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Ge0graphy CAPS Grade Teacher’s Guide Helen Collett • Norma Catherine Winearls Peter J Holmes 12 SM_Geography_12_TG_CAPS_ENG.indd 1 2013/06/11 6:21 PM Study & Master Geography Grade 12 Teacher’s Guide Helen Collett • Norma Catherine Winearls • Peter J Holmes SM_Geography_12_TG_TP_CAPS_ENGGeog Gr 12 TG.indb 1 BW.indd 1 2013/06/116/11/13 7:13:30 6:09 PMPM CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Water Club, Beach Road, Granger Bay, Cape Town 8005, South Africa www.cup.co.za © Cambridge University Press 2013 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2013 ISBN 978-1-107-38162-9 Editor: Barbara Hutton Proofreader: Anthea Johnstone Artists: Sue Abraham and Peter Holmes Typesetter: Brink Publishing & Design Cover image: Gallo Images/Wolfgang Poelzer/Getty Images ………………………………………………......…………………………………………………………… ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Photographs: Peter Holmes: pp. 267, 271, 273 and 274 Maps: Chief Directorate: National Geo-spatial Information: Department of Rural Development and Land Reform: pp. 189, 233–235 and 284–289 ………………………………………………......…………………………………………………………… Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables and other factual information given in this work are correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter. ………………………………………………......…………………………………………………………… NOTICE TO TEACHERS The photocopy masters in this publication may be photocopied or distributed [electronically] free of charge for classroom use within the school or institution which purchases the publication. Worksheets and copies of them remain in the copyright of Cambridge University Press and such copies may not be distributed or used in any way outside the purchasing institution. ………………………………………………......…………………………………………………………… Every effort has been made to trace copyright holders. Should any infringements have occurred, please inform the publishers who will correct these in the event of a reprint. ………………………………………………......…………………………………………………………… If you want to know more about this book or any other Cambridge University Press publication, phone us at +27 21 412 7800, fax us at +27 21 419 8418 or send an e-mail to [email protected] Geog Gr 12 TG.indb 2 6/11/13 7:13:30 PM Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Lesson-by-lesson 19 TERM 1 Module 1: Climate and weather (regional and local weather systems): Geographical knowledge 21 Unit 1: Mid-latitude cyclones 22 Unit 2: Tropical cyclones 25 Unit 3: Subtropical anticyclones and associated weather conditions 29 Unit 4: Valley climates 32 Unit 5: Urban climates 35 Module 2: Geomorphology: Geographical knowledge 38 Unit 1: Drainage systems in South Africa 39 Unit 2: Fluvial processes 44 Unit 3: Catchment and river management 48 Module 3: Climatology and geomorphology: Geographical skills and techniques 52 Unit 1: Mapwork techniques 53 Unit 2: Topographic maps 56 Unit 3: Aerial photographs and orthophoto maps 61 Unit 4: Geographical Information Systems (GISs) (appropriate to climatology and geomorphology) 64 Review: Term 1 66 Assessment Task 1: Climate and weather; Geomorphology; Geographical skills and techniques 171 Test 1: Climate and weather; Geomorphology 173 TERM 2 Module 4: Rural settlements: Geographical knowledge 70 Unit 1: Study of settlements 71 Unit 2: Rural settlements 74 Unit 3: Rural settlement issues 78 Module 5: Urban settlements: Geographical knowledge 83 Unit 1: Urban settlements 84 Unit 2: Urban hierarchies 88 Unit 3: Urban structure and patterns 91 Unit 4: Urban settlement issues 94 Geog Gr 12 TG.indb 3 6/11/13 7:13:30 PM Contents Module 6: Rural and urban settlements: Geographical skills and techniques 98 Unit 1: Mapwork skills 98 Unit 2: Geographical Information Systems (GISs) (appropriate to rural and urban settlement) 102 Review: Term 2 106 Assessment Task 2: Rural settlements; Urban settlements; Geographical skills and techniques 177 Mid-year examination (Paper 1 and Paper 2) 179 TERM 3 Module 7: Economic geography of South Africa: Geographical knowledge 109 Unit 1: Structure of the economy 110 Unit 2: Agriculture 113 Unit 3: Mining 120 Unit 4: The secondary and tertiary sectors 123 Unit 5: Strategies for industrial development 128 Unit 6: The informal sector 132 Module 8: Economic geography of South Africa: Geographical skills and techniques 135 Unit 1: Mapwork skills 136 Unit 2: Topographic maps 138 Unit 3: Geographical Information Systems (GISs) 140 Unit 4: Using atlases (revision) 142 Review: Term 3 144 Assessment Task 3: Economic geography of South Africa; Geographical skills and techniques 202 Test 2: Economic Geography of South Africa 204 TERM 4 Module 9: Revision 147 Unit 1: Climate and weather (regional and local weather systems) 147 Unit 2: Geomorphology 152 Unit 3: Rural settlements 154 Unit 4: Urban settlements 158 Unit 5: Economic geography of South Africa 161 Unit 6: Geographical skills and techniques 165 Examination preparation 245 Trial examination (Paper 1 and Paper 2) 209 3. Formal assessment 169 4. Resources 257 5. Documents 299 Geog Gr 12 TG.indb 4 6/11/13 7:13:31 PM 1. iNtrOductiON 1. Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) 2 2. Geography as a subject 2 3. How Study & Master Geography Grade 12 works 4 4. Grade 12 Year Plan 6 1 Geog Gr 12 TG.indb 1 6/11/13 7:13:32 PM 1. Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) A single Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) exists for each school subject. The CAPS for each subject details the minimum outcomes and standards of the learning process as well as assessment processes and procedures. For more information on the CAPS, please see Section 1 of the CAPS document for Geography. 2. Geography as a subject Aims Geography is an elective subject that focuses on the study of the human and the physical environments. There are different branches of Geography (for example, Physical Geography and Human Geography) but they all focus on the concept of space in a continuously changing environment. Geography in Grades 10 to 12 seeks to develop the following knowledge, skills and attitudes in the learners: • explaining and interpreting both physical and human geographical processes • describing and explaining the dynamic interrelationship between the physical and human worlds • developing knowledge about where places are and the nature of a range of different places at different scales • practising essential transferable skills – literacy, numeracy, oracy, graphicacy • promoting the use of new technologies, such as Information Communication Technology (ICT) and Geographical and Information Systems (GIS) • developing a commitment towards sustainable development • creating awareness and sensitivity for inequality in the world • fostering empathy, tolerance and fairness • making and justifying informed decisions and judgements about social and environmental issues. Geography topics The topics in the Geography CAPS (Grades 10–12) can be explored by focusing on the ‘big ideas’ of place, spatial processes, spatial distribution patterns, and the interaction between the human and natural environment. These, coupled with the posing of key questions, provide a launching pad for geographical explorations and investigations. The chart below shows the methods of enquiry used in Geography, together with key questions asked, and the concepts explored and investigated. METHOD OF ENQUIRY KEY QUESTIONS CONCEPTS Observation What is it? physical and What is it like? human processes, Who or what is awareness, perception, affected? characteristics, similarities and differences 2 section 1 • INTROductiON Geog Gr 12 TG.indb 2 6/11/13 7:13:32 PM METHOD OF ENQUIRY KEY QUESTIONS CONCEPTS Description Where does it occur? location, place, region, Why is it there? space, distribution, pattern, scale, spatial association Analysis and What happened or is interdependence, explanation happening? causes and processes Why did it happen? How is it changing? Evaluation and What are the effects? environmental prediction What is likely to impact, social impact, happen? interdependence, spatial interaction, spatial organisation, human–environment interaction, cause, process, time, behaviour, consequence, justice, quality of life, environmental quality, welfare, costs and benefits Geographical knowledge, skills and techniques should be taught in an integrated way in each of the following topics in Grade 12: • Climate and weather (regional and local weather systems) (Term 1) • Geomorphology (Term 1) • Settlement geography (rural and urban settlements) (Term 2) • Economic geography of South Africa (Term 3). For more information on Geography as a subject, please see Section 2 of the CAPS document. Time allocation Geography is allocated four hours of teaching time per week in Grades 10 to 12. Revision, consolidation and assessment (formal and informal) are included in this allocation. It is recommended that in addition to this, six hours of fieldwork be undertaken by the learners. Most of this will need to be completed
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