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Index

Abaqa, 45–7, 65 Aladağ,48 Abbasids, 4, 9, 59, 91, 120, 131, 222, 252–3 al-Akhawayn al-Bukhari, 33 Abiwardi, 176 ‘Ala’ al-Din ‘Ali, 52, 62 ‘Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi, 35 ‘Ala al-Din Kayqubad I, 35, 48, 224 ‘Abd al-Mu’min al-Khu’i, 195 ‘Ala’ al-Din Kayqubad III, 49, 90 ‘Abd al-Rahman b. ‘Amr b. Ahmad al-Karaji ‘Ala’iyya (Alanya), 37 al-Qazwini, 72 Alaşehir, 35, 72, See Philadelphia ‘Abd al-Razzaq al-San‘ani, 206 Alexander the Great, 74 ‘Abdallah b. Salam, 192, 195–6, 199, 201 ‘Ali b. Abi Talib, 1, 24, 85, 119, 132, 144, 153, Abu Bakr Rumi, 79, 81–2, 106, 121, 123, 125, 167, 188, 204, 208, 214 184, 204 ‘Ali b. Dustkhuda, 103, 210, 253 Abu Hanifa, 1, 112, 178, 181 ‘Alinama, 208, 210–11, 215 Abu Ishaq al-Thaʿalabi, 165 Alp Arslan, 10, 32 Abu Nasr b. Muhammad al-Sarakhsi, 183 Amasya, 40, 62, 79, 102, 108, 175, 242, 245–6 Abu Sa‘id, 50, 57–8, 93, 113, 249 Amin al-Din Mika’il, 82 Aegean, 52–3, 165 Amorium, 48, 58 Aﬂaki, 23, 26–7, 78, 82, 85–93, 100, 104–7, Ankara, 15, 31, 34, 51, 54, 68, 103, 118, 120, 109, 113, 126, 128, 141, 247, 250–1, 131, 139, 142, 168, 210–11, 230, 262, 262 265–6, 274, 278 Afyonkarahisar, 50, 58, 157 Antalya, 35, 121, 134, 143, 173 Ahmad b. Ilyas Naqqash, 120 Antichrist, 74, 201, 218, 224, 237, 281 Ahmad of Niğde, 25, 57, 200–1, Antioch, 202 207–8, 213 Anwari, 68 Ahmad Yasavi, 19–20 apocalypticism, 74, 218, 221, 223–4, 228–9, Ahmad-i Rumi, 106 235–7, 240, 244–6, 251 Ahmed Bican, 220, 240 apocalyptic literature, 237–41 Ahmed Fakih, 152, 238 Aqquyunlu, 54, 215, 221, 230 Ahmedi, 14, 149, 152, 168, 175, 208 Aqsara’i, Karim al-Din b. Mahmud, 16, 45, 50, Ahmed-i Da‘i, 186 64, 67, 86, 175, 233, 249–50, 258 Ahval-ı Kıyamet, 153 ‘Arab Noyan, 87, 91 Akhi Evren, 123, 142, 163 Arabic language and texts, 9, 11, 17, 21, 23, Aksaray, 56, 143, 184, 235 25–6, 33–4, 38, 40, 57, 62, 70, 117, Akşehir, 58, 137, 159, 207 120–1, 123, 132, 135, 140, 147–9, 153,

287

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288 Index

155, 159, 162–3, 165–7, 172–9, 182, Berke, 42 185–6, 189, 191–2, 194, 198, 202–3, 205, beylik,13–16, 43, 50, 52–3, 55–60, 73, 109–10, 215, 226, 230, 237, 239–40, 257, 261 147, 165–6, 168, 170–1, 195, 207, 249, Arghun, 47–8 252 Armenian, 12–13, 17, 33, 52, 64, 69, 71, 126, Beypazarılı Maazoğlu Hasan, 213 134, 173, 239, 250 Beyşehir, 50, 57, 90, 141, 171 Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, 12 al-Bistami, ‘Abd al-Rahman, 219, 229 AşıkPaşa, 8, 110–14, 159–64, 167, 186–7, 222, Bithynia, 52 247 Black Death, 149, 239–40 AşıkPaşazade, 115, 168, 211–12 Black Sea, 1, 11, 36, 41–2, 56, 131, 179–80, Astarabadi, 65, 172–3 204 Astarabadi, ‘Aziz b. Ardashir, 16 Bolu, 58, 158 astrology, 173, 210, 218, 229, 235 Buddhists, 67, 69 ‘Attar, 124, 128–9, 164–5, 203, 205–7 Burghazi, 121, 126, 135 awliyā’,75–9, 81, 87, 93–4, 96, 100, 103, Burhan al-Din Ahmad, Qadi, 16, 103, 115, 172, 111–12, 116, 215, 246, 252–3, See saints 253 Ayasuluk, 165, 181, 257 Burhan al-Din al-Anawi, 64, 131 Aydın, 53, 143, 158, 165–6, 171, 173, 187 Bursa, 52, 143, 156, 170, 172–3, 180, 254–5, Aydınids, 53, 172, 186, 256 257, 264 Ayyubids, 41, 123, 131, 134, 240, 246 Byzantine Empire, 11 Byzantium, 13–14, 18, 35, 43, 52, 149, Baba İlyas, 28, 41, 78, 97, 101, 107–10, 153, 239, 255, 275, See Byzantine 112–13, 115, 221, 223, 242–7, 255, Empire 259 Baba Rasul, see Baba İlyas Cahen, Claude, 25, 119 Baba’i revolt, 107–10, 248 Cairo, 25, 139, 142, 166, 185, 187, 257, Badr, 72, 85, 208 268–9 Baghdad, 4, 36, 38, 48, 56, 59, 82, 127, 130–1, Caliph, 4, 36, 38, 59, 64, 131–2, 134, 210, 237, 133, 176, 178, 248 250 Baha’ al-Din Walad, 38, 87 Caliphate, 4, 59, 120, 252 Bahramshah b. Da’ud, 35 Candarids, 53 Baiju, 41–2, 49, 83 Çarhname, 152, 238 bakhshis, 67, 69 catechisms, 188, 191; see also ‘ilm-i hal Balkans, 14, 21, 275 Çelebi ‘Abid, 92 Baltu, 49 Cemal Kafadar, 20, 223 Bar Hebraeus, 17, 67, 218, 242, 244–6 Cenkname, 208, 211–12 Baraq Baba, 88, 93, 182, 217 Central Anatolia, 9, 14, 16, 25, 31, 51, 78, 88, Barquq Sultan, 185 172 Battal Ghazi, 151, 153 Central Asia, 4, 6, 19–20, 24, 31–3, 36, 40, 42, Battalname, 23, 68, 153, 208 56, 68, 79, 81, 84, 148, 150, 179–81, 203, Batu Khan, 41–2 245, 257 Baybars al-Mansuri, 43–4, 67 Chaghatay, 42 Bayezid I, 53, 158, 170 Chaghatayids, 6 Bayezid Şah, 168 China, 6, 56, 220 Bazm u Razm, 16, 65, 262 Chinggis Khan, 6, 42, 60, 62, 68, 81–2, 92, al-Bazzazi, Haﬁz al-Din Muhammad b. Shihab 100–1, 204, 221 al-Kardari al-Khwarazmi, 181 Chinggisids, 42, 59, 61–2, 101, 250 Bedreddin, Shaykh, 116, 221 Chobanids, 53, 57 Behcetü’l-Hadayik, 156–7, 165, 183–4, 187–9, Chopan, 49–50, 249 256 Christianity, 64, 69, 73, 112, 127, 206, 255, Bergama, 168 267, 269, 279

Index 289

Christians, 3–4, 11, 14, 20, 33, 64, 69, 71, 91, eschatology, 26, 189, 191, 201–2, 204, 226, 112, 126, 191, 207, 209, 216, 219, 222, 238, 240, 251, 256 228, 250–1, 253, 255, See Christianity Eshrefids, 57, 90, 97, 175 chronicles, 16 Eskişehir, 44, 157–8 Çifte Minareli Medrese, 15, 46 Esrar Dede, 86 Cilicia, 13, 52, 64, 71, 239, 250 coinage, 36, 49, 57, 61–3, 180, 182, 220 Fakhr al-Din ‘Ali, 42, 44, 72, 83–4, 94, 157, coins, 12, 33, 49, 58, 61, 182, 220; see also 174, 179, 233, 257 numismatics Fakhr al-Din ‘Iraqi, 45–6, 125 colophons, 17, 69, 159, 250 Fakhr al-Din Qazwini, 46, 48, 64, 141 Constantinople, 11, 14, 17, 35, 43, 54, 202–3, Falak al-Din Dündar, 50 219, 228, 239–40, 268 Farghani, Sa‘id al-Din, 45, 175 conversion, 9, 18–19, 27, 59, 63–72, 74, 86, 89, Farghani, Sayf al-Din, 46, 68, 221 100, 112–13, 127, 144, 163, 177, 180, Feridun Beg, 170 184, 188, 192, 201–8, 213–14, 216, 221, fiqh, 40, 126, 159, 172, 175–6, 181, 240, 249–50, 252, 254–5, 258, See 195, 199 Islamisation Firdawsi, 36, 38, 186, 215 Crimea, 43, 81, 101, 106, 180–1, 184, fityān, 117–19, 121, 124–6, 128, 130, 132–4, 270 136–9, 141–4, 163, 254, 257 Cümcüme Sultan, 203 Futuh al-Sham, 186 futuwwa, 28, 38, 54, 119, 121–2, 125–6, Da’ud al-Qaysari, 76, 174 131–3, 136–8, 141–3, 156, 163–4, 207, Dalaman, 43 235, 252–5, 257 Damascus, 2, 25, 246 and Ilkhanids, 139, 144 Danishmendids, 12, 32–4, 35, 60, 88, 153 in Konya, 140–2 Danişmendname, 153, 208 spread of, 130–6 Darir, Erzurumlu, 171, 186 theory of, 121–30 Dasht-i Qipchaq, 56, 180, 182, 184–6 See also fityān Dede Garkın, 107, 245 futuwwatnāmas, 120, 122, 124–5, 132, 135, Dehhani, 152, 171 137, 139, 142 Denizli, 2, 43, 58, 60, 91, 128, 225 DeWeese, Devin, 20, 81 Geikhatu, 16, 48, 140–1 Dhu’l-Qarnayn b. ‘Ayn al-Dawla, 34 Gelibolulu Mustafa Ali, 154 Divriği, 12, 32, 37 Georgian, 12 Diyarbakır, 11, 52 Germiyanids, 50, 53, 86, 165, 168, 170, 172, 187, 256 Eastern Turkish, 148, 156, 172, 179–84, 192, Ghazan, 6, 31, 49, 57, 59, 67–71, 76–7, 86–9, 194–5, 203–4 91, 93, 99–100, 113, 159, 163, 217, 221, Edebali, Shaykh, 115 237, 249, 251, 255, 258 Eğridir, 2, 58, 258 al-Ghazmini, 40 Egypt, 3, 6, 9, 43, 56, 60, 70, 95, 108, 119, 123, al-Ghazzali, 37 130, 134, 149, 153, 166, 171, 176, 178, Ghiyath al-Din Kaykhusraw I, 35–6 185–6, 202, 220, 256, 258, 270 Ghiyath al-Din Kaykhusraw II, 40, 83, 107, 136, Elvan Çelebi, 23, 78, 97, 101, 107, 109, 112, 215, 220 115, 163–4, 242, 244–5, 247, 255 Ghiyath al-Din Kaykhusraw III, 43, 121, 259 Eretna, 31, 50–1, 61–2, 92, 100, 143, 182 Ghiyath al-Din Mas‘ud II, 50, 84 Eretnids, 9, 16, 52, 76 Golden Horde, 6, 41–3, 57, 81, 101, 106, 149, Erzincan, 12, 32, 35, 37, 46, 51, 61, 69, 101, 151, 179–81, 184–5, 191, 203, 256–7, 121, 126, 176, 178, 182, 224, 237 259 Erzurum, 12, 32–3, 41, 44, 47, 56, 87, 159, Gölpınarlı, Abdülbaki, 119 186, 202, 250 Great Seljuqs, 35–7, 176

290 Index

Greek, 11–12, 17–18, 33, 52–3, 69, 126, 155, Ibn Tumart, 220, 228, 241 163, 173 Ibrahim b. Abi Sa‘id al-Maghribi al-‘Ala’i, 34 Green, Nile, 24 Ibtidanama, 95, 104–5 Gülşehri, 8, 121, 123–4, 128, 130–1, 142, 154, Ilkhanate, 6, 8, 13, 15, 31, 42, 48, 50–1, 57, 61, 159, 161–5, 167, 186–7, 204–7, 216 70, 80, 93, 119, 143, 258, 277 Gurji Khatun, 85, 91 Ilkhans, 6, 42, 48, 57–8, 64, 70, 162, 167, 185, 209, 249, 253, See Ilkhanate Hacı Bektaş, 23, 68, 247 Illuminationist philosophy, 103, 124 ā Hacı Paşa, 166, 186, 257 ilm-i h_ l, 191, 200 hadith, 26, 72, 127, 166, 175–7, 180, 183–4, Iltermish Khatun, 88 202, 217–18, 236–7, 245, 257 India, 56, 80, 106, 150, 176–7, 207, 220, Hafiz-i Abru, 249 259 hagiographies, 23, 26, 77, 86, 215 Iran, 6, 9, 24, 32, 36, 40, 42, 50, 54, 57, 61, Haliloğlu Ali, 184 63–4, 67, 72, 79, 89, 115, 119, 132, Hamdallah Mustawfi, 56, 58, 162 138–9, 144, 173–4, 191, 209, 219–20, Hanafis, 42, 176, 179, 181, 212 252, 270, 273 Hanafism. See Abu Hanifa Iraq, 2, 32–3, 36, 41, 56, 87, 112, 119, 131, Hasluck, F.W., 20 143, 178, 214, 237, 248 Hatiboğlu Mehmed, 171 Irenjin Noyan, 86 Het‘um, 71 İsa Beg, 166–7 Hibetullah b. Ibrahim, 238 Isfahan, 118 Hilla, 119 Islamisation, 8, 10, 12, 18–22, 27–8, 31, 67, Hovhannes Pluz, 126 162, 179, 184, 193, 199, 207, 217, 252, Hubaysh-i Tiflisi, 34, 189, 218, 223 255 Hülegü, 6, 42–3, 59, 81 Istanbul. See Constantinople Humam al-Din Tabrizi, 88 Izmir, 56, 93 Husam al-Din Çelebi, 104–5, 128 ‘Izz al-din Kayka’us I, 64 ‘Izz al-Din Kayka’us II, 43, 154 Ibn ‘Abd al-Zahir, 59 Ibn ‘Ala, 153 Jalal al-Din Karatay, 42, 44, 100, 133, Ibn ‘Arabi, 8, 38, 45, 64, 75–7, 94, 98, 115, 136–7 124–5, 131, 174–5, 189, 223–6, 229–30, Jalal al-Din Khwarazmshah, 37, 243 233, 241, 247, 250–2, 277 Jalayirids, 51–2, 285 Ibn al-Athir, 178, 257 Jamal al-Din al-Aqsara’i, 62 Ibn al-Fuwati, 125, 138–9, 143 Jani Bek, 101 Ibn al-Jawzi, 178, 257 Jesus, 12, 104, 203–4, 221, 224, 228, 237, 244, Ibn al-Sarraj, 126, 128 246 Ibn Barrajan, 229–35 Jews, 66, 69, 74, 112, 191–2, 195–6, 200, 207, Ibn Battuta, 1–2, 4, 8–9, 17, 21–2, 53, 56, 62, 250 73, 91, 93, 117–19, 121–2, 124, 128, jihad, 27–8, 31, 63, 70, 93, 130, 168, 192, 202, 142–3, 166, 173, 181, 254, 257–8 207, 253 Ibn Baytar, 166–7 Jimri, 46, 59, 77–8, 110, 144, 157 Ibn Bibi, 16, 37–8, 48, 131, 133–4, 136, 138, jizya, 64, 68, 72, 91, 237 147–8, 157, 233, 242–3, 246 Jochid, 180, See Golden Horde Ibn Bidqin, 127 Joseph, 85, 104, 108, 180, 184, 188, 207, 266 Ibn Farid, 174–5, 257 al-Jurjani, 175 Ibn Kammuna, 66, 174 Juwayni, ‘Ala’ al-Din ‘Ata’ Malik, 183 Ibn Shaddad, 65 Juwayni, Shams al-Din Muhammad, 46 Ibn Sina, 174–5, 226 Ibn Talha, 219, 228, 240 Kafadar, Cemal, 21, 23, 222, 258 Ibn Taymiyya, 127, 208 Kafarsud, 241, 243

Index 291

kalām, 27, 166 Ladhiq, 2, 91, 128, 157, 225, See Denizli Karahisar Develi, 50, 156–7, See Afyonkarahisar Lahore, 176 Karaman, 54, 58, 109, 140, 143, 147, 171, 186, Lake Beyşehir, 37 239 Lake Van, 58 Karamanids, 45, 48, 50, 53, 58–9, 61, 68, 92, 109–10, 140–2, 144, 147, 171, 173, madrasas, 31, 34, 40, 44, 64, 72, 102, 173–4, 249–50 190, 257 Karamanlı Ayni, 172 Maghreb, 226, 228, 232, 259 Karamustafa Ahmet, 19–20, 190 Mahdi, 201, 219–29, 232, 235–8, 240, 244, Karasi, 168, 200 247, 251, 253, 258, 261 Kastamonu, 2, 50, 56, 58, 73, 168, 183, 192, mahdism, 221, 223, 241, 247, 249, 251 210 Mahmud of Ghazna, 37 Kaygusuz Abdal, 158, 186, 210 Majd al-Din Ishaq, 38, 131 Kayseri, 9, 12, 26, 45, 51–2, 59, 61, 66, 69, 79, Malatya, 12, 17, 34, 36, 131 85, 143, 157, 172, 176, 178, 235, 239, 250 Mamluk sultanate, 6, 50, 67, 151 Kerderli Mahmud b. ‘Ali, 183 Mamluks, 43, 46, 49, 56, 60–1, 70, 249 Kesikbaş, 184, 203–4, 265 Manaqib al-‘Arifin, 78, 87, 97 khānqāh, 68, 75, 77, 128, 143, 178, 195 Manzikert, 32 Khaqani, 35 Mardin, 11, 183 Kharijites, 209 Marw, 81 Khidr, 74, 95, 108, 115, 245 Mathnawi, 35, 45, 97, 101, 160, 164, 174 khilāfa,99 Mawlana, 87–8, 90–2, 105–7, 109–10, 116, Khurasan, 37, 41, 61, 68, 80, 116 195, 204, 263, See Rumi, Jalal al-Din Khusraw and Shirin, 180 Mecca, 72, 195, 204–6, 227 Khwaja ‘Ubaydallah Ahrar, 84 medicine, 33–4, 165–6, 173 Khwarazm, 180–1, 187, 259 Medina, 152, 192, 195, 202, 204, 233 Khwarazmi, 180–1 Mediterranean, 12, 36–7, 47, 165–6, 232 Khwarazmian, 40, 179, 219, 243 Mehmed Beg, 43–4, 59, 147–8, 166 Khwarazmians, 37, 40, 219, 243, 247 Mélikoff, Irène, 19 Kılıç Arslan II, 34, 64, 139, 218, 224 Menakıbu’l-Kudsiyye fi Menasibi’l-Ünsiyye, 78, Kılıç Arslan IV, Rukn al-Din, 43, 48, 85, 137 97, 107, 109, 113, 164, 223, 241–8 Kirdeci Ali, 184, 204, 216 Mengücekids, 12, 32 Kırk Su’al, 194 Menteşe, 90, 140 Kırşehir, 86, 91, 102, 110, 113–14, 123, 142, Mevlevis, 76, 78–80, 86, 89, 93–4, 96, 101–2, 157–9, 162–3, 167, 187, 256 104–6, 109, 172, 187, 195, 253, 259 Ḳıssa-i Şeyh Sanan, 154 Mevlevism, 76, 82–107, 164, 189, 204, Konya, 8–9, 16, 32, 34, 36–8, 44, 46–8, 50, 253 59–60, 63, 66, 72, 79, 82, 84–5, 90, 92, Milas, 2, 181 104, 108–10, 121, 123, 126, 132, 136–42, Moin, Azfar, 24, 93 144, 147, 156, 160, 164, 171, 173–5, 185, Molla Fenari, 181 187, 191, 194–200, 204, 208, 218, 233–4, Möngke, 3, 42 250, 256, 264, 267 Mongolia, 4, 6, 42, 147 Köprülü, Mehmet Fuat, 18–20, 86, 151–3, 155, Mongolian, 162, 182, 185, 281 203, 212 Mongols, 3–8, 10–13, 15, 28, 31, 37, 41–4, 48, Kösedağ, 8, 42, 136 51, 60, 64–5, 67–9, 72, 74, 77, 89, 92, Kubadabad, 37 100, 108, 119–20, 136, 140, 142–3, 147, Kubrawis, 79 152, 157, 163, 179, 183, 219, 224, 236–7, kufr, 207, 216 241–2, 252–4, 257, 266, 270, 273 Kul Ali, 180 and futuwwa, 125–31 Kütahya, 50, 72–3, 86, 168, 191, 193–6, 198, and Sufism, 82, 86–90, 98–103 201, 279 Moses, 74, 95, 244

292 Index

Mu‘in al-Din Sulayman, 42–3, 45, 72, 76, 82, Ottomans, 8, 10–14, 16, 19, 22, 24–5, 31–2, 143, 175, See Pervane 49–50, 52–3, 58, 60, 76, 80, 86, 91, 109, Mu‘in al-Murid, 180 115–16, 119, 127, 143, 149–50, 154, Mu‘tazilism, 210 157–8, 168, 170, 174, 176, 181–2, 186–7, Mu’ayyid al-Din Jandi, 76, 175, 248 190, 211–13, 217, 219, 221, 230, 237, Mubariz al-Din Mehmed Beg, 90 239, 241, 253–5, 259, 271, 276 Muhabbatname, 180–1 Özbek Khan, 101 Muhadhdhab al-Din, 83 Muhammad b. Ghazi, 36 panegyric, 37, 84, 87, 142, 175, 237 Muhammad b. Taj al-Din Mu‘tazz b. Tahir, 57 paradise, 27, 111, 122, 200–2, 205, 238 Muhsin al-Qaysari, 25, 176, 257 Partawnama, 103 Murad I, 53, 154, 173 Pegolotti, 56 Murad II, 115, 182, 229 Persian language and texts, 8–9, 11, 16–17, 19, murīd, 75, 88, 91, 97, 107, 133 23, 25–6, 33–8, 40, 44, 57, 62, 64, 76, 78, Musaﬁr b. Nasir al-Malatawi, 63 81, 84, 87, 95, 100, 112, 120–1, 123–5, Muzaffar al-Din Yavlak Arslan, 57 133, 135, 141, 144, 147–50, 152, 154–6, 159, 161, 163, 166–7, 170–3, 175, Najm al-Din Razi, 38, 79, 99, 103, 171, 221, 179–80, 182–3, 188–9, 191–9, 201, 203, 251–2 205, 207–8, 210–11, 217, 221, 235, 239, Najm al-Din Zarkub, 127 242, 248, 256–7 Nasir al-Din Mustawﬁ, 140 Pervane, 42–3, 45, 65, 72, 82–4, 125, 140, 142, al-Nasir li-Din Allah, 131, 136 175 al-Nasir Muhammad, 57, 61 Pfeiffer, Judith, 102 Nasiri, 120, 122, 124, 126, 139, 144, 235, 237, Philadelphia, 35, 52–3 251 Pollock, Sheldon, 149, 272 Nasiri Sijistani, 121, 235–7, 258 popular preaching, 190 Nehcü’l-Feradis, 180, 183 prophecy, 94–100 Nicaea, 32–3, 35, See Iznik Prophet Muhammad, the, 72, 89, 99–100, 111, Niğde, 16, 51, 68, 143, 201, 208 122, 126, 131–2, 168, 188, 192, 195–6, Niksar, 34 198–9, 205, 207, 210, 212–14, 216, Nishapur, 56, 130 218–19, 224, 248, 258 Nizam al-Mulk, 37, 94 prophets, 64, 76, 94, 96–7, 104, 111, 196, 200, Nizami, 35, 160, 164, 166, 180 244–6, 259 Numismatics, 42, 56, 182; see also coinage, coins Nur al-Din b. Jaja, 86, 91, 102, 157, Qabus b. Vushmgir, 37 162 Qabusnama, 128, 130, 168 Qadi Burhan al-Din, 61–2, 65, 149, 253 Ocak, Ahmet Yaşar, 18, 23, 109, 221–2, 241, Qalandars, 79, 89, 93, 125, 182, 217, 255, 243, 247, 278 263 Ögödei, 41 Qalandarnama, 79, 81, 101–2, 121, 123–5, 185, Oirats, 54 204 Old Anatolian Turkish, 148, 182 Qani‘i, 37, 59, 152, 215 olga-bolga language, 183 Qansuh al-Ghawri, 186 Öljeitü, 50, 57, 71, 89, 93, 97, 99 Qara Tatars, 51, 143 Oposhgha Noyan, 86, 100 Qaraqorum, 4, 6 ordu,42–3, 65, 71, 87, 89, 92, 233, 248 Qashani, 99, 221, 248 Orhan Beg, 53, 56, 58, 115, 127, 170, 176, 254 Qayitbay, 186 Orthodox Church, 3, 255, See also Christianity Qipchaq, 70, 179, 182, 184–7, 217 Oruç, 109–10 Qunawi, Sadr al-Din 24, 26, 38, 45, 103, Osman, 13, 110, 115, 168, 211–12, 262, 278, 125, 174–5, 225–6, 233, 245, 248, 282 254

Index 293

Qur’an, 1–2, 27, 34, 73, 96–7, 111, 162, 164, 142, 144, 147, 151, 153, 157, 173, 198, 200–1, 206, 210, 217, 229–30, 232, 212, 215, 218, 221, 229, 235–7, 240, 245, 254, 258, 260 241–3, 250–2, 256, 258–9; see also Great and surat al-Kahf, 230 Seljuqs and surat al-Rum, 230 Seljuqs of Iraq, 37 qu_tb, 46, 57, 66, 88, 180, 280 Şerefeddin Çakırca, 183 Qutb al-‘Alawi, 217 Şerifi of Amid, 186 Qutlugh-Timur, 101–2 Seyfi, 185 Şeyhi, 149 Rababnama, 95, 97, 99, 101 Şeyhoğlu, 168 Rabghuzi, 180 Seyitgazi, 169 Rashid al-Din, 46–7, 76–7, 88, 92, 99, 101, 221 Şeyyad Hamza, 152, 207, 216, 239–40 Rawandi, 36 Şeyyad İsa, 153, 238 Rifa‘is, 103 Shabankara’i, 100 Rum, 8, 21, 26, 28, 35, 38, 45, 75–6, 78, 81, Shadi b. Khwajaki, 194, 198 94–6, 104–5, 116, 124–5, 128, 134, 155, Shah Ismail, 220, 241 252–3, 263 Shams al-Din Isfahani, 42, 44 Rumi, Jalal al-Din, 11, 23, 26–7, 45, 85, 87–9, Sharaf al-Din Sati, 101 – – – 93, 95 6, 101, 105 6, 110, 114 15, sha_thiyya_ , 182 123–4, 141, 153, 155–6, 160, 162, 164–5, Shiism, 1–2, 19, 24, 71, 89, 209, 221, 223, 247, 195, 206, 217, 259, 277 257 Shiites, 2, 4, 191, 210, 228, 248, 259 Sa‘di, 46, 160, 164, 185 Shirazi, Qutb al-Din, 46, 48, 57, 66, 88, 175, sacral kingship, 80, 99, 253 251 Şadi Meddah, 210, 216 Shuja‘ al-Din Inanj Beg, 91 Sadr al-Din Zanjani, 76 Shuja‘ al-Din b. Orhan Beg b. Menteshe, 181 al-Sadr al-Shahid, 40, 159, 257 Şikari, 109 Safavids, 54, 80 silver mines, 36, 47 al-Saghani, 176–7, 184, 237, 257 Sinop, 1, 36, 58, 131 Sahib Giray, 203 Siraj al-Din Urmawi, 44, 138 sainthood, 27, 95, 98–9, 108, 116, 187, 192, Siraj al-Qulub, 183, 191–9, 202, 216, 256, 264 246, 252 Sivas, 8–9, 15–16, 24, 40–1, 46, 51–2, 61–2, saints, 26–7, 75–6, 80, 84, 88, 93–4, 96–8, 100, 69, 72, 76, 83, 87, 91, 102, 115, 120, 143, 165, 185, 189, 246; see also awliyā’ 149, 172, 183, 253 al-Sakkaki, 175 Sufis, 4, 6, 8, 19–20, 23–4, 27–8, 38, 45, 68, Salah al-Din Zarkub, 104 74–8, 80, 82, 87–8, 101–2, 112, 119, 123, Salsalname, 153, 208 125, 130–1, 136, 163–4, 173, 178, 189, Saltukids, 12, 32 207, 217, 224–5, 246, 255–8, 279 Samaghar, 45, 86–7, 91 Sufism, 4, 8, 18, 20, 24, 27–8, 38, 40, 44, al-Samarqandi, ‘Imad b. Mas‘ud, 167 74–117, 121, 123–6, 134, 144, 164, 173, Samaw’al al-Maghribi, 66 175, 178, 185, 189, 252–5; see also Sana’i, 160, 164 futuwwa Saray, 181, 185 Suhrawardi, Shihab al-Din Yayha b. Habash, al-Sarayi, ‘Ala’ al-Din Muhammad b. Ahmad 103 b. Muhammad, 46, 68, 221 Suhrawardi, Abu Hafs ‘Umar, 38, 121 Sayf al-Din Şadgeldi, 62 al-Sulami, 122, 130, 220 Schamiloglu, Uli, 149 Sülemish, 49, 60–1, 70, 108 Seljuqs of Rum, 3, 8–10, 12–13, 15–16, 28, Süleyman Pasha, 50 31–50, 56, 59–60, 62, 64, 68, 71, 75–8, Sultan Walad, 8, 26, 28, 78, 84–7, 89–90, 95–9, 82, 84–5, 87, 90, 92, 97, 103, 107–9, 113, 101–6, 109, 111, 118, 124–5, 142, 153, 115–16, 120–1, 131, 133–4, 136, 138–40, 155–6, 164, 238, 252

294 Index

Sultaniyya, 89, 99 Turkmen, 8, 10, 13, 18–19, 28, 33, 35, 41, Sunnis, 24, 191, 199, 204, 214, 216, 223, 228, 43–5, 48–50, 52–61, 63, 70, 86, 90, 92–3, 244, 247, 256–7, 259 109, 117, 140, 142–3, 147, 157, 159, 165, Sunnism, 1, 4, 24, 28, 71, 211, 223 171, 173, 181, 208, 221, 223, 242, 244, Sunnitisation, 10, 22, 24, 211 246, 249, 252–4, 256–8 Sutayids, 52 Tursun Fakih, 168, 189, 211–16 syncretism, 3, 20–1, 190, 222, 256 Tusi, Nasir al-Din, 45, 173 Syria, 3, 6, 9, 41, 43, 56, 60–1, 70, 112, 119, al-Tustari, Muhammad, 171, 174 126, 130, 134, 149, 171, 178, 185–6, 190, 219–20, 227, 232, 241, 245 Uighur, 51, 61, 63, 71, 179, 182, 194, 203 Syriac, 17, 33, 218, 242 ‘ulama’, 4, 25, 40, 45, 81, 110, 130, 173, 189–90, 220, 225, 242, 257 ā ‘ _tabaq t,25 Ulu Arif Çelebi, 88, 105, 113 al-Tabari, 35 Ulu ‘Arif Çelebi, 87–92 Tabriz, 25, 33, 47, 56, 68, 77, 88, 90, 92, 95, Uluborlu, 50 127, 138, 144, 156, 174, 253 al-‘Umari, 17, 52–3, 57, 59–61, 262 tafsīr, 97, 175, 196, 198, 233 Umur Beg, 58, 91–3, 165 Taj al-Din Mu‘tazz, 57, 128 Urfa, 11 ī – _tar qa, 75, 78 80, 100, 103, 107, 114, 121, 123–4, 161 Vahid Ali Paşa Library, 193, 195, 198, 200 Taş Vakfiye, 168 vernacular Islam, 19, 190 Taşköprizade, 25, 158, 174 vernacularisation, 149–51, 168, 188–93, 256 al-Tawassul ila’l-Tarassul, 170 vernaculars, 150, 156, 188 ī – tawh_ d, 124 5, 188 Vilayetname, 23, 68 Timur, 31, 51, 54, 79, 102, 106, 143, 230, 253, Vryonis, Speros, 18 277 Timurids, 80 Wafa’iyya, 79, 95 Timurtash, 16, 50, 58, 61, 69, 92, 223, 241, Wajih al-Din al-Arzinjani, 176, 184, 237, 249–51, 255, 258–9 240 al-Tirmidhi, 94 waqf, 84–5, 102, 114, 162, 183, 233 Tok Bugha, 180 waqfiyya, 86, 100, 123, 133, 136, 138, 162, Tokat, 34, 93, 102, 108, 120, 143, 154, 182 168, 170 translations, 159, 164–8, 170, 173, 176, 179, wilāyat. See sainthood; awliyā’ 187 William of Rubruck, 3 Transoxiana, 42, 52 Wittek, Paul, 13, 19 Trebizond, 12–13, 52–3, 202, 217, 239 Tughay-Timur, 61 Yar Ali Divriki, 103 Tughril III, 36 Yashbak min Mahdi, 186 Tühfe-i Mübarizi, 165 Yassı Çimen, 37 Tülük-Timur, 101 Yunus Emre, 21, 26, 158, 186, 264 Tuman-Beg, 87–8 Yusuf b. Sa‘d al-Sijistani, 40 Turkicisation, 149, 179 Yusufi, 77, 144 Turkish language and texts, 3, 8–12, 14, 18, Yusuf-ı Meddah, 172 21–2, 26, 28, 32, 35, 38, 42, 53, 57, 67–8, 78, 87, 90, 107, 110, 117, 120–1, 124, Zangids, 131 135, 142, 147–73, 175, 179–200, 203–4, zāwiya, 75, 102, 108, 110, 113, 115, 117, 133, 208, 211–17, 219, 221, 232, 239, 242, 142–3, 242, 254 251, 254, 256–7, 259, 266 Zawzani, 159, 264