Lalu Khothibul Umam

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Lalu Khothibul Umam KATA PENGANTAR Alhamdulillah segala puja dan puji syukur atas kebesaran, kenikmatan karunia dari Allah swt. yang telah mengilhamkan hikmah pengetahuan sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan disertasi ini. Sejak pertama kali penulis menginjakkan kaki melanjutkan studi program doktor di Sekolah Pascasarjana (SPs) UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, begitu banyak pihak yang telah berjasa dan membantu penulis baik secara moril maupun materil. Pertama, ucapan terima kasih yang tak terhingga kepada civitas akademik Prof. Dr. Amany Lubis, MA., Rektor UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta beserta jajarannya. Prof. Dr. Phil. Asep Saefudin Jahar MA., Ph.D., Direktur Sekolah Pascasarjana (SPs), Prof. Dr. Didin Saepudin, MA., Ketua Program Studi Doktor. Kepada kedua promotor penulis: Prof. Dr. Husni Rahim dan Prof. Dr. Dede Rosyada, MA. Serta para penguji: Prof. Dr. Armai Arief, M.Ag., Prof. Dr. Hafid Abbas., Prof. Dr. Iik Arifin Mansurnoor, MA., yang telah dengan teliti, penuh dedikasi membimbing dan mengarahkan penulis dalam menyelesaikan disertasi ini. Secara khusus dan teristimewa ucapan terima kasih yang mendalam kepada Prof. Dr. Suwito, MA (Alm.) sebagai penguji pada saat ujian pendahuluan, yang banyak memberikan kata-kata bijak dalam mengarungi kehidupan, serta kepada seluruh dosen yang telah memberi bimbingan baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung, terutama para penguji work in progress (WIP) I dan II, Dr. Kusmana, MA., Dr. JM. Muslim, MA., dan kepada seluruh staf sekertariat yang banyak memberi bantuan dan pelayanan demi kelancaran studi penulis selama ini. Kedua, ucapan terima kasih kepada Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Islam (Dirjend Pendis) yang telah memberikan Beasiswa Mora Scholarships Program 5000 Doktor Kementerian Agama tahun 2017, dengan beasiswa tersebutlah penulis telah menunaikan kewajiban untuk menyelesaikan program beasiswa ini sesuai dengan waktu yang telah ditentukan. Ketiga, ucapan terima kasih yang terdalam, dan tak terhingga kepada orang tua: Lalu Mohammad Ali dan Baiq Amnah. Mertua: H. Abu Bakar Asyek, SH. dan Hj. Suriati Arsyad, A. Md. Serta TGH. L. M. Turmudzi Badaruddin (Mustasyar PBNU) sebagai guru yang membimbing penulis sejak kecil, Ninikda (Kakek) Drs. H. L. Mudjitahid (Alm.) Mantan Wali Kota Mataram dan Bupati Lombok Barat, kepada mereka semua hikmah pengetahuan penulis dapatkan, menuntun penulis berupa nasehat, dan doa-doa yang tidak pernah putus agar diberikan kemudahan untuk menyelesaikan program doktor sampai tahap akhir. Keempat, penulis mengucapakan terima kasih dan penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya, atas segala atensi, bantuan dan dukungannya selama ini, kepada Dr. Akhyar Fadli, M.Si, Rektor Institut Agama Islam Qamarul Huda Bagu beserta seluruh civitas akademik, tempat penulis mengabdi sebagai dosen staf pengajar. i Kelima, ucapan terima kasih yang tak terhingga kepada tiga sekolah tempat saya meneliti: Pertama kepada TGH. Muammar Arafat, SH. MH. Pembina/Pengurus Yayasan Pondok Pesantren Darul Falah, Baidawi, SE. ME. kepala sekolah SMA Darul Falah. Kedua, kepada RD. Patrisius Woda Fodhi Trisno, SS Ketua Yayasan Insan Mandiri Denpasar Cabang Lombok, Urbanus Bate, S. Pd. Sekertaris Yayasan, serta B. Aryo Priyo Rinowo, S. Pd. Kepala sekolah SMAK Kesuma. Ketiga, Sunoto, S. Pd. Kepala Sekolah SMAN 3 Mataram dan Humasnya, para guru PAI, PAH, Muatan lokal (Mulok), serta koordinator guru PPKn. Keenam, ucapan terima kasih kepada istri tercinta dr. Ramdlani Yuliarti Abbas dan anak simata wayang kami Baiq Zeline Sabrina Addakhil, yang dengan penuh kesabaran dan kasih sayangnya senantiasa merelakan penulis untuk ditinggal, saya menyadari begitu banyak waktu luang berharga untuk mereka. Terakhir kepada saudara kandung saya: Kak Laili, Kak Sri, Kak Ida dan adek saya Anam, Lina, Liza dan Fahmi. Adek ipar: Anis, Kikin, Yati dan Didin, dan saudara seperjuangan saya dalam suka maupun duka Sumarlin Salam, SE.I. serta teman yang selalu siap membantu selama saya berada di Jakarta, Abd Zakaria, S.Pd. Karya ini saya persembahkan untuk mereka semua sebagai karya akademik, sebuah dedikasi bentuk pengabdian bagi keluarga, agama dan bangsa. Akhirnya, kepada semua pihak yang telah berjasa dan membantu penulis yang tidak bisa disebutkan satu persatu di sini, semoga Allah swt. membalas kebaikan mereka semua. Amin Jakarta, 20 Januari 2021 Penulis, Lalu Khothibul Umam ii ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis model pendidikan toleransi di SMA Kota Mataram, dengan pendekatan fenomenologi dan sosiologi, hasil temuan penelitian ini membuktikan, bahwa kebersamaan peserta didik tanpa membedakan latar belakang keagamaan, dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan ekstra dan intra kurikuler di sekolah, akan menghasilkan kohesifitas kesatuan dan toleransi dalam keragaman masing-masing siswa. Berbagai aktifitas keagamaan seperti perayaan Maulid Nabi, Hari Raya Idul Fitri, Idul Adha dan berpartisipasi dalam MTQ bagi peserta didik yang beragama Islam. Perayaan Hari Raya Nyepi, Galungan, Kuningan, Saraswati, Perang Topat dan Pujawali bagi peserta didik yang beragama Hindu, dapat dilakukan oleh masing-masing siswa, namun tetap dalam batas kerja sama dalam aspek kebudayaan, dan tidak terlibat secara langsung dalam ritual keagamaan, aktifitas ini dapat menciptakan kerukunan dalam kehidupan beragama, bermasyarakat, berbangsa dan bernegara. Model pembelajaran di SMA Darul Falah, SMAK Kesuma dan SMAN 3 Mataram yakni: Model pembelajaran tindih (Direct instruktion), model pembelajaran maliq dan merang (Cooperative learning), dan model pembelajaran kesolahan, diaplikasikan dalam bentuk sangkep dan gundem (Contextual teaching and learning). Semua model pembelajaran tersebut terpusat pada peserta didik (Contruktivis learning). Hasil kajian penelitian ini sependapat dengan teori pendidikan yang telah dikemukakan oleh John Dewey (1986). William Glasser (1988), Herbert Kohl, Neil Postman (1991), Ivan Illich (1993), yang mengatakan bahwa perubahan seseorang/individu sangat ditentukan oleh pengalaman pribadi (Personal experience) proses belajar yang dilakukan di sekolah dalam bentuk kegiatan intrakurikuler dan ekstrakurikuler, dan tidak berhubungan dengan lingkungan keluarga dan atau lingkungan masyarakat tempat tinggalnya. Penelitian ini, tidak sependapat dengan teori kaum humanisme pendidikan yang telah dikemukakan oleh Habermas (1995), Richard H. Dees 1996), Lickona (1996), dan Donna Hicks (1997), yang mengatakan bahwa perubahan seseorang atau individu sangat ditentukan oleh keluarga dan lingkungan masyarakat tempat tinggalnya. Mereka semua cenderung mendefinisikan pendidikan dalam arti mahaluas, hasil penelitian ini juga tidak mendukung pendapat HAR Tilaar, bahwa hampir sebagian besar waktu peserta didik berada di rumah bukan di lembaga pendidikan formal seperti di sekolah. Kata kunci: Toleransi, Hidden kurikulum, Pluralisme dan Kearifan lokal (Local wisdom). iii PEDOMAN TRANSLITERASI ARAB-LATIN ALA-LC ROMANIZATION TABLES Transliterasi yang digunakan dalam disertasi ini adalah: A. Konsonan Tunggal Huruf Arab Nama Huruf Latin Keterangan Alif DIHILANGKAN ا Ba’ B ب Ta’ T ت Sa’ TH ث Jim J ج }Ha’ H ح Kha’ KH خ Dal D د Zal DH ذ Ra’ R ر Za’ Z ز Sin S س Shin SH ش }Sad S ص }Dad D ض }Ta’ T ط }Za’ Z ظ Ain ‘ AYN‘ ع Gain GH غ Fa’ F ف Qaf Q ق Kaf K ك Lam L ل iv Mim M م Nun N ن Wawu W و Ha’ H ه Hamzah ’ Tanda Koma ء Ya’ Y ي B. Konsonan Rangkap Konsonan rangkap yang disebabkan oleh shaddah ditulis rangkap juga. ditulis muzakkar مذكر :Seperti C. Ta’ Marbut}ah di Akhir Kata Adapun ta’ marbut}ah baik yang hidup ataupun yang mati di akhir kata dilambangkan dengan huruf h, seperti lafaz: ditulis: shari>’ah شريعة _ ditulis: ha>wiyah هاوية _ Tetapi jika kata-kata itu sudah terserap menjadi bahasa Indonesia dilambangkan dengan huruf t seperti kata: salat, zakat, dan sebagainya. D. Vokal Panjang .(qa>hirah) قاهرة Bunyi panjang a dilambangkan dengan a>, seperti .1 .(madi>nah) مدينة Bunyi panjang i dilambangkan dengan i> seperti .2 .(mat}lu>b) مطلوب Bunyi panjang u dilambangkan dengan u> seperti .3 E. Kata Sandang alif dan lam Kata sandang yang diakui oleh huruf qamariyah dan shamsiyah ditulis menurut tulisannya, seperti: ditulis al-qamar القمر .1 .ditulis al-shams الشمس .2 v DAFTAR ISI Halaman Sampul …………………………………………………………… i Kata Pengantar ……………………………………………………………… iii Abstrak ……………………………...……………………………………… v Pedoman Transliterasi………..……....……………………………………… vi Daftar Isi………………………………….…………………………………. viii Daftar Tabel ………………………………….……………………..……… xi Daftar Gambar……………………………………………………………… xii Daftar Singkatan………….…………………...……………………………. xiii BAB I PENDAHULUAN ……….…………………………………………. 1 A. Latar Belakang Masalah ….……………………………………….…. 1 B. Identifikasi Masalahan ………………………………………………. 26 C. Rumusan Masalah ..………………………………………………….. 28 D. Batasan Masalah ……..………………………………………………. 28 E. Tujuan Penelitian …..……………………………………………….... 30 F. Manfaat Penelitian …...………………………………………………. 30 G. Penelitian Terdahulu yang Relevan …………………………………. 30 H. Metode Penelitian ……………………………………………………. 37 1. Jenis dan Pendekatan Penelitian ………………….………………. 37 2. Sumber Data ………………………………………………………. 38 3. Teknik Pengumpulan Data………………………………………… 38 4. Metode Pengolahan dan Analisis ..………………………………... 39 I. Sistematika Penulisan ……..………………………………………….. 43 BAB II GENEALOGI PENDIDIKAN TOLERANSI BERAGAMA ……. 45 A. Konsep Dasar Pendidikan Toleransi …………………………..……. 49 1. Toleransi dalam Agama Islam ………..………………………… 50 2. Toleransi dalam Agama Hindu …...……………………………… 58 B. Filosofi Pendidikan Formal, Nonformal dan Informal……..………… 60 C. Pluralisme dan Multikulturalisme dalam Beragama…………………. 63 D. Akselerasi Nilai-nilai dan Pendekatan
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