupations of, 181 , 188 in 1516, 127 – 28 strategic importance of, 179 in 1535, 128 – 29 yürük s in, 138 in ca. 1550, 129 – 30 see also Shumnu (sub-province) in 1572-3/ 1579, 130 – 31 Shumnu (sub-province) by size, 132 – 34 in general, 109 , 126 sparsity of, 110 Christian communities in, 130 by type, 110 – 13 derbend villages in, 154 in Nig bolǔ province dervish convents in, 140 , 146 eastern zone of descendants of the Prophet in, 147 in general, 126 mezra‘a s in, 138 , 144 – 45 number of households, 109 – 10 Muslim communities in by religious afi liation, distribution of, 126 110 – 13 , 126 – 27 increase in, 127 – 28 by type, 110 – 13 with registered dervishes, 140 of villages, 110 subdivision of, 129 settlements, see Christian village/ waqf mezra‘a s in, 149 communities ; cities ; mixed waqf villages in, 152 , 153 villages/communities ; Muslim see also Shumnu (Shumen) city villages/communities ; villages Sigismund, King of Hungary, 99 Seyyid Ali Sultan, see Kızıl Deli Silistre (province) Seyyid Gazi, 241 deportations to, 119 – 20 es- Seyyid Hasan, 239 law- codes for, 7 , 121 , 123 seyyid s taxpayers in, 136n. 49 use of term, 63n. 95 sipahi cavalry see also descendants of the Prophet establishment of, 28 , 60 Shah Kulu, 23, 120 , 170 strengthening of, 19 , 60 Shi‘a Islam transfers of, 44 and Abdals of Rum, 246 Sırneva, 151 , 153 in Lebanon, 287 Skopje (Üsküb), 175 , 186 – 87 Ottoman toleration of, 279 , 287 slaves, 149 in Safavid Empire, 21 soap factories (sabun- hane ), 187 and Sunni- Shi‘a polarization, 276 soup kitchens (imaret s), see imaret s Shishman, John, Bulgarian Tsar, 179 (soup kitchens)

322 Index

sources and administrative subdivisions, 125 divisions of, 12 from Nig bolǔ province legal, 10 – 11 , 12 content of, 108 – 09 narrative/literary, 11 description of, 107 – 08 , 124 –25 Spandounes, Theodore, 47 , 88 non-Muslims in, 10 Stanislavov, Filip, 195 occupations in, 174 – 75 state formation, analysis of, 24 religion in, 125n. 30 statehood, Chinggisid notions of, 86 taxation Stephen Lazarević , 99 in general, 2 – 3 sub- provinces/ districts on bathhouses, 176 , 177 terms used for, 109n. 60 on markets, 176 see also specii c sub-provinces on shops, 176 , 177 Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, 4 , 282 see also çift resmi ; cizye ; devshirme ; Ş üca Dede, 141 ispençe Ş ücaüddin Veli (Sultan Ş üca), 55 , 61n. 88, taxpayers 72 , 74 , 79 – 80 registration of nomadic, 113 , 122 Sui sm, 80 – 81 , 246 regular, 10, 134 , 136 , 136n. 49 Süleyman Çelebi, 99 , 100 with special status Süleyman I in general, 134 consolidating of reforms by, 19 – 20 , 29 colonizing dervishes, 139 deportation of Turcomans to decrease in, 136 Balkans by, 43 in Deliorman, 137 – 38 and Ottoman-Safavid conl ict, 22 derbendci s, 154 , 156, 157 in vita of Demir Baba, 210 , 212 , 216 , 218 dervishes, 140 – 42 in vita of Kızıl Deli, 64 , 65 progeny of Timur Han, 145 – 46 waqf s of, 237 in towns, 174 mention of, 252 yürük s, 136 Süleyman Pasha, 85 without any status, 138 sultan, role in Ottoman Empire, 252 , 253 Tay Hızır, 142 , 211 , 220 – 21 sultan , use of title of, 66 Telli Bektashi, 242n. 163 Sultan Kulu Dede, 144 Terziog lu,̌ Derin, 29 , 276 Sultan Ş üca (Ş ücaüddin Veli), 55 , 61n. 88, Tevarih- i Al- i Selcuk (History of the House 72 , 74 , 79 – 80 of Seljuk; Yazıcızade Ali), 96 Sultan Ş üca Abdalları, 72 , 79 – 80 Tezcan, Baki, 27 Sultanate of Rum, 15 – 16 , 50 , 53 Thrace Sunni Islam dervish convents in, 58 – 59 , 145 in Ottoman Empire, 119 , 170 , 277 – 78 migration from, 1 in Safavid Iran, 281n. 91 yürük s in, 43 and Sunni- Shi ʾ a polarization, 276 timar grant, 198 sürgün (deportations), see deportations timar institutions, 28 Synodic of Tsar Boril, 189n. 123 Times of Trouble, see Ottoman synoptic registers, 10 – 11 interregnum, Fetret Devri Syria, 20 Timur, see Tamerlane/ Timur Timur Han (Khan), Sheykh, 58, 119 , Taban (Sandrovo), 259 – 60 145 – 46 , 147 Tamerlane/ Timur, 17 , 76 , 98 Timurtaş Bey, 149n. 86 tapu tahrir tax registers, see tax registers titulature, 66 – 67 , 217 Târgovishte (city), 2 , 201 Todorov, Nikolai, 162 , 164 see also Eski Cuma (city) Topuz, 239 Târgovishte (province), 7 Topuzlar (Topuzevo), 147 , 239 tasawwuf (Islamic mysticism), 50 Torlak Hu Kemal, 101 , 102 , 103 , 118n. 8 Taş kun Abdal, 132 town status, 161, 162 , 202 – 03 Tatars, 43 towns, see cities tax registers travels, see peregrinations in general, 10 Treaty of Amasya, 23 , 130

Index 323

Treaty of Galata, 98 – 99 vaki ye (pious endowment charter) Turahanog ulları,̌ 47 of Ibrahim Pasha’s waqf Turcomans and founding of Hezargrad, and colonizing dervishes, 1 , 71 168 – 69 , 171 – 72 deportations to opening section of, 251 – 53 Balkans, 2, 43 , 283 practicalities in, 253 Deliorman and Gerlovo, 115, values, multiplier, 108n. 59 118 – 19 , 283 Varna Crusade, 94 , 104 – 06 , 165 , 180 , followers of Bedreddin, 102 190 , 192 marginalization of, 3 – 4 , 71 Veli Bey (Velichka), 220n. 46 migration to vilayet tahriri (provincial tax surveys), 28 Balkans, 1 – 2 , 71 , 95 – 96 vilayet s (sub- provinces) Deliorman and Gerlovo, Chernovi as center of, 190 115 , 117 – 19 Shumnu as center of, 181 Dobrudja, 96 use of term, 109n. 60 Deliorman and Gerlovo, 282 – 83 villages role in categories of sizes, 131 colonization of Balkans, 59 , 164, large- sized, 132 , 133 283 , 285 medium- sized, 132 and formation of Muslim named after founder, 132 – 33 communities, 32 , 34 , 37 recognized as town, criteria for, 162 Safavid sympathies of, 21 – 22 small- sized, 131 – 32 , 133 sedentarization of, 2 – 3 , 71 very large-sized, 132 , 133 see also Oghuz Turcomans ; Pontic very small-sized, 131 – 33 Turcomans ; yürüks see also Christian village/communities ; Turkic Bulgars, 94 derbend (mountain pass) villages ; Turran Baba, 215 mixed villages/communities ; Turran Efendi, 232 Muslim villages/communities ; Turran Halife, 210 waqf villages Tursun Beg ,̌ 251 Virani Baba (Virani Abdal), 55n. 63, 225 , Twelve Imams, 246 227n. 82, 234 , 241 – 43 vita e (hagiographical accounts) uc beyleri (frontier lords), see frontier lords of Bedreddin, Sheykh, 102n. 31 ulema of Demir Baba, see Demir Baba consolidating position of, 19 of Hacı Bektaş Veli, 54n. 63 , and control of dervish convents, 143 61n. 88 , 264 fatwa s on right belief, 277 historicity of, 62 , 222 – 23 and Otman Baba, 84 – 85 of Kaygusuz Abdal, 55n. 63 rise of, 60 of Kızıl Deli, see Kızıl Deli Umur Bey, 15 of Otman Baba, see Otman Baba underpopulation, of Deliorman and Vlad III Ṭ epe ş (“the Impaler”; Dracula), Gerlovo, 95 – 96 , 109 , 117 94 , 106 , 192 unigeniture, 98 Volna (derbend village), 152 urban development in Ottoman Empire waqf mezra‘a s, 149 in Balkans, in Deliorman and Gerlovo, waqf villages 2 , 165 , 201 – 02 in general, 149 patterns in, 202 in Chernovi (sub-province), 150 – 52 policies on, 160 in Deliorman, 150 – 51 , 152 – 53 , 168 role of state in, 203 – 04 expansion of, 149 and waqf s, 162 – 63 in Gerlovo, 152 , 153 Üsküdar mosque, 153 , 156 growth in, 150 Üveys Derviş , 216 in Hezargrad (sub-province), 153 Uzes, 95, 113 , 167 in Shumnu (sub-province), 152 , 153 Uzun Hasan, 21 and slave labor, 149

324 Index

waqf s (pious endowments) yag cıš (butter-makers), 136 , 137 in general, 148 Yahya Pasha, 151, 186 to colonizing dervishes, 57 – 59 Yakub Çelebi, 181 and convents, 144 , 150 , 237 , 238 – 39 Yazıcızade Ali, 96 derbend villages as part of, 153 , 156 Yemini Efendi, Muhammad, 211, 213 , 217 and land rights, 148 – 49 Yenice, 150 , 166 , 167 , 168 and mezra‘a s, 149 Yeniceköy, 168 , 170 , 171 – 72 and non- Muslims, 37 , 162n. 22 Yer Gögi (sub-province), 109 of Yesevi, Ahmed, 50 Abdüsselam Bey, 152 Yolkulu Baba (Yol Kulu Dede), 119, 215 , Akyazılı Baba, 216 , 217n. 41 219 , 220n. 46 Bali Bey, 151 – 52 , 153 Yunus Abdal, 132 Bayezid I, 58 yürük s (Turcoman) Ebu Eyyub el-Asari, 198 colonization by, 38 frontier lords, 58 in Deliorman and Gerlovo, Ibrahim Pasha, 2 , 150 – 51 , 126 , 137 – 38 153 , 168 – 69 in Eski Cuma (city), 198 Kızıl Deli, 87 and mezra‘a s, 110 – 12 , 137 – 38 , Murad I, 58 , 198 . 149n. 87 Mustafa, Sheykh, 144 migration of, 118 Orhan I, 58 in Nig bolǔ province, 110 – 12, Osman I, 58 113 , 126 – 27 Ottoman grandees, 148 organization of, 137 Rüstem Pasha, 153 and Otman Baba, 77 – 78 Süleyman I, 237 resettling of, 43 Üsküdar mosque, 153 , 156 in Shumnu (city), 138 Üveys Derviş , 216 in Ş üca Dede, 141 Yahya Pasha, 186 – 87 of Tanrı Dag ı,̌ 143 and urban development, 162 –63 tax privileges of, 136 worldly motives for, 148 in Thrace, 43 waqf s properties Yusuf Dede, 140 coni scation of, 60 – 61 included in registers, 11 Zahide Bacu (Zahide Dürdane), 210 , 224, warrior-dervishes (gazi- derviş ler ), 229 , 237 20 , 45 , 57 zakat (alms-tax), 258 see also gazi -saints Zati Efendi, 211 , 213 water, miracles concerning, 231 Zaviye , see convents/ lodges watermills, 216 – 17 , 238 Zaviye-i Seyyid Osman, 152 Weber, Max, 158 , 255 ze ʾ amets Wernher, Georg, 235n. 138 Chernovi city as, 190 Winter, Stefan, 287 of deportees, 120 Wittek, Paul, 14 , 96 – 97 Shumnu (city) as, 181 Władysław III Jagiełło, 105 use of term, 109n. 60 women, infertility in, 231 mention of, 11 wrestlers (pehlivan s), 230 Zlatar, Behija, 164