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Jibrail Ibn Bukhtīshū'i Pioneers of Islamic Medicine series No:2 ﺑﺨﺘﻴﺸﻮع : The Bukhtīshū‘s A generation of Physicians in Early History of Islamic Medicine Author: Husain F. Nagamia MD FRCS (Eng and Edin) Chairman, International Institute of Islamic Medicine (IIIM) Past President of IMANA, Member Editorial Board JIMA. Abstract: The Bukhtishu’s were a generation of physicians who originated from the same family tree. Although of devout Christian faith and Nestorian descent, because of their high education and special knowledge of medicine they enjoyed a special status under the patronage of the Abbasid Caliphs; many of them by being appointed as court physicians. For three centuries (from 2nd century of Hijra , 8th century of CE to the 5th century of AH or 11th Century CE), they contributed greatly to practice of Medicine, of their generation by generously supporting the collection and translation of medical texts, by heading newly formed hospitals and dispensaries. Hey also disseminated the science by writing and teaching the art to many eager students and last but not least by they themselves practicing a high and ethical standard of medical practice. They therefore, can be considered as true “Pioneers of Islamic Medicine”. In this article we will examine their family tree, their genealogy, their contributions to the practice and teaching of medicine during this, the early period of Islamic civilization. We will also endeavor to examine their origins and close association with the Medical school and hospital in the ancient city 1 of Jundishapur, an institution which was held in high esteem during the early conquests of Islam. Later at the invitation of the Caliph they were to transfer their practices to the newly founded capital of the Islamic Empire the City of Baghdad. In Baghdad they were to set up medical schools and hospitals after the prototype of Jundishapur, but which in their turn were to exceed the standards of school and hospital in Jundishapur. We will also examine their contributions, and the impact that these made on the practice of Medicine during this early part of the newly developing Islamic Nation. Key Words: 1Bukhtīshū‘s ﺑﺨﺘﻴﺸﻮع Bukhtishu Bakhtishu’s Nestorian Physicians. Islamic Medicine. Physicians of Islamic Medicine. Introduction: The Bukhtishu’s were Nestorian Christians of Persian extraction that were closely related initially to the medical school and hospital in Jundishapur (also referred to as Gondeshapur) established by Sassanid Emperor Anushirwan (531 to 579 AD). 2 The Medical School and hospital in Jundishapur: The Greek influence was already predominant in Jundishapur when the closing of the Athenian school in 529 CE by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian, drove many learned Greek physicians eastward to this town under the protection of the Sassanid king Khusraw Anushirwan the wise (531-579 CE). A University with a medical school and a hospital were established under his patronage and Greeco-Syriac medicine blossomed. To this was added medical knowledge from India, brought by his physician minister or ‘vizier’ ‘Burzuyah’. Burzuyah had been sent by Anushirwan to India to learn and bring back the secrets of Indian medicine. On his return the latter brought back from India the famous ‘Fables of Bidpai’, several Indian Physicians, details of Indian Medical Texts and a Pahlavi (Early Persian) translation of the ‘Kalila wa Dimma.’ During his search and acquisitions Khusraw was even presented with a translation of Aristotelian Logic and philosophy. Thus at the time of the Islamic invasion and capture of the city the medical school of Jundishapur was already well established and had become a renowned medical center of Greek, Syriac and Indian learning. 3 This knowledge had intermingled in this crucible to create a highly acclaimed and state of the art Medical school and hospital. After the advent of Islamic rule this Medical School and hospital continued to thrive under the leadership of the first recorded Bukhtishu, nicknamed Bukhtishu the elder or Senior.2 It was in this hospital the first Bukhtishu also called Bukhtishu the Elder became the Chief Physician. Unfortunately not much is known about him to historians except that he must have lived before the time of the second Abbasid Caliph Mansur, and probably during the time of the first Abbasid Caliph. Table I Family Tree of the Bukhtishu’s* (*adaped from Wikepedia) (ﺑﺨﺘﻴﺸﻮع اول) Bukhtishu I • (ﺟِﺒﺮاﺋﻴﻞ اول) Jibrail I • (ﺟﺮﺟﻴﺲ) Jurjis • (ﺑﺨﺘﻴﺸﻮع دوم) Bukhtishu II • (ﺟﺒﺮاﺋﻴﻞ دوم) Jabril ibn Bukhtishu • (ﺑﺨﺘﻴﺸﻮع ﺳﻮم) Bukhtishu III • • Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu (ﻋﺒﻴﺪاﷲ اول) Ubaidullah ibn Bukhtishu • (ﺟﺒﺮاﺋﻴﻞ ﺳﻮم) Jibrail III • (ﻋﺒﻴﺪاﷲ دوم) Ubaidullah II • Timeline of The Bukhtīshū‘s: Bukhtishu I the Senior: Not much known about him. Jibrail I He was a prominent physician in charge of the hospital in Jundishapur. Jurgis son of Jibrail ibn Bukhtishu I 148 AH (768 CE) attended Caliph al Mansur 152 AH (769 CE) returns to Jundishapur D: Unknown Bukhtishu II son of Jurjis summoned by Caliph al Mahdi to treat his son al-Mahdi 171 AH (787 CE) summoned to treat Caliph Harun-al Rashid for headaches. Appointed chief physician to his court by Harun 4 175 AH (791 CE) attended al- Barmaki family of viziers or ministers and recommended his son Jibrail as medical attendant. 185 AH (801 CE) he died Jibrail II son of BukhtishuII 90 AH (805 CE) Jibrail was appointed private physician by Caliph Harun Condemned to death, but Vazier al Fadl saved him. Harun’s son al Amin appointed him court physician. Al Mamun overthrew al Amin and as result he was imprisoned. 202 AH (817 CE) Freed by Vazier al-Hassan b Sahl to render him services 205 AH (820 CE) fell in disgrace again and was superseded by his son in law Mikhail in his office. 212 AH (827 CE) al Mamun sent for him as Mikhail could not treat him. He successfully treated him and for this he was restored his property a and his position 213 AH (828 CE) he died. Bukhtishu III 213AH (828 CE) Bukhtishu III Son of Jibrail II, succeeds him. 256AH (870 CE ) he dies in Bahrain. Mikhail Son in law of of Jibrail I competent physician in service of Caliph Wathik.. He took place of Bukhtishu when he was banished to Jundisahpur by Watik. Yahya (Yuhanna) son of Bukhtishu III 279 AH 892 CE Worked for Al Movaffaq Bellah. Was a translator from Greek to Syriac He wrote “ Ma Yahtaj Elayhe al-Tabib” Ubaidulla I ibn Bukhtishu III A Non Physician in a family of physicians. Al Mukhtadir appoints Ubaidulla as finance officer, but his property is confiscated on his death by al Mukhtadir. His widow marries a physician and instructs her son Jibrail III about his fore fathers and indoctrinates him in Medicine. Jibrail III He was physician to Adud-ud-Dawla Daylami. After death of his mother he gets disinherited by his stepfather. 5 He moves to Baghdad where he receives his medical education and works at the famous Adudi Hospital. His fame reaches Persia after he cures the Ambassador from Kerman. Declines an invitation by the Fatimid al Aziz to go to Cairo, instead chooses to go to Maiyafarikin at invitation of Marwanid Mumahhid al Dawla Abu . Mansur, who does not allow him and he to return 396 AH (1005 CE) He died in Mayafarikin Ubaidulla II Abu Said Ubaidulla is son of Jibrail III was friend of Ibn Bultan literary works for him survive while works of his ancestors are lost. Notable: Tadhkirat al Hadir wa Zad al Musafir, Kitab al Khawatt Mudjarabb al Manafi and Manafi al-Hayawan and a treatise on Love as a disease. (Kitab al Ishk Maradan).described in greater depth below’ 450 AH (1058 CE) He died. Bukhtishu IV Was physician of Caliph Moqtader and his son Al-Radi. We will now proceed to describe the each of these distinguished physicians of this family and their contributions to the development of medicine in the Early Islamic Period. Picture of Gibril Ibn Bakhtyshu with one of his patients 453 H./1061C (http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam13.html) 6 Etymology: According to Ibn abi Usaybia as elaborated in his ‘Uyun al Anbaa’3 .’the name ‘Bukhtishu’ means ‘servant of Jesus ( آﺘﺎب ﻋﻴﻮن اﻷﻧﺒﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﺎت اﻷﻃﺒﺎء ) However more modern scholars consider the root of the word to be derived from pre Islamic Pahlavi (early Persian ) language with Bukhtag meaning ‘the one who is freed or delivered’ and Yishu meaning ‘Jesus Christ’ Thus Bukhtishu meaning one who is freed or delivered by Christ. Bukhtīshū‘I (Bukhtīshū‘ Senior) and :(ibn Bukhtīshū‘ I) (ﺟِﺒﺮاﺋﻴﻞ اول) Jibrail I Both these were the original members of the Bukhtishu family and practiced in Jundishapur. Not much is known about them. They are known by references in the descriptions of their sons and grandsons who became more famous by their association with the Abbasid Caliphs of Baghdad and about whom more information is available. or Jorjis, Georges) Ibn Jibrail I Bukhtīshū‘I ﺟﺮﺟﻴﺲ) Jurjis I Grandfather of Jibrail II Bukhtishu. He was head of the medical school at Jundishapur. He was son of Bukhtishu I (senior).. He had earned himself a name as a physician of repute with several medical publications. When Caliph (Khalifa) Mansur (136-158 AH) became sick with a stomach ailment he summoned his court physicians. His own physicians could not cure his ailment. At this time Jurjis was heading the medical school and hospital in Jundishapur as their Chief Physician. By his publications, writings and performance as a physician he had earned a high reputation. Caliph Mansur was advised by his physicians to send for Jurgis from Jundishapur. An envoy was sent forthwith to fetch Jurjis.( 148 AH 765 CE). Initially he refused but was threatened with death, if he did not comply.
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