A Sheffield Hallam University Thesis
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Railways, land-use planning and urban development : 1948-94. HAYWOOD, Russell. Available from the Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19777/ A Sheffield Hallam University thesis This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Please visit http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19777/ and http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html for further details about copyright and re-use permissions. Fines are charged at 50p per hour 2 4 SEP 2003 H- I fp M Z\ 2 1 NOV^OP ProQuest Number: 10697079 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10697079 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Railways, Land-Use Planning and Urban Development: 1948-94 Russell Haywood A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Sheffield Hallam University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 2001 Thanks Many people and organisations have provided me with help and support over the five years or so that I have been carrying out this research. The late Professor Gordon Cherry encouraged and helped me to deepen my research into the relationships between planning and railways, as he considered there was a gap in the literature. That initial work led to development of the research proposal. I would like to thank the School of Environment and Development and Hallam University who, through their staff development policies, have provided encouragement for scholarly work and paid the tuition fees. I would also like to thank the Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research who have funded a 20 per cent ‘buy out’ of my teaching time to research and publish for the Research Assessment Exercise, work which has also provided significant inputs to the thesis. I have received help from many librarians up and down the country but would like, specifically, to thank those at the Adsetts Centre who have ensured that my requests for inter-library loans have, routinely, been met efficiently with no need for special pleading on my behalf. I would also like to thank George Brady who maintains the wonderful archives of Strathclyde PTE: I spent several happy hours in the PTE boardroom sifting through the various treasures carefully stored away by George in meticulously indexed boxes. Special thanks are due to Sue Mason of the Adsetts Centre who has shown endless patience and thoroughness in preparing the various maps, and to Dorothy Fowler and Leslie Fawcett of Manchester City Planning Department who facilitated my access to departmental records. My supervisory panel has comprised Peter Townroe, former head of the former School of Urban and Regional Studies, and Ted Kitchen, current head of the School of Environment and Development. Peter and Ted have very extensive experience of successful PhD thesis supervision and have brought this, their enthusiasm for research, and a supportive ‘bedside manner’, to their task. They have given generously of their time over the past five years and have always delivered timely and helpful feedback on my various submissions. Their suggested adjustments in the direction and content of the research have served to maintain its focus and rigour. Finally I would like to thank my wife, Jen, for her willing acceptance of my neglect of domestic duties over so many years. She has also protected me from the obsessive behaviour which engagement with a thesis can produce, by periodically insisting that I stop work and develop my social skills. Her managerial role demanded fine judgement to deliver expressions of sympathy, and criticism, as occasion demanded. She executed this flawlessly and with good grace. MIND THE GAP: RAILWAYS, LAND-USE PLANNING AND URBAN FORM: 1948-94 A thesis submitted for the award of PhD by Russell Haywood Abstract The aim of this thesis was to bridge a gap in the research literature with regard to commentary on and evaluation of the relationship between British land-use planning and the management and development of the railway network in the years between 1948-94 when British railways were in public ownership. Although the research was focused on the nationalised main line system, it reviewed other rail systems where this was helpful to the analysis. The research utilised a review of the relationship between the railway network and urban form in the years to 1947 to derive analytical criteria and to serve as a point of departure for the core of the thesis. The overall relationship between the two sectors post-1948 was explored, at a broad geographical scale, with regard to institutional relationships, policy, and outcomes with regard to the spatial relationships between the railway network and patterns of urban form. The results of this research were used to derive hypotheses about the relationships which were then tested in a case study of the Manchester conurbation. The main conclusions are that there were few periods between 1948-94 when the ideological, institutional and policy frameworks necessary for a close and positive relationship between the planning and railway sectors were in place simultaneously. The contexts which were most favourable were with regard to: the location of new towns and town expansion projects in the South East in 1950s and 1960s; the improvement of railway networks in the PTE areas between 1968-79 along with the development of strategic policies for the restriction of major trip generators to CBDs; the period between 1985-94 when a surge in the property market was accompanied by BR Sectorisation, investment in other forms of fixed track transit, and the promotion of major development projects at and around stations, especially in CBDs. The research concludes by identifying opportunities for further historical research and briefly reviewing the relevance of the findings to contemporary research. Contents Title Page Volume one Part One Introduction 1 Chapter One Introduction 2 Chapter Two The Railway Network, Urban Form and 20 Town Planning: 1830-1947 Part One Conclusions 54 Part Two Introduction 56 Chapter Three Institutional Relationships: 1948-68 57 Chapter Four Sector Policy: 1948-68 72 Chapter Five Outcomes: 1948-68 105 Part Two Conclusions 129 Part Three Introduction 132 Chapter Six Institutional Relationships: 1968-94 133 Chapter Seven Sector Policy: 1968-94 153 Chapter Eight Outcomes: 1968-94 188 Part Three Conclusions 221 Part Four Introduction 226 Chapter Nine Case Study: Manchester City Region 227 Part Four Conclusions 256 Part Five Introduction 257 Chapter Ten Conclusions 258 Part Five Postscript 280 Appendices 282 References 309 iv Figures Figure 1 The growth of travel in Britain 1952-95. Figure 2 The research questions with regard to the three dimensions to the interface between the railway and land-use planning sectors. Figure 3 The analytical structure for core of the thesis. Figure 4 The analytical structure to be utilised to summarise the analysis in each chapter: example for chapter three. Figure 5 The twelve steps in the evolution of the research methodology. Figure 6 The railway network 1914. Figure 7 Unwin: the station place. Figure 8 Summary of thematic analysis of the 1830-1947 period. Figure 9 Institutional relationships between the railway and planning sectors in England 1947-68. Figure 10 Summary of thematic analysis of institutional structures 1948- 68. Figure 11a Harlow new town plan and the railway. Figure 11b Harlow new town: the station and the town centre. Figure 12 Beeching’s approach to railway rationalisation. Figure 13 Beeching’s approach to trunk route planning. Figure 14 Strategic plans for London and the South East. Figure 15 Ministry of Town and Country Planning: model plan for town centre redevelopment 1947. Figure 16 Summary of thematic analysis of sector policy 1948-68. Figure 17 Summary of thematic analysis of outcomes 1948-68. Figure 18 Railway closures under Labour 1966-69. Figure 19 Institutional relationships between the railway and planning sectors in England (outside London) 1969-94. Figure 20 Summary of thematic analysis of institutional structures 1969- 94. Figure 21 1977 White Paper: the main tasks for the railways. Figure 22 Summary of thematic analysis of sector policy 1969-94. Fig 23 The railway network 1985 Fig 24 Summary of thematic analysis of outcomes 1968-94. Fig 25 Lines, stations and goods depots around central Manchester: 1914 Fig 26 Manchester conurbation: station and line closures 1948-94 Fig 27 Manchester conurbation: new stations and lines 1968-94. Fig 28 Manchester conurbation: the location of major developments with regard to strategic transport routes 1988-94. Fig 29 Major office completions in Manchester city centre 1985-95. Fig 30 The railway network and suburban growth in South Manchester 1930-97 vi Tables Table 1 Growth in the railway network and traffic (Great Britain): 1870- 1912. Table 2 British railways passenger and freight traffic: 1919-38. Table 3 Estimated number of passenger miles travelled by final consumers on public land transport in the UK 1920-38. Table 4 Number of stations in Greater London - according to sections.