Unit No-1&2 Settlement Geography Settlement Types and Patterns

Introduction:- Difference Between Types and Patterns- Acc. To Trewartha- refer to tow primary types of settlement 1. Isolated or dispersed 2. Nucleated Two identifying factors are clear 1. “Patterns- refers to geometric form and shape of the settlement” which may be different types. 2. “ Types- refers to relationship of number of dwellings / house & number of sites.

I) Factors Affecting Settlement types and patterns:- II) Settlement Types: a) Rural Settlement Types According to:- i) Site and Situation- II) Settlement Types: a) Rural Settlement Types According to:- i) Site and Situation- The location and growth of an settlement depended upon its site and situation. “वसाहती楍या ववकासात तया車चे थान व स्थती या घटका車ना अधधक महतव असते”. a) Site:- “煍या ठिकाणी ती वसाहत थाऩन झाऱेऱी आहे ती भूमी / थान होय”  The site is the actual location of a settlement on the earth and is composed of the physical characteristics of the landscape specific to the area.  The site was the actual place where people decided to locate their settlement.

Site Factors:-  protection from winds  reliable water supply  fuel supply (wood)  away from flood risks  south-facing slope (aspect)  defense  flat land, easy to build on  building materials (stone or wood)  fertile land  natural harbor Cont…. Physical and Economic Site Factors  Physical and Economic Site Factors Physical Economic

 Water supply Route centre

 Dry-point sites Bridging point

 Aspect River confluence

 Shelter Gap in hills

 Defense Port

 Meander bend Resources e.g. coal

 Flat land

 Natural harbor Cont….  What do we mean by site and situation of a settlement? The site and situation of a settlement are very different things. The site of a settlement is the land upon which it was built. There are a range of factors that can determine the site of a settlement. These are:  wet point site - these are sites close to a supply of water  dry point site - these are sites that avoided the risk of flooding  defensive site - these were sites that were on high ground and allowed the population to see enemies from a distance  aspect - many settlements in the northern hemisphere are located on south facing sides of valleys where it is sunny  shelter - away from rain and prevailing winds  trading point - often settlements developed where natural training points meet such as along rivers or natural route ways  resources - many settlements developed close to where natural resources could be found. b) Situation-

 “वसाहती楍या सभोवताऱ楍या ववततृ प्रदेशातीऱ प्राकृ ततक ऩररस्थतीऱा स्थती असे 륍हणतात”.  “स्थती याचा अथथ 煍या ठिकाणी ती वसाहत थाऩन झाऱेऱी आहे तत楍या सभोवताऱ楍या प्रदेशाचा अथथ अभभप्रेत असतो”.  The growth of that settlement then depended upon its situation in relation to accessibility and availability of natural resources.  Situation is defined as the location of a place relative to its surroundings and other places  Situation covers economy, culture and political importance of a place.  Situation of settlement are classified into three types- 1. Linear Situation 2. Frontier Situation 3. Central Situation Situation Factors • route centre • gap town • lowest bridge point on a river • port • minerals for export b) Situation- Barcelona's Site and Situation Site Situation

 Hill for defence  Port

 Reliable water supply for  Route Centre drinking and power  Limestone quarries  Fertile farmland  Close to wealthy NW  Flat land for building  European markets  Sheltered by hills to the north

 South-facing slope

 Natural harbour

 Construction material

 Bridging point ii) Function of Rural Settlement A)Main Functions 1. Agriculture 2. Fishing photos 3. Mining 4. Lumbering B)Secondary Functions 1. Shopping Photos 2. Social Service 3. Religious Functions 4. Administrative Functions. iii) Spacing : Trewartha refer tow primary types of settlement: a. isolated or dispersed b. Nucleated

Acc. To R.L.Singn: -Four main types 1. Compact (कᴂद्रित /सघन वसाहती) 2. Semi Compact ( समिश्र ) 3. Semi Sprinkled ( अपखंडीत ) 4. Sprinkled or dispersed ( ववखरु ऱे쥍या वसाहती )  Rural settlement  Dispersed rural settlements  Advantages - economic • farmer lives on his or her own farm • farmer decides how to manage the farm and makes his or her own decisions • lives on a single holding and makes maximum use of machinery • greater profit

• Disadvantages - social • living in isolation, therefore there is little social contact • safety of farmer threatened because of isolation • farmer has to travel great distances for basic commodities • living in isolation may lead to boredom, however TV, radio, alarms have minimized the fact that farms do not have access to security and communication  Nucleated rural settlements • Advantages - social • more socialization, therefore no boredom • farmers can share ideas • travelling for trade purposes is much simple Nucleated or clustered • lives in safety • easy access to basic commodities

• Disadvantages - economic • farmlands are scattered and small • less scope for individual ideas • wastes time walking to the fields • little mechanisation • less scope for entrepreneurial profits • The farmers living in nucleated villages are often referred to as tenant farmers. This is a farmer who does not own his land but lives on and works the land, paying rent.

 Patterns of (Rural) Settlement:  The rural settlement have different shapes & sizes.  The site of the village & surrounding topography & terrain influence the shape & size of a village etc…  The (Rural) settlement may be broadly classified under the following patterns:- 1.Rectangular Pattern 2. Linear Pattern 3. Circular pattern 4. Star like pattern 10. Amorphous pattern 5. Triangular pattern 11. Hanging pattern 6. Radial pattern 12. Arrow pattern 7. „L‟ Shaped pattern 13. Areear pattern 8. „T‟ Shaped pattern Nucleated or clustered settlements often form at crossroads or route centres.

Dispersed settlements have no clear centre and are often hamlets spread over fertile farmland.

Linear settlements: settlements grow along a road (e.g. in a narrow valley) or along the coast. Ribbon development is when housing grows out from a town along a main road. C) Factors leading to dispersion and nucleation of Rural Settlements:-